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114-526: Entertainment, sports figures, and other celebrities who stayed at the Cavalier included F. Scott Fitzgerald , Zelda Fitzgerald , Bob Hope , Elizabeth Taylor , Judy Garland , Doris Day , Bette Davis , Muhammad Ali , President Harry Truman , and President Jimmy Carter . Other U.S. Presidents staying overnight at the Cavalier included Herbert Hoover , Dwight Eisenhower , John F. Kennedy , and Lyndon Johnson . On Memorial Day weekend in 1929, shortly before

228-408: A Baltimore merchant and banker, left an estate of approximately $ 7 million ( US$ 173.84 million in 2022 ) when he died on December 24, 1873, in his city mansion on West Saratoga Street, just west of North Charles Street , at the age of 78. In his will, he asked that his fortune be used to found two institutions that would bear his name: " Johns Hopkins University " and "The Johns Hopkins Hospital." At

342-544: A Carrara marble statue in the Billings Administration Building rotunda of the resurrected Jesus based on the 1833 original by Bertel Thorvaldsen , which was a gift by Baltimore merchant William Wallace Spence; it is a replica of the original by Danish sculptor Bertel Thorwaldsen in Copenhagen . Unveiled in 1896, the statue brings comfort to many, the hospital has said. In 1903, Harriet Lane left

456-811: A medical degree from the University of Virginia School of Medicine in 1885 and later worked in New York City , Washington D.C. , and Baltimore , where he established the institute. Between 1930 and 1963, Helen B. Taussig , who helped to develop the blue baby operation, headed the pediatric cardiac clinic. Child psychiatrist Leo Kanner did studies of autistic children. Lawson Wilkins established an endocrine clinic that developed procedures used universally to treat children with certain glandular disorders, including dwarfism. John E. Bordley and William G. Hardy made strides in detecting hearing impairments in very young children. Medical achievements at Johns Hopkins include

570-504: A rummy . A more serious rift in the Fitzgerald's marriage occurred when Zelda suspected that Scott was closeted homosexual , and she alleged that Fitzgerald and Hemingway engaged in homosexual relations. In the ensuing months, she frequently belittled Scott with homophobic slurs during their public excursions. Biographer Matthew J. Bruccoli posits that Zelda's inordinate preoccupation with other persons' sexual behavior likely indicated

684-629: A French naval aviator , Edouard Jozan. The exact details of the supposed romance are unverifiable and contradictory, and Jozan himself claimed that the Fitzgeralds invented the entire incident. According to conflicting accounts, Zelda spent afternoons swimming at the beach and evenings dancing at the casinos with Jozan. After several weeks, she asked Scott for a divorce. Scott purportedly challenged Jozan to duel and locked Zelda in their villa until he could kill him. Before any fatal confrontation could occur, Jozan—who had no intention of marrying Zelda—fled

798-628: A Southern girl who becomes lost in an ice maze while visiting a northern town. While dating Zelda and other women in Montgomery, Scott received a letter from Ginevra King informing him of her impending arranged marriage to polo player William "Bill" Mitchell. Three days after Ginevra King married Bill Mitchell on September 4, 1918, Scott professed his affections for Zelda. In his ledger, Scott wrote that he had fallen in love on September 7, 1918. His love for Zelda increased as time passed, and he wrote to his friend Isabelle Amorous: "I love her and that's

912-543: A baby would ruin her figure. Following the financial failure of Scott's play The Vegetable , the Fitzgeralds found themselves mired in debt. Although Scott wrote short stories furiously to pay the bills, he became burned out and depressed. During this period, while Scott wrote short stories at home, the New York Police Department detained Zelda near the Queensboro Bridge on the suspicion of her being

1026-561: A bathtub as a self-destructive act. She disparaged Moran as "a breakfast food that many men identified with whatever they missed from life." Fitzgerald's relations with Moran exacerbated the Fitzgeralds' marital difficulties and, after merely two months in Hollywood, the unhappy couple relocated to Ellerslie in Wilmington, Delaware, in March 1927. Literary critic Edmund Wilson , recalling a party at

