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27-624: Its 766 mausoleums and 92 historical monuments of the most refined architecture of the 19th and 20th centuries keep the remains of several important political, military and literary figures of Peru, as well as the Crypt of Heroes ( Spanish : Cripta de los Héroes ) monument, a mausoleum erected in honor of the heroes of the War of the Pacific . The General Cemetery of Lima was the first civil cemetery in America . It

54-658: A cemetery , a churchyard or on private land. In the United States , the term may be used for a burial vault below a larger facility, such as a church. The Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles, California, for example, has 6,000 sepulchral and cinerary urn spaces for interments in the lower level of the building. It is known as the "crypt mausoleum". In Europe, these underground vaults are sometimes called crypts or catacombs . A chapel mausoleum or mausoleum chapel in

81-551: A "lack of guarantees." This fact led Pardo to become elected. Both his presidential terms were marked by liberal politics. His government was marked by pushing for better education for all Peruvians. The elementary education in Peru, according to the Law of 1876 proposed by his father, Manuel Pardo, was under the responsibility of the municipalities throughout the country. José Pardo, under his Secretary of Justice and instruction, decided to confront

108-435: A Patriotic Sanctuary. On July 25, 1986, the monument was expanded to bury the remains of more combatants, adding a second basement. In 2002 restoration work was carried out to return it to its original appearance. The Crypt of Heroes is a circular mausoleum over 30 metres high, with three levels, one main and two basements. It has a large dome that crowns it, and is surrounded by ornaments and neoclassical columns. Inside it

135-451: A cemetery can be used for funeral services. Jos%C3%A9 Pardo y Barreda José Simón Pardo y Barreda (February 24, 1864 – August 3, 1947) was a Peruvian politician who served as the 35th (1904–1908) and 39th (1915–1919) President of Peru . Born in Lima, Peru , he was the son of Manuel Justo Pardo y Lavalle , who had been the first civilian president of Peru (1872-1876) and the founder

162-522: A coup by Augusto B. Leguía . He spent the next eleven years in exile in the South of France, until his return to Lima. He died there in 1947. In 1900, Pardo married his first cousin, Carmen Heeren Barreda. The marriage produced seven children: Manuel, José (the Marquis of Fuente Hermosa de Miranda, until his death in 1999), Enrique, Carmen, Juan, Oscar and Felipe. The current Marquis, José Pardo Paredes (born 1947),

189-567: A deceased leader or other person of importance. However, smaller mausolea soon became popular with the gentry and nobility in many countries. In the Roman Empire , these were often in necropoles or along roadsides: the via Appia Antica retains the ruins of many private mausolea for kilometres outside Rome . When Christianity became dominant, mausolea were out of use. Later, mausolea became particularly popular in Europe and its colonies during

216-428: Is covered in marble with black veining; stained glass windows were also added. In total, it contains 295 identified remains, 29 of them in sarcophagi and 265 in niches, as well as 2,065 wall plaques with names of combatants or unidentified victims . This level, which is the entrance to the mausoleum, is finely covered in marble . The sarcophagi of the greatest Peruvian heroes of the war are: Miguel Grau , who died in

243-550: The Civilista Party ; he is one of two second-generation Peruvian presidents ( Manuel Prado , son of former dictator Mariano Ignacio Prado , is the other). His grandfather, Felipe Pardo y Aliaga (1806-1868), was a distinguished diplomat, writer and politician who was also Foreign Minister and Vice President of the Peruvian Council of State before, during and after the presidencies of Vivanco and Castilla. José Pardo headed

270-474: The battle of Angamos on October 8, 1879 aboard the Huáscar armour-clad monitor , and Colonel Francisco Bolognesi , defender of Arica, who fell in battle on June 7, 1880. In addition, marble plaques with the names of people who supported or participated in the conflict have been installed on the walls. In the first basement, which is accessed by a side staircase, remains were buried in 234 niches scattered around

297-440: The early modern and modern periods . A single mausoleum may be permanently sealed. A mausoleum encloses a burial chamber either wholly above ground or within a burial vault below the superstructure. This contains the body or bodies, probably within sarcophagi or interment niches. Modern mausolea may also act as columbaria (a type of mausoleum for cremated remains) with additional cinerary urn niches. Mausolea may be located in

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324-400: The 18th century to start a new business. In 1793, he became a Catholic Priest and since then he dedicated himself to “renewing” the churches and altarpieces with the latest fashion style: Neoclassical . He became General Director of Lima's Charity Society in 1826 and died on January 7, 1835. The cemetery was executed with care, within the guidelines of the new style: symmetry, irradiation of

351-458: The Cemetery. 12°02′28″S 77°00′29″W  /  12.0410°S 77.0080°W  / -12.0410; -77.0080 Mausoleum A mausoleum is an external free-standing building constructed as a monument enclosing the burial chamber of a deceased person or people. A mausoleum without the person's remains is called a cenotaph . A mausoleum may be considered a type of tomb , or

