Misplaced Pages

#391608

91-459: There was human presence of the island already about 11,000 years ago. The Native American inhabitants when the island was first visited by Spanish explorers in the 16th century called it Huamalgua, the "Island of Fogs." The native inhabitants have been given the name Huamalgueños by modern day scholars. They were relocated to the mainland of Baja California by Jesuit missionaries in 1732 and ceased to exist as an identifiable people. Cedros Island

182-466: A different shipper. Transshipment is normally fully legal and an everyday part of world trade. However, it can also be a method used to disguise intent, as is the case with illegal logging , smuggling , or grey-market goods. The transshipment of containers at a container port or terminal can be defined as the number (or proportion) of containers, possibly expressed in TEU , of the total container flow that

273-404: A flawed and ideologically based reinterpretation of the colonial period. When Mexico gained independence in 1821, the casta designations were eliminated as a legal structure, but racial divides remained. White Mexicans argued about what the solution was to the "Indian Problem", that is indigenous who continued to live in communities and were not integrated politically or socially as citizens of

364-465: A flexible schedule with several extra days in case of inclement weather conditions in the Channel. The remaining settlements are smaller. Jerusalem is just west of El Morro, but on the western side of the airport, with regularly arranged residential units. It is frequently considered part of El Morro. Lomas Blancas, a mining town with 17 buildings, is located between Cedros town and El Morro. San Agustín,

455-435: A flow of 180 drums of 200 L or 55 US gal every 12 hours; springs on the island are usually marked by groves of palm trees. Large sea lion colonies are found on the rocks on the west side as well as the anchorage on the north end. There are feral goats on Cedros. Unlike on other islands in the region (notably Guadalupe Island ), they do not seem to have had a significant impact on the island ecosystem. This would be due to

546-602: A marine, sea-going culture some 6,000 years before similar cultures are known to have existed on the coast and islands of California. The discovery of the earliest fishhooks in the Americas was reported from Cedros Island in 2017. They date to about 11,000 B.P. The people making these fishhooks were fishing for deepwater species, which indicates that they were using boats. Similar fishhooks have also been reported from Isla Espíritu Santo , also in Baja California. In 1539, when

637-523: A national average of 12% in 2000. The Mexican government is required to provide education in indigenous languages but often fails to provide schooling in languages other than Spanish. As a result, many indigenous groups have resorted to creating their own small community educational institutions. Transshipment Transshipment , trans-shipment or transhipment is the shipment of goods or containers to an intermediate destination, then to another destination. One possible reason for transshipment

728-416: A nopal cactus. Mexico declared the abolition of slavery in 1829 and the equality of all citizens before the law in 1857. Indigenous communities continued to have rights as corporations to maintain land holdings until the liberal Reforma . Some indigenous individuals integrated into Mexican society, like Benito Juárez of Zapotec ethnicity, the first indigenous president in the Americas. Juárez supported

819-451: A preferential way all the natural resources located at the places which the communities live in, except those defined as strategic areas according to the constitution. The communities shall be authorized to associate with each other in order to achieve such goals. Through the land reforms of the early 20th century, some indigenous people had land rights under the ejido system. Under ejidos, indigenous communities have usufruct rights of

910-496: A social change to elevate the status of indigenous languages in order for the law to be withheld so that indigenous languages are protected. Indigenous women are often taken advantage of because they are women, indigenous, and often poor. Indigenous traditions have been used as a pretext by the Mexican government to deny rights to indigenous women, such as the right to own land. Additionally, violence against women has been regarded by

1001-453: A typical fishing village with about 20 buildings, is located 1 km (0.6 mi) northeast of the southwestern point of the island, Cabo San Agustín. La Colorada, on the southwest coast, with about 10 buildings, is 4 km (2 mi) north of San Agustín. Wayle, 15 buildings on the western side of the southern bight Bahía del Sur , is 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of San Agustín. The mining town of Punta Norte (about 25 buildings)

SECTION 10

#1732868853392

1092-733: A vast cultural region in southeast Mexico and northern Central America, while the Zapotec and Mixtec cultures dominated the valley of Oaxaca and the Purépecha in western Mexico. Scholars agree that significant systems of trading existed between the cultures of Mesoamerica , Aridoamerica and the American Southwest , and the architectural remains and artifacts share a commonality of knowledge attributed to this trade network. The routes stretched far into Mesoamerica and reached as far north as ancient communities that included such population centers in