1140-470: A closet and discovered his dirty clothes piled to the ceiling. Uncertain of what to do with unwashed clothes, Zelda had never sent them out for cleaning: she had simply tossed everything into the closet. Soon after, Scott employed two maids and a laundress. Zelda's complete dependence upon servants became the comedic focus of magazine articles. When Harper & Brothers asked Zelda to contribute her favorite recipes in an article, she wrote: "See if there

1254-456: A commercial success as "there is the cutest cloth of gold dress for only $ 300 in a store on Forty-second Street ". The satirical review led to Zelda receiving offers from other magazines to write stories and articles. According to their daughter, Scott "spent many hours editing the short stories she sold to College Humor and to Scribner's Magazine ". In June 1922, Metropolitan Magazine published an essay by Zelda Fitzgerald titled "Eulogy on

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1368-474: A day, and she "punished her body in strenuous efforts to improve." According to Zelda's daughter, although Scott "greatly appreciated and encouraged his wife's unusual talents and ebullient imagination," he became alarmed when her "dancing became a twenty-four-hour preoccupation which was destroying her physical and mental health." Soon after, Zelda collapsed from physical and mental exhaustion. One evening, Scott returned home to find an exhausted Zelda seated on

1482-499: A deep desire to develop a talent that was entirely her own. At the age of 28, she became obsessed with Russian ballet , and she decided to embark upon a career as a prima ballerina . Her friend Gerald Murphy counseled against their ambition and remarked that "there are limits to what a woman of Zelda's age can do and it was obvious that she had taken up the dance too late." Despite being far too old to achieve such an ambition, Scott Fitzgerald paid for Zelda to begin practicing under

1596-560: A dim view of the couples' constant partying and scandalous lifestyle. Following this visit, the Fitzgeralds relocated to an apartment at 38 West 59th Street in New York City. In February 1921, while Scott labored on drafts of his inchoate second novel, The Beautiful and Damned , Zelda discovered she was pregnant. She requested that the child be born on Southern soil in Alabama, but Fitzgerald adamantly refused. Zelda wrote despondently to

1710-482: A disappointment. According to biographer Andrew Turnbull , "victory was sweet, though not as sweet as it would have been six months earlier before Zelda had rejected him. Fitzgerald couldn't recapture the thrill of their first love". As the affections between Zelda and Scott cooled, Scott continued to obsess over the loss of his first love, Ginevra King, and, for the remainder of their marriage, he could not think of Ginevra "without tears coming to his eyes." Despite

1824-500: A famous writer. Infatuated with Zelda, Scott redrafted the character of Rosalind Connage in his unpublished manuscript The Romantic Egotist to resemble her, and he told Zelda that "the heroine does resemble you in more ways than four." In addition to inspiring the character of Rosalind Connage, Scott used a quote from Zelda's letters for a soliloquy by the narrator at the conclusion of The Romantic Egotist , later retitled and published as This Side of Paradise . Zelda wrote Scott

1938-462: A fire. Her body was identified by her dental records and one of her slippers. A follow-up investigation raised the possibility that the fire had been a work of arson by a disgruntled or mentally disturbed hospital employee. A 1970 biography by Nancy Milford was a finalist for the National Book Award . After the success of Milford's biography, scholars viewed Zelda's artistic output in

2052-535: A friend: "Scott's changed... He used... to say he loved the South, but now he wants to get as far away from it as he can." To Zelda's chagrin, her husband insisted upon having the baby at his northern home in Saint Paul, Minnesota . On October 26, 1921, she gave birth to Frances "Scottie" Fitzgerald . As she emerged from anesthesia , Scott recorded Zelda saying, "Oh, God, goofo I'm drunk. Mark Twain . Isn't she smart—she has

2166-442: A girl." After Scott informed Zelda of his novel's upcoming publication, a shocked Zelda replied apologetically: "I hate to say this, but I don't think I had much confidence in you at first.... It's so nice to know you really can do things—anything—and I love to feel that maybe I can help just a little." Zelda agreed to marry Scott once Scribner's published the novel; in turn, Fitzgerald promised to bring her to New York with "all