378-535: The Civilista Party and was Foreign Minister under Eduardo López de Romaña and then Prime Minister (1903-1904) under Manuel Candamo . After Candamo's death, Serapio Calderón became the interim president and called for new elections. The Civilista Party named José Pardo as its candidate, while the Democratic Party presented the candidacy of Nicolás de Piérola , who retired early before the elections mentioning

405-516: The National Museum of History. The superior combat school was also founded to form major state officers. During his second government José Pardo confronted the consequences of the First World War , as well as the labor agitation for the obtainment of the "8 working hours" a day. It was finally granted on January 15, 1919. With barely a month before the end of his second term, he was ousted in

432-687: The dancer Norka Rouskaya , caused a scandal, since Rouskaya danced half-naked on the main avenue between candles and violins in the Funeral March of Frédéric Chopin . In this place there are many works by the Spanish Damià Campeny and the French Louis-Ernest Barrias , Émile Robert  [ es ] and Antonin Mercié (the latter two worked in the Crypt of Heroes). Also included are

459-483: The entire contour. In the central part appears the sarcophagus of Mariscal Andrés Avelino Cáceres . There are also five ossuaries which contain remains of anonymous combatants who died during the naval battles in Angamos , Iquique , Antofagasta and Callao , and those found on the battlefields of Tarapacá , Tacna and Arica , San Juan and Chorrillos , Miraflores , Huamachuco and San Pablo  [ es ] . On

486-569: The formation of male teachers, as well as the Escuela Normal de Mujeres ("Normal school for females"). Pardo created a General Branch of Instruction to where inspectors in charge of the work of surveillance in the whole Republic depended. In the cultural field the following were established: The National Academy of History, the School of Fine Arts (Bellas Artes), the National Academy of Music, and

513-554: The government of José Pardo y Barreda . The budget was stipulated at Lp. 8,000. The work was executed in stone and marble by the architect Emile Robert with a marked eclectic style and crowned with a marble reproduction of the Gloria Victis , the work of the sculptor Antonin Mercié . By Supreme Decree No. 13-GM of October 1, 1953, it was decided to integrate it under the custody of the Center for Historical Military Studies of Peru , as

540-544: The last level there are 29 sarcophagi, 16 plaques and 40 white marble niches that contrast with the black marble on the floor and walls. Here lie Alfonso Ugarte and other heroes of the War of the Pacific, as well as the remains of Luis Alberto García Rojas, buried in 2019. For several years at the time of All Saints' Day , the play Don Juan Tenorio by José Zorrilla , a classic of literature written in Spanish, has been represented in

567-480: The mausoleum of Eloy G. Ureta , by Artemio Ocaña  [ es ] ; the angel of the funeral monument to Francisco Graña, by Aldo Rossi ; and the Pastor Fry mausoleum, by Eduardo Gastelú. The sculpture of the cenotaph of Alfonso Ugarte is the work of the Spanish sculptor Josep Campeny i Santamaria  [ es ] . Among the works of art that are part of the cemetery are El Ángel de la Guarda (1947) by

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594-551: The new barracks, chapels, parks, avenues laid out in an orderly and clear manner. An octagonal chapel was designed for this cemetery, later demolished. Its interior was decorated with murals by José del Pozo, a Sevillian painter who arrived with the Malaspina expedition who settled in Lima and became a close collaborator of Maestro. In the early hours of Sunday, November 4, 1917, José Carlos Mariátegui together with other people, among them

621-470: The problem. The law promulgated in 1905 reformed the education system to depend on the Central Government. It also called for primary education to be free and compulsory in far away places such as villages and mines, and that at least a small school for all children be located in any place with more than two hundred inhabitants. The Escuela Normal de Varones ("Normal school for males") was founded for

648-457: The sculptor Isabel Benavides Barreda  [ es ] . The Crypt of Heroes ( Spanish : Cripta de los Héroes ) is the cemetery's largest monument, built to commemorate those fallen during the War of the Pacific . The mausoleum's entrance reads "La Nación a sus Defensores en la Guerra de 1879" (Meaning "The Nation, to its Defenders in the War of 1879"). It was created by Law on December 3, 1906 and inaugurated on September 8, 1908 during

675-740: The tomb may be considered to be within the mausoleum. The word mausoleum (from the Ancient Greek : μαυσωλεῖον ) derives from the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus (near modern-day Bodrum in Turkey), the grave of King Mausolus , the Persian satrap of Caria , whose large tomb was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Mausolea were historically, and still may be, large and impressive constructions for

702-493: The works of the Italians Ulderico Tenderini, Giovanni Battista Cevasco, Pietro Costa and Rinaldo Rinaldi , all well-known in the artistic world of their time. Likewise, it is possible to appreciate works by prominent Peruvian sculptors of the mid-20th century, such as the funeral monument to Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro , by Romano Espinoza; the bronze sculptures of the mausoleum of Óscar R. Benavides , by Luis Agurto;

729-453: Was initially faced with the opposition of the population that was accustomed to burying their dead in the atrium or under the churches and convents in crypts or catacombs. Its inauguration in 1808 was headed by Viceroy José Fernando de Abascal , under the direction of the Vitorian architect , sculptor and painter Matías Maestro  [ es ] . Maestro travelled to Peru by the end of

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