1183-466: Is a "company town," built by the joint Mexican Government and Mitsubishi Corporation to house the workers of the salt- transshipment facility on the island. Salt from the salt evaporation ponds of Guerrero Negro on the Baja California peninsula is taken by barge to a deepwater salt dock near Puerto Morro Redondo, at the south end of Cedros Island, where it is loaded onto ships for export. There

1274-465: Is also greater at the higher elevations of the island, reaching possible annual totals of 200 millimetres (7.9 in). Rarely, heavy rains caused by unstable tropical air masses and chubascos cause flooding. It constitutes one of the 24 subdivisions ( delegaciones ) of the municipio of Ensenada . The 2005 census showed a total population of 1,350 persons. The borough "seat" is Cedros, also known as Isla Cedros or Cedros town ("Pueblo Cedros"), on

1365-520: Is at most some 38 kilometres (23.6 mi) long in N-S direction and 6.4 to 8 kilometres (4 to 5 mi) wide in the northern half; the southern end is some 17 kilometres (11 mi) wide in a NW-SE direction. The island consists of a variety of sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks, including part of an ophiolite complex and high-pressure, low temperature blueschists . Most of the rocks are of Mesozoic age, though some late Cenozoic strata crop out near

1456-557: Is counted twice in the port performance, since it is handled twice by the waterside container cranes (separate unloading from arriving ship A, waiting in the stack, and loading onto departing ship B). Transshipment at sea is done by transferring goods from one ship to another. In global fisheries transshipment is used to transfer catch to refrigerated cargo vessels that also supply fishing vessels with fuel, food, equipment and personnel allowing them to stay at sea for months or even years. This guarantees that fish quickly find their way to

1547-651: Is distributed throughout the territory of Mexico but is especially concentrated in the Sierra Madre del Sur , the Yucatán Peninsula , the Sierra Madre Oriental , the Sierra Madre Occidental , and neighboring areas. The states with the largest indigenous population are Oaxaca and Yucatán , both having indigenous majorities, with the former having the highest percentage of indigenous population. Since

1638-414: Is handled at the port or terminal and, after temporary storage in the stack, transferred to another ship to reach their destinations. The exact definition of transshipment may differ between ports, mostly depending on the inclusion of inland water transport (barges operating on canals and rivers to the hinterland ). The definition of transshipment may: In both cases, a single, unique, transshipped container

1729-466: Is less access to maternal care. Conditional cash transfer programs such as Oportunidades have been used to encourage indigenous women to seek formal health care. Generally, indigenous Mexicans are poorer than non-indigenous Mexicans, though social development varies between states, different indigenous ethnicities, and between rural and urban areas. In all states, indigenous people have higher infant mortality , and in some states, almost double that of

1820-656: Is located in Ensenada Municipality , off the west coast of the Mexican state of Baja California , from which it is separated by 100-kilometre-wide (62 mi) Sebastián Vizcaíno Bay . It is 22 km (14 mi) northwest of Punta Eugenia in Mulegé Municipality - the westernmost point of the state of Baja California Sur mainland. It also lies 15 km (9.32 mi) north of Isla Natividad (off Punta Eugenia, and also part of Mulegé Municipality) from which it

1911-439: Is located on the northeast coast, 3.5 km (2.2 mi) southeast of the northern end of the island, which is also called Punta Norte. Two kilometres (1 mi) to the southeast is Los Crestones mine. List of settlements and locations: The long-held theory that the first human beings in the Americas arrived by land through an ice-free corridor in western Canada has been called into question by archaeological discoveries along

SECTION 20

#1732868853392

2002-739: Is now Mexico before the arrival of Europeans. The number of indigenous Mexicans is defined through the second article of the Mexican Constitution . The Mexican census does not classify individuals by race, using the cultural - ethnicity of indigenous communities that preserve their indigenous languages , traditions, beliefs, and cultures. As a result, the count of indigenous peoples in Mexico does not include those of mixed indigenous and European heritage who have not preserved their indigenous cultural practices. Genetic studies have found that most Mexicans are of partial indigenous heritage. According to