2280-515: A hospital." He wished for a hospital that "shall, in construction and arrangement, compare favorably with any other institution of like character in this country or in Europe" and directed his trustees to "secure for the service of the Hospital, physicians and surgeons of the highest character and greatest skill." Hopkins instructed the trustees to "bear constantly in mind that it is my wish and purpose that

2394-583: A letter eulogizing the Confederate dead who perished during the American Civil War . "I've spent today in the graveyard... Isn't it funny how, out of a row of Confederate soldiers, two or three will make you think of dead lovers and dead loves—when they're exactly like the others, even to the yellowish moss," she wrote to Scott. In the final pages of his novel, Fitzgerald altered Zelda's sentiments to refer to Union soldiers instead of Confederates. During

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2508-404: A letter to Fitzgerald, Hemingway warned him that Zelda would derail his career: Of all people on earth you needed discipline in your work and instead you marry someone who is jealous of your work, wants to compete with you and ruins you. It's not as simple as that and I thought Zelda was crazy the first time I met her and you complicated it even more by being in love with her and, of course, you're

2622-482: A letter: "I simply can't and won't take those awful pills... I'd rather have a whole family than sacrifice my self-respect... I'd feel like a damn whore if I took even one." They wrote frequently, and by March 1920, Scott had sent Zelda his mother's ring, and the two had become engaged. However, when Scott's attempts to become a published author faltered during the next four months, Zelda became convinced that he could not support her accustomed lifestyle, and she broke off

2736-401: A lonely Fitzgerald began courting Montgomery women, including Zelda, who reminded him of Ginevra. Scott called Zelda daily, and he visited Montgomery on his free days. He often spoke of his ambition to become a famous novelist, and he sent her a chapter of a book he was writing. At the time, Zelda dismissed Fitzgerald's remarks as mere boastfulness, and she concluded that he would never become

2850-418: A new hotel, scheduled to open in 2020. They also have plans for a third hotel in the complex. The Cavalier Hotel officially opened Wednesday, March 7, 2018, with a "Grand Reveal" event at the historic property. The Virginian-Pilot reported that "About 100 people gathered at dusk on the brick pathway as lights illuminating the hotel were switched on. After four years of restoration work that cost $ 81 million,

2964-688: A new light. Her novel Save Me the Waltz became the focus of literary studies exploring different facets of the work: how her novel contrasted with Scott's depiction of their marriage in Tender Is the Night and how 1920s consumer culture placed mental stress on modern women . Concurrently, renewed interest began in Zelda's artwork, and her paintings were posthumously exhibited in the United States and Europe. In 1992, she

3078-489: A party because Fitzgerald, engrossed in talking to American dancer Isadora Duncan , ignored her. In December 1926, after two unpleasant years in Europe that considerably strained their marriage, the Fitzgeralds returned to America, but their marital difficulties continued to fester. In January 1927, the Fitzgeralds relocated to Los Angeles, where Scott wrote Lipstick for United Artists and met Hollywood starlet Lois Moran . Jealous of Moran, Zelda set fire to her clothing in

3192-573: A pioneer treatment, teaching, and research clinic, and the first to have subspecialties in pediatrics as created by Edwards A. Park . In 1912, Diamond Jim Brady donated $ 220,000 to the hospital, which created the James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute. Ophthalmologist William Holland Wilmer opened the Wilmer Eye Institute at the hospital in 1925, and its building was completed four years later. Wilmer received

3306-532: A playwright and a painter. In the fall of 1932, she completed a stage play titled Scandalabra , but Broadway producers unanimously declined to produce it. Disheartened, Zelda next attempted to paint watercolors , but, when her husband arranged their exhibition in 1934, the critical response proved equally disappointing. While the two lived apart, Scott died of occlusive coronary arteriosclerosis in December 1940. After her husband's death, she attempted to write

3420-500: A second novel , Caesar's Things , but her recurrent voluntary institutionalization for mental illness interrupted her writing, and she failed to complete the work. By this time, she had endured over ten years of electroshock therapy and insulin shock treatments , and she suffered from severe memory loss. In March 1948, while sedated and locked in a room on the fifth floor of Highland Hospital in Asheville, North Carolina , she died in

3534-681: A staff of over 1,700 doctors with over 30,000 total employees. From 1982 to 1992, then CEO Robert Heyssel established the hospital's first Oncology Center, the Nelson Patient Tower, the Clayton Heart Center and the Johns Hopkins Outpatient Center which bears Heyssel's name. In May 2012, the Johns Hopkins Hospital opened two new towers as part of a major campus redevelopment effort. The opening of

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3648-644: A story in The Post was tops," Zelda later recalled, "but Scott couldn't stand to write them. He was completely cerebral, you know. All mind." Scott would write his stories in an "authentic" manner and then rewrite them to add plot twists, which increased their salability as magazine stories. This "whoring" for Zelda—as Hemingway dubbed these sales—emerged as a sore point in their friendship. After reading The Great Gatsby , Hemingway vowed to put any differences with Fitzgerald aside and to aid him in any way he could, although he feared Zelda would derail Fitzgerald's career. In

3762-453: A success; those of us who were not enthusiastic at the beginning are now sympathetic and friendly." Osler, the first chief of the Department of Medicine, is credited with originating the idea of a residency, in which recently graduated physicians receive advanced training in their specialty while treating patients under supervision; then, as now, residents comprise most of the medical staff of

3876-480: A sum of over $ 400,000 at her death in 1903 to establish the Harriet Lane Home for Invalid Children as a memorial to two sons who had died in childhood. In October 1912 the Harriet Lane Home officially opened. It was the first children's clinic in the United States that was associated with a medical school, first run by John Howland . Eventually treating over 60,000 children a year, the Harriet Lane Home became

3990-407: A tight, flesh-colored bathing suit to fuel rumors that she swam nude. Her father's reputation was something of a safety net, preventing her social ruin. Southern women of the time were expected to be delicate and docile, and Zelda's antics shocked the local community. Along with her childhood friend and future Hollywood star Tallulah Bankhead , she became a mainstay of Montgomery gossip. Her ethos

4104-476: A true medical specialty . He created new surgical approaches to women's diseases and invented numerous medical devices, including a urinary cystoscope. He was one of the first to use radium to treat cancer, with his first patient being his own aunt in 1904, who died shortly after surgery. Kelly was known to use excessive amounts of radium to treat various cancers and tumors. As a result, some of his patients died from radium exposure. His method of radium application

4218-457: A visiting guest at their home without provocation. Despite her precarious mental health, the couple traveled to Montgomery, Alabama, where her father, Judge Anthony Sayre, lay dying. After her father's death, her mental health again deteriorated and she had another breakdown. In February 1932, after an episode of hysteria , Zelda insisted that she be readmitted to a mental hospital. On February 12, 1932, over her husband's objections, Fitzgerald

4332-575: Is affiliated with the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine . The hospital is the flagship pediatric member of Johns Hopkins Medicine and is 1 of 2 children's hospital in the network. The hospital provides comprehensive pediatric specialties and subspecialties to infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21 throughout Baltimore and the wider United States. Johns Hopkins Children's Center also sometimes treats adults that require pediatric care. Johns Hopkins Children's Center also features one of

4446-554: Is any bacon, and if there is, ask the cook which pan to fry it in. Then ask if there are any eggs, and if so try and persuade the cook to poach two of them. It is better not to attempt toast, as it burns very easily. Also, in the case of bacon, do not turn the fire too high, or you will have to get out of the house for a week. Serve preferably on china plates, though gold or wood will do if handy." While Scott attempted to write his next novel at their home in Westport, Zelda announced that she

4560-474: Is neither [suffering from] a pure neurosis nor a real psychosis —I considered her a constitutional, emotionally unbalanced psychopath —she may improve, [but] never completely recover. After five months of observation, Doctor Eugen Bleuler —one of Europe's leading psychiatrists—confirmed Dr. Forel's diagnosis of Zelda as a schizophrenic on November 22, 1930. (Following Zelda's death, later psychiatrists speculated that Zelda instead had bipolar disorder . ) She

4674-465: Is the teaching hospital and biomedical research facility of Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in Baltimore , Maryland. Founded in 1889, Johns Hopkins Hospital and its school of medicine are considered to be the founding institutions of modern American medicine and the birthplace of numerous famed medical traditions, including rounds, residents, and house staff. Several medical specialties were founded at