2093-480: Is often called the "spiritual conquest". On the northern frontiers, the Spanish created missions and settled Indigenous populations in these complexes, which prompted raids from those who resisted settlement (given the name Indios Bárbaros ). The Jesuits were prominent in this enterprise until their expulsion from Spanish America in 1767. Catholicism, often with local characteristics, was the only permissible religion in

2184-567: Is regularly scheduled air service to the island from Ensenada, departing every Monday and Wednesday, and landing at an airstrip at the south end, adjacent to the "company town," while a 10 km (6 mi) road leads to "Pueblo Cedros". Open launch rides across the channel between Cedros and the mainland can also be arranged at the Abarrotes Ramales store in Bahia Tortugas, but travellers opting for this transport should be prepared to have

2275-498: Is separated by the Canal de Keller, and some 500 km (311 mi) from San Diego . The island has an area of 348.295 square kilometres (134.477 sq mi), being the fourth-largest island in Mexico (following Tiburón Island , Isla Ángel de la Guarda , and Cozumel ). It has a maximum length of approximately 38 km (24 mi), and a maximum width of about 17 km (11 mi). Between Cedros Island and Isla Natividad runs

2366-451: Is to change the means of transport during the journey (e.g., from ship transport to road transport ), known as transloading . Another reason is to combine small shipments into a large shipment (consolidation), or the opposite: dividing a large shipment into smaller shipments (deconsolidation). Transshipment usually takes place in transport hubs . Much international transshipment also takes place in designated customs areas , thus avoiding

2457-447: The 28th parallel north , which defines the border between the Mexican states of Baja California and Baja California Sur . The Islas San Benito to the west, about 25 km (16 mi) west and 3.899 km (1.505 sq mi) in area, are administratively part of Cedros Island. The Isla de Cedros was named by early Spanish explorers who mistakenly associated the large amounts of redwood and cedar driftwood arriving with

2548-527: The General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples explicitly stated the protection of individual and collective linguistic rights of indigenous peoples. The final section also sanctioned the creation of a National Institute for Indigenous Languages (INALI) whose purpose is to promote the growth of indigenous languages in Mexico. There has been a lack of enforcement of the law. For example,

2639-471: The Pacific coastlines of North and South America. Many scientists now believe that the earliest inhabitants arrived by boat, and findings on Cedros Island bolster that theory. The Clovis culture , which began about 11,200 BCE, is the earliest universally acknowledged evidence of man in the Americas; but the remains of ancient people dating to earlier than 10,000 BCE have been found on Cedros Island. Cedros Island

2730-498: The República de Indios . The degree to which racial category labels had legal and social consequences has been subject to academic debate since the idea of a "caste system" was developed by Ángel Rosenblat and Gonzalo Aguirre Beltrán in the 1940s. Both historians popularized the notion that racial status was a key organizing principle of Spanish colonial rule. However, recent academic studies have challenged this notion, considering it

2821-552: The San Andrés Larráinzar Accords were negotiated between the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and the Mexican government. The San Andrés accords were the first time that indigenous rights were acknowledged by the Mexican government. The government has made certain legislative changes to promote the development of rural and indigenous communities and the promotion of indigenous languages. The second article of

Cedros Island - Misplaced Pages Continue

2912-531: The Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire eliminating the superstructure of rule, and replacing it with Spanish. The crown had several concerns about the encomienda. First was that the holders of encomiendas, called encomenderos, were becoming too powerful, essentially a seigneurial group that might challenge crown power (as shown in the conspiracy by conqueror Hernán Cortés 's legitimate son and heir). The second

3003-520: The Yaqui Wars . The Mayo joined their Yaqui neighbors in rebellion after 1867. In Yucatán, Mayas waged a protracted war against local Mexican control in the Caste War of Yucatán , which was most intensely fought in 1847 and lasted until 1915. The Mexican Revolution , a violent social and cultural movement that defined 20th-century Mexico, produced a nationalist sentiment that the indigenous peoples were