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4788-520: The 1932 novel Save Me the Waltz , a semi-autobiographical account of her early life in the American South during the Jim Crow era and her marriage to F. Scott Fitzgerald. Upon its publication by Scribner's , the novel garnered mostly negative reviews and experienced poor sales. The critical and commercial failure of Save Me the Waltz disappointed Zelda and led her to pursue her other interests as

4902-508: The National Register of Historic Places in 2014. The hotel property was sold in 2013 under court order and the new owners began an extensive renovation and restoration of the structure with an anticipated opening of summer 2016. Due to unanticipated repairs, the owners announced in April 2016 that the opening would be delayed until 2017. The additional demolition and work added $ 24 million to

5016-704: The Plaza Hotel in New York. They frequently hired taxicabs and rode on the hood. One evening, while inebriated, they decided to visit the county morgue , where they inspected unidentified corpses; and, on another evening, Zelda insisted on sleeping in a dog kennel . Alcohol increasingly fueled their nightly escapades. Publicly, this meant little more than napping when they arrived at parties; but privately, it increasingly led to bitter arguments. To their mutual delight, New York newspapers depicted Zelda and Scott as cautionary examples of youth and excess—the enfants terribles of

5130-693: The United States Senate , Morgan played a key role in laying the foundation for the Jim Crow era in the American South. In addition to wielding considerable influence in national politics, Zelda's family built the home later used by Jefferson Davis for the First White House of the Confederacy . According to biographer Sally Cline, "in Zelda's girlhood, ghosts of the late Confederacy drifted through

5244-509: The galleys for his novel, Scott fretted over the best title: Trimalchio in West Egg , just Trimalchio or Gatsby, Gold-hatted Gatsby, or The High-bouncing Lover . Disliking Fitzgerald's chosen title of Trimalchio in West Egg , editor Max Perkins persuaded him that the reference was too obscure and that people would be unable to pronounce it. After both Zelda and Perkins expressed their preference for The Great Gatsby , Fitzgerald agreed. It

5358-514: The " Bobbed Haired Bandit ," an infamous spree-robber later identified as Celia Cooney . Following this incident, the couple departed in April 1924 for Paris, France, in the hope of living a more frugal existence abroad in Europe. After arriving in Paris, the couple soon relocated to Antibes on the French Riviera . While Scott labored on drafts of The Great Gatsby , Zelda became infatuated with

5472-589: The 3-story, 100,000-square-foot (9,300 m ) Pavilion III . Johns Hopkins also provides remote consultations worldwide through the Grand Round platform, and uses the same platform to help patients find the ideal specialist for their unique needs. Johns Hopkins Children's Center (JHCC) is a nationally ranked, pediatric acute care children's teaching hospital located in Baltimore, Maryland, adjacent to Johns Hopkins Hospital. The hospital has 196 pediatric beds and

5586-456: The American expat community that he was gay. Irritated by Zelda's recurrent homophobic attacks on his sexual identity, Scott decided to have sex with a Parisian prostitute . Zelda found condoms that he had purchased before any sexual encounter occurred, and a bitter quarrel ensued, resulting in ingravescent jealousy. Soon after, a jealous Zelda threw herself down a flight of marble stairs at

5700-506: The Fitzgerald home in Edgemoor, Delaware , in February 1928, described Zelda as follows: I sat next to Zelda, who was at her iridescent best. Some of Scott's friends were irritated; others were enchanted, by her. I was one of the ones who were charmed. She had the waywardness of a Southern belle and the lack of inhibitions of a child. She talked with so spontaneous a color and wit—almost exactly in

5814-571: The Flapper to dances, to teas, to swim and most of all to heart. After the publication of The Beautiful and Damned in March 1922, the Fitzgeralds traveled to either New York or St. Paul in order for Zelda to procure an abortion . Ultimately, Zelda would have three abortions during their marriage, and her sister Rosalind later questioned whether Zelda's later mental deterioration was due to health side-effects of these unsafe procedures. Zelda's thoughts on terminating her second pregnancy are unknown, but in

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5928-425: The Flapper". At the time flappers were typically young, modern women who bobbed their hair and wore short skirts. They also drank alcohol and had premarital sex . Though ostensibly a piece about the decline of the flapper lifestyle after its heyday in the early 1920s, Zelda's biographer Nancy Milford wrote that Zelda's essay served as "a defense of her own code of existence." In the article, Zelda described

6042-487: The Riviera, and the Fitzgeralds never saw him again. Soon after, Zelda possibly overdosed on sleeping pills. On his part, Jozan dismissed the entire story as pure fabrication and claimed that no romance with Zelda had ever occurred: "They both had a need of drama, they made it up and perhaps they were the victims of their own unsettled and a little unhealthy imagination." In later retellings, both Zelda and Scott embellished

6156-495: The beginning and end of everything. You're still a Catholic, but Zelda's the only God I have left now." Ultimately, Zelda fell in love as well. Her biographer Nancy Milford wrote, "Scott had appealed to something in Zelda which no one before him had perceived: a romantic sense of self-importance which was kindred to his own." Their courtship was interrupted in October when he was summoned north. He expected to be sent to France, but he

6270-580: The car's steering wheel and tried to kill herself, her husband, and her nine-year-old daughter, Scottie, by driving over a cliff. After this homicidal incident, Zelda sought psychiatric treatment . On April 23, 1930, the Malmaison Clinic near Paris admitted her for observation. On May 22, 1930, she moved to Valmont sanatorium in Montreux , Switzerland. The clinic primarily treated gastrointestinal ailments , and, due to her profound psychological problems, she

6384-419: The circular ward where bedside teaching occurred. He once said he hoped his tombstone would say only, "He brought medical students into the wards for bedside teaching." Halsted, the first chief of the Department of Surgery, established many other medical and surgical achievements at Johns Hopkins including modern surgical principles of control of bleeding, accurate anatomical dissection, complete sterility, and

6498-533: The cooling of their affections, Scott and Zelda quickly became celebrities of New York, as much for their wild behavior as for the success of This Side of Paradise . They were ordered to leave both the Biltmore Hotel and the Commodore Hotel for disturbing other guests. Their daily lives consisted of outrageous pranks and drunken escapades. While fully dressed, they jumped into the water fountain in front of

6612-412: The couple gradually viewed themselves as informally engaged, although Zelda declined to marry him until he proved financially successful. On February 14, 1919, he was discharged from the military and went north to establish himself in New York City . During this time, Zelda mistakenly feared she was pregnant. Scott mailed her pills to induce an abortion , but Zelda refused to take them and replied in

6726-471: The development of Virginia Beach as a resort area. The hotel was operated successfully until 1942, when it was commandeered by the United States Navy as a training center during World War II . It was returned to its owners in 1945, but the lost years hurt the business. The property was used as a private club for a time in the 1950s and 1960s, and eventually reopened as a hotel. The hotel was listed on

6840-458: The drafts, and she urged her husband to cut the cerebral ending, which focused on the main characters' lost idealism. Upon its publication, Burton Rascoe , the newly appointed literary editor of the New York Tribune , approached Zelda for an opportunity to entice readers with a satirical review of Scott's latest work as a publicity stunt . Although Zelda had carefully proofread drafts of

6954-606: The early months of their courtship, Zelda and Scott strolled through the Confederate Cemetery at Oakwood Cemetery . While walking past the headstones, Scott ostensibly failed to show sufficient reverence, and Zelda informed Scott that he would never understand how she felt about the Confederate dead. Scott drew upon Zelda's intense feelings about the Confederacy and the Old South in his 1920 short story The Ice Palace about

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7068-503: The engagement during the Red Summer of 1919. Having been rejected by both Zelda and Ginevra during the past year due to his lack of financial prospects, Scott suffered from intense despair, and he carried a revolver daily while contemplating suicide. Soon after, in July 1919, Scott returned to St. Paul. Having returned to his hometown as a failure, Scott became a social recluse and lived on