3094-551: The California current for local pines visible on the crest of the island. The two main elevations are Cedros hill, located at the south-center of the island, and Pico Gill to the north. Cedros Island has a desert climate, BWh in the Köppen climate classification system and BWab (desert, hot summers, warm winters) in the Trewartha climate classification . Most precipitation occurs during

3185-558: The Constitution was modified to include the right of self-determination and requires state governments to promote and ensure the economic development of indigenous communities as well as the preservation of their languages and traditions. The Spanish crown had legal protections for indigenous individuals as well as their communities, including establishing a separate General Indian Court. The mid-nineteenth-century liberal reform removed them as part of its establishment of equality before

3276-556: The General Law on Linguistic Rights of Indigenous People guarantees the right to a trial in the language of indigenous peoples with someone who understands their culture. According to the Mexican National Human Rights Commission , Mexico has not abided by this law. Examples include Jacinta Francisca Marcial , an indigenous woman imprisoned for her alleged involvement in a 2006 kidnapping. After three years and

3367-494: The Hispanic sphere: Spaniards, Africans, and mixed-race castas. Although Indigenous peoples were marginalized in the colonial system, and often rebelled, the paternalistic structure of colonial rule supported the continued existence and structure of indigenous communities. The Spanish crown recognized the existing ruling group, gave protection to the land holdings of indigenous communities, and communities and individuals had access to

3458-537: The Maya or Nahua retaining high levels of development, the general indigenous population lives at a lower level of development than the general population. Literacy rates are much lower for the indigenous, particularly in the southwestern states of Guerrero and Oaxaca due lack of access to education and a lack of educational literature available in indigenous languages. Literacy rates are also much lower, with 27% of indigenous children between 6 and 14 being illiterate compared to

3549-464: The Mexican government as a cultural practice. The EZLN accepted a Revolutionary Law for Women on March 8, 1993. The law is not fully enforced but shows solidarity between the indigenous movement and women. The Mexican government increased militarization of indigenous areas has made women more susceptible to harassment through military abuses. The government has remained largely inactive against denunciations of abuse of indigenous women by elements of

3640-590: The National Indigenous Institute (INI) and the National Institute of Indigenous Peoples (CDI), in 2012 the indigenous population was approximately 15 million people, divided into 68 ethnic groups. The 2020 Censo General de Población y Vivienda reported 11,132,562 people living in households where someone speaks an indigenous language, and 23,232,391 people who were identified as indigenous based on self-identification. The indigenous population

3731-665: The Spanish colonization, the North and Bajio regions of Mexico have had lower percentages of indigenous peoples, but some notable groups include the Rarámuri , the Tepehuán , the Yaquis , and the Yoreme . In the second article of the Mexican Constitution , Mexico defines itself as a pluricultural nation in recognition of the diverse ethnic groups that constitute it and where the indigenous peoples are

Cedros Island - Misplaced Pages Continue

3822-549: The Spanish expedition led by Francisco de Ulloa landed on the island, it encountered several villages with populations at each estimated in the hundreds. Finding it difficult to reach the remaining natives on the island, the Jesuit missionaries practiced Indian reductions and brought them all to Misión San Ignacio Kadakaamán , in San Ignacio on the Baja California mainland in 1732. Hunters seeking seals and sea otters worked out

3913-474: The Spanish first made contact with Indigenous Languages during the colonial period. Beginning in the early sixteenth century, mestizaje , the mixing of races and cultures, led to the mixing of languages as well. The Spanish Crown proclaimed Spanish to be the language of the empire; indigenous languages were used during the conversion of individuals to Catholicism. Because of this, indigenous languages were more widespread than Spanish from 1523 to 1581. During

4004-570: The Spanish legal system. However, these codes were often ignored in practice, and racial discrimination was prevalent in New Spain. In the religious sphere, indigenous men were banned from Christian priesthood, following an early Franciscan attempt that included fray Bernardino de Sahagún to train an indigenous group. Mendicants of the Franciscan , Dominican , and Augustinian orders initially evangelized indigenous in their own communities in what

4095-728: The United States such as Snaketown , Chaco Canyon , and Ridge Ruin near Flagstaff (considered some of the finest artifacts ever located). By the time of the arrival of the Spanish in central Mexico, many peoples of Mesoamerica (with the notable exception of the Tlaxcaltecs and the Purépecha Kingdom of Michoacán ) were loosely joined under the Aztec Empire , the last Nahua civilization to flourish in Central Mexico. The capital of

4186-598: The United States. Mesoamerica was densely populated by diverse indigenous ethnic groups which, although sharing common cultural characteristics, spoke different languages and developed unique civilizations. One of the most influential civilizations in Mesoamerica was the Olmec civilization, sometimes referred to as the " Mother Culture of Mesoamerica". The later civilization in Teotihuacan reached its peak around 600 AD when

4277-415: The armed forces. Indigenous women have formed many support organizations to improve their social position and gain financial independence. Indigenous women use national and international legislation to support their claims that go against cultural norms such as domestic violence. Reproductive justice is an important issue to indigenous communities because there is a lack of development in these areas and

4368-616: The assistance of Amnesty International , she was released for lack of evidence. Additionally, the General Law on Linguistics also guarantees bilingual and intercultural education. These efforts have been criticized on grounds that teachers do not know the indigenous language or do not prioritize its teaching. In fact, some studies argue that formal education has decreased the prevalence of indigenous languages. Some parents do not teach their children their indigenous language, and some children refuse to learn their indigenous language for fear of discrimination. Scholars argue that there needs to be

4459-512: The city possibly became the sixth largest city in the world, whose cultural and theological systems influenced the Toltec and Aztec civilizations in later centuries. Evidence has been found on the existence of polyethnic communities or neighborhoods in Teotihuacan (and other large urban areas like Tenochtitlan ). The Maya civilization , influenced by other Mesoamerican civilizations, developed

4550-423: The colonial era. During the early colonial era in central Mexico, Spaniards were more interested in access to indigenous labor than land ownership. The institution of the encomienda , a crown grant of the labor of indigenous communities to conquerors was a key element of the imposition of Spanish rule. The Spanish crown initially maintained the indigenous sociopolitical system of local rulers and land tenure, with

4641-499: The colonial system, the friars taught indigenous scribes to write their languages in Latin letters so that there is a large corpus of colonial-era documentation in the Nahuatl language, Mixtec , Zapotec , Yucatec Maya , and others. Such a written tradition likely took hold through existing practices of pictorial writing found in many indigenous codices . New Philology scholars have utilized

SECTION 50

#1732868853392

4732-421: The colonial-era alphabetic documentation to illuminate the colonial experience of Mesoamerican peoples from their own viewpoints. Conquerors awarded labor and tribute under the encomienda system benefitted financially. Since Mesoamerican peoples had existing requirements of labor duty and tribute in the pre-conquest era, indigenous officials were involved in maintaining this system in their communities. There

4823-546: The constitution. According to this article, indigenous peoples are granted: The Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Languages recognizes 89 indigenous languages as national languages, which have the same validity as Spanish in all territories where they are spoken. According to the National Institute of Statistics, Geography and Data Processing (INEGI), approximately 5.4% of the population speaks an indigenous language. The recognition of indigenous languages and

4914-601: The consular services provided in Spanish as well as Zapotec and Mixe . Some of the Maya peoples of Chiapas have revolted, demanding better social and economic opportunities, requests voiced by the EZLN . The Chiapas conflict of 1994 led to collaboration between the Mexican government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation , a libertarian socialist indigenous political group. This movement generated international media attention and united many indigenous groups. In 1996

5005-593: The cultural area where several complex civilizations developed before the arrival of the Spanish in the sixteenth century, and Aridoamerica (or simply "The North"), the arid region north of the Tropic of Cancer which was less densely populated. Despite the conditions, the Mogollon culture and peoples established urban population centers at Casas Grandes and Cuarenta Casas in a vast territory that encompassed northern Chihuahua state and parts of Arizona and New Mexico in

5096-427: The empire, Tenochtitlan , became one of the largest urban centers in the world, with an estimated population of 350,000 inhabitants. During the conquest of the Aztec Empire , the Spanish conquistadors allied with other ethnic groups in the region, including the Tlaxcaltecs . This strategy succeeded due to discontent with Aztec rule, which demanded tributes and used conquered peoples for ritual sacrifice . During

5187-517: The export of bulk minerals including bauxite , iron ore and potash from mines in Queensland , Western Australia and the Northern Territory . At a break-of-gauge , cargo is transloaded from boxcars or covered goods wagons on one track to wagons on another track of a different rail gauge , or else containers are transloaded from flatcars on one track to flatcars on another track of

5278-443: The fact that Cedros is on the continental shelf close to the coast and, at least temporarily, it was connected to the mainland during the last ice age when sea levels were lower than today. Then, and as a consequence of this, there are native Cedros herbivores , such as Cedros Island mule deer which on one hand compete with the goat population for food and presumably have kept it from increasing beyond carrying capacity , and on

5369-515: The first time that indigenous rights were acknowledged by the Mexican government. The San Andrés Accords did not explicitly state language but language was involved in matters involving culture and education. In 2001, the second article of the constitution of Mexico was changed to recognize and enforce the right of indigenous peoples and communities to self-determination and therefore their autonomy to preserve and enrich their language, knowledge, and every part of their culture and identity. In 2003,

5460-549: The following decades, the Spanish consolidated their rule in what became the viceroyalty of New Spain . Through the Valladolid Debate , the crown recognized the indigenous nobility in Mesoamerica as nobles, freed indigenous slaves, and kept the existing basic structure of indigenous city-states. Indigenous communities were incorporated as communities under Spanish rule. As part of the Spanish incorporation of indigenous into

5551-499: The foundation of Mexican society in a movement known as indigenismo . Several prominent artists promoted the "Indigenous Sentiment" ( sentimiento indigenista ) of the country, including Frida Kahlo and Diego Rivera . Throughout the twentieth century, the government established bilingual education in some indigenous communities and published free bilingual textbooks. Some states of the federation appropriated an indigenous inheritance in order to reinforce their identity. In spite of

SECTION 60

#1732868853392

5642-410: The island between 1790 and 1850. Gold and copper mining took place near Punta Norte between 1890 and 1914. The fishing village and cannery at Puerto Cedros were established in 1920. The fishing cooperative was founded in 1943, and the deepwater salt dock at the south end of the island was built in 1966. The island was mapped in detail by Mexican and U.S. geologists during the 1970s. Cedros Island

5733-704: The island. Other fish, such as calico bass and sheepshead are also very plentiful near the island. Cedros Island is home to a number of taxa that are endemic or occur in very few places outside the island. These include: Indigenous peoples of Mexico Based on language Indigenous peoples of Mexico ( Spanish : gente indígena de México, pueblos indígenas de México ), Native Mexicans ( Spanish : nativos mexicanos ) or Mexican Native Americans ( Spanish : pueblos originarios de México , lit.   'Original Peoples of Mexico'), are those who are part of communities that trace their roots back to populations and communities that existed in what

5824-473: The land area. At the highest elevations of the island, above and mixed in with the pine forests, chaparral vegetation is found. The chaparral averages 3 metres (9.8 ft) in height and consists of several woody species including Quercus cedrosensis , the Cedar Island live oak. Chaparral covers 2.4 percent of the land area of Cedros Island. Vargas or El Aguaje de Vargas is the most important spring, with

5915-399: The land. Indigenous people use collective property so that the aforementioned services that the land provides are available to the entire community and future generations. This was a stark contrast to the viewpoints of colonists that saw the land purely in an economic way where land could be transferred between individuals. Once the land of the indigenous people and therefore their livelihood

6006-526: The land. Indigenous communities do this when they do not have the legal evidence to claim the land. In 1992, free market reforms allowed ejidos to be partitioned and sold. For this to happen, the PROCEDE program was established. The PROCEDE program surveyed, mapped, and verified the ejido lands. According to several analysts, the privatization of ejidos has undermined the economic base of indigenous communities. The history of linguistic rights in Mexico began when

6097-413: The language of the indigenous group they identify with. This means that the percentage of the Mexican population defined as "indigenous" varies according to the definition applied; cultural activists have referred to the usage of the narrow definition of the term for census purposes as "statistical genocide". The indigenous peoples in Mexico have the right of free determination under the second article of

6188-595: The late sixteenth century, the prevalence of the Spanish language increased. Indigenous tongues are discriminated against and seen as not modern. By the seventeenth century, the elite minority were Spanish speakers. After independence in 1821, there was a shift to Spanish to legitimize the Mexican Spanish created by Mexican criollos . The nineteenth century brought with it programs to provide bilingual education at primary levels where they would eventually transition to Spanish-only education. Linguistic uniformity

6279-487: The law . The creation of a national identity not linked to racial or ethnic identity was an aim of Mexican liberalism. In the late twentieth century, there has been a push for indigenous rights and a recognition of indigenous cultural identity. According to the constitutional reform of 2001, the following rights of indigenous peoples are recognized: The second article of the Constitution of Mexico recognizes and enforces

6370-413: The market without a decrease in quality. Since transshipment at sea encounters often happen on the high seas, in regions with poor regulation and oversight, they are also used to disguise criminal activities such as illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing , forced labor , human trafficking and drug smuggling . Several states and regional fishery management organizations have therefore prohibited

6461-402: The need for customs checks or duties, otherwise a major hindrance for efficient transport. An item handled (from the shipper's point of view) as a single movement is not generally considered transshipped, even if it changes from one mode of transport to another at several points. Previously, it was often not distinguished from transloading , since each leg of such a trip was typically handled by

6552-448: The new republic. The Mexican Constitution of 1824 has several articles pertaining to indigenous peoples. The Mexican War of Independence was a decade-long struggle ending in 1821, in which indigenous peoples participated for their own motivations. The new country was named after its capital city, Mexico City . The new flag had at its center a symbol of the Aztecs, an eagle perched on

6643-569: The non-indigenous populations. Some indigenous groups, particularly the Yucatec Maya in the Yucatán Peninsula and some of the Nahua and Otomi peoples in central states have maintained higher levels of development while indigenous peoples in states such as the Guerrero or Michoacán are ranked drastically lower than the average Mexican citizen in these fields. Despite certain indigenous groups such as

6734-413: The official recognition of indigenous peoples, the economic underdevelopment of their communities, accentuated by the crises of the 1980s and 1990s, has not allowed for the development of most indigenous communities. Thousands of indigenous Mexicans have emigrated to urban centers in Mexico and the United States. In Los Angeles, for example, the Mexican government has established electronic access to some of

6825-571: The original foundation. The number of indigenous Mexicans is measured using constitutional criteria. The category of indigena (indigenous) can be defined narrowly according to linguistic criteria including only persons that speak one of Mexico's 89 indigenous languages , this is the categorization used by the National Mexican Institute of Statistics. It can also be defined broadly to include all persons who self-identify as having an indigenous cultural background, whether or not they speak

6916-403: The other hand forced the native plants to keep their defenses against herbivores, unlike plants on islands without megaherbivores , which tend to lack those defenses. Fish are abundant around Cedros Island. California yellowtail , a subspecies of yellowtail amberjack , are very plentiful in the waters around the island, as it is their breeding ground. These fish like to live in the kelp beds of

7007-429: The practice for certain vessel types or issued a complete ban within their zone of jurisdiction. Transshipment at sea also occurs in the export of bulk products. Choosing to transship reduces capital costs for port developers and can overcome problems arising from limited access to deep water. Loading barges typically specify 4 to 7 meters of draft. Since at least 2011, transshipment has been used in northern Australia in

7098-419: The protection of indigenous cultures is granted not only to the ethnic groups indigenous to modern-day Mexican territory but also to other North American indigenous groups that migrated to Mexico from the United States in the nineteenth century and those who immigrated from Guatemala in the 1980s. The prehispanic civilizations of what now is known as Mexico are often divided into two regions: Mesoamerica ,

7189-661: The removal of provisions protecting indigenous communal land holdings through the Lerdo law . In the North of Mexico, indigenous peoples, such as the Comanche and Apache , who had acquired the horse, waged a successful warfare against the Mexican state. The Comanche controlled considerable territory, called the Comancheria . The Yaqui also had a long tradition of resistance, with the late nineteenth-century leader Cajemé being prominent during

7280-425: The right of indigenous peoples and communities to self-determination and autonomy to: V. Preserve and improve their habitat as well as preserve the integrity of their lands in accordance with this constitution. VI. Be entitled to the estate and land property modalities established by this constitution and its derived legislation, to all private property rights and communal property rights as well as to use and enjoy in

7371-466: The slightly greater rainfall at higher elevations, has permitted the existence of Monterey pine forests at elevations of 500 metres (1,600 ft) to 800 metres (2,600 ft) where the influence of the fog is most intense. The pine forests are scattered and only cover 0.46 percent of the total area of the island. The pines grow to a height of up to 10 metres (33 ft). California juniper are also found at similar altitudes, covering 0.05 percent of

7462-417: The southeast coast. The town was founded by fishermen in 1922, and in 2010 the town had a population of 747 people. The local economy is dependent on fishing, and largely associated with Pescadores Nacionales de Abulón , the lobster and abalone fishing cooperative based on the island. The second town is Puerto Morro Redondo (in short, El Morro), close to the southeastern point of the island, El Morro. It

7553-486: The town in the southeastern corner of the island. Its highest peak, Monte Cedros, has an elevation of 1,205 metres (3,953 ft). The most common vegetation for more than 90 percent of the land on the island is desert scrub of many different species. The lower elevations, especially the south, receive very sparse rainfall. However, the northern and western parts of the island are often shrouded in fog, and some plants have adapted to receiving moisture from fog. The fog, plus

7644-482: The trade via the Manila Galleon there was an intermingling of groups, with mixed-race castas , particularly mestizos , becoming a component of Spanish cities and to a lesser extent indigenous communities. The Spanish legal structure formally separated what they called the República de Indios (the republic of Indians) from the República de Españoles (Republic of Spaniards), with the latter encompassing all those in

7735-443: The winter. The only weather station on the island is located on the southeastern coast. The northern and western parts of the island are several degrees cooler because the cold waters surrounding the island cause heavy fog and clouds, especially during spring and summer. The condensation from the fog permits lusher vegetation to flourish, similar to the "fog oases" ( lomas ) of the arid Pacific Coast of South America . Precipitation

7826-470: Was a precipitous decline in indigenous populations, mainly due to the spread of European diseases previously unknown in the America but also through war and forced labor. Pandemics wrought havoc, but indigenous communities recovered with fewer members. With contact between indigenous populations, Spaniards, African slaves , and starting in the late sixteenth century, Asian slaves ( chinos ) brought as goods

7917-536: Was attractive to humans because of its rich marine environment and its relative abundance of water compared to most of the desert coastline of Baja California. The early people of Cedros Island fished, gathered shellfish , and hunted seals , sea lions , and seabirds . Ancient spear points and shell fishhooks found on Cedros are similar to those found in a semi-circle of the Pacific coastline from Okinawa to Peru . The fishhooks made of shell found on Cedros Island indicate

8008-497: Was no longer monopolized by a small group of conquerors and their descendants but apportioned to a larger group of Spaniards. Through the repartimiento, indigenous peoples were obligated to perform low-paid labor for a certain number of weeks or months on Spanish enterprises, notably silver mining. The land of indigenous peoples is used for material reasons as well as spiritual reasons. Religious, cultural, social, spiritual, and other events relating to their identity are also tied to

8099-447: Was sought out to strengthen national identity. This further excluded indigenous languages from power structures. The Chiapas conflict of 1994 led to collaboration between the Mexican government and the Zapatista Army of National Liberation , an indigenous political group. In 1996 the San Andrés Larráinzar Accords were negotiated between the Zapatista Army of National Liberation and the Mexican government. The San Andrés accords were

8190-413: Was taken from them, they became dependent on those that had land and power. Additionally, the spiritual services that the land provided were no longer available and caused a deterioration of indigenous groups and cultures. The Spanish legal system divided racial groups into two basic categories, the República de Españoles , consisting of all non-indigenous, but initially Spaniards and black Africans, and

8281-458: Was that the encomenderos were monopolizing indigenous labor, excluding newly arriving Spaniards. And third, the crown was concerned about the damage to the indigenous vassals and their communities by the institution. Through the New Laws of 1542 , the crown sought to phase out the encomienda and replace it with another crown mechanism of forced indigenous labor, the repartimiento . Indigenous labor

#391608