7182-454: The ephemeral phenomenon of the flapper: The Flapper awoke from her lethargy of sub-deb-ism, bobbed her hair, put on her choicest pair of earrings and a great deal of audacity and rouge and went into the battle. She flirted because it was fun to flirt and wore a one-piece bathing suit because she had a good figure ... she was conscious that the things she did were the things she had always wanted to do. Mothers disapproved of their sons taking

7296-647: The first male-to-female sex reassignment surgery in the United States that took place in 1966 at the Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic. Two of the most far-reaching advances in medicine during the last 25 years were also made at Hopkins. First, the Nobel Prize -winning discovery of restriction enzymes gave birth to the genetic engineering industry. Second, the discovery of the brain's natural opiates has triggered an explosion of interest in neurotransmitter pathways and functions. Other accomplishments of

7410-426: The first draft of The Beautiful and Damned , Scott wrote a scene in which Gloria Gilbert believes she is pregnant and Anthony Patch suggests she "talk to some woman and find out what's best to be done. Most of them fix it some way." Anthony's suggestion was removed from the final version, and this significant alteration shifted the focus from a moral dilemma about the act of abortion to Gloria's superficial concern that

7524-441: The first radical mastectomy for breast cancer (before this time, such a diagnosis was a virtual death sentence). His other achievements included the introduction of the surgical glove and advances in thyroid , biliary tree , hernia , intestinal and arterial aneurysm surgeries. Halsted also established the first formal surgical residency training program in the United States. Kelly is credited with establishing gynecology as

7638-467: The floor and entranced with a pile of sand. When he asked her what she was doing, she could not speak. He summoned a French physician, who examined Zelda and informed him that "your wife is mad." Soon after her physical and mental collapse, Zelda's mental health further deteriorated. In October 1929, during an automobile trip to Paris along the mountainous roads of the Grande Corniche , Zelda seized

7752-478: The hedonistic Jazz Age . After a month of hotel evictions, the Fitzgeralds moved to a cottage in Westport, Connecticut , where Scott worked on drafts of his second novel. Because of her privileged upbringing with many African-American servants, Zelda could not perform household responsibilities at Westport. During the early months of their marriage, Scott's unwashed clothes began disappearing. One day, he opened

7866-577: The hiccups. I hope it's beautiful and a fool—a beautiful little fool." Many of her words found their way into Scott's novels: in The Great Gatsby , the character Daisy Buchanan expresses a similar hope for her daughter. While writing The Beautiful and Damned , Scott drew upon "bits and pieces" of Zelda's diary and letters. He modeled the character Anthony Patch on himself and the character Gloria Patch on—in his words—the chill-mindedness and selfishness of Zelda. Prior to publication, Zelda proofread

7980-467: The hospital include the development of HeLa by George Otto Gey , head of tissue culture research in 1951, the first and arguably most important line of human cells grown in culture, identification of the three types of polio virus , and the first " blue baby " operation, which was done by surgeon Alfred Blalock in collaboration with Helen Taussig , a Hopkins graduate specializing in pediatric cardiology and surgical technician Vivien Thomas that opened

8094-476: The hospital included what was then state-of-the-art concepts in heating and ventilation to check the spread of disease. The trustees obtained the services of four outstanding physicians, known as the "Big Four," to serve as the founding staff of the hospital when it opened on May 7, 1889. They were pathologist William Henry Welch , surgeon William Stewart Halsted , internist William Osler , and gynecologist Howard Atwood Kelly . In 1893, Johns Hopkins University

8208-507: The hospital marked 32 consecutive years of placing in the top five hospitals in the nation. The hospital's founding in 1889 was made possible from a philanthropic bequest of over $ 7 million by city merchant, banker, financier, civic leader, and philanthropist Johns Hopkins , which at the time was the largest bequest in the history of the United States . The hospital is located at 600 North Broadway in Baltimore. Johns Hopkins (1795–1873),

8322-460: The hospital shall ultimately form a part of the Medical School of that university for which I have made ample provision in my will." By calling for this integral relationship between patient care, as embodied in the hospital, and teaching and research, as embodied in the university, Hopkins laid the groundwork for a revolution in American medicine. Johns Hopkins' vision, of two institutions in which

8436-470: The hospital, including neurosurgery by Harvey Cushing and Walter Dandy , cardiac surgery by Alfred Blalock and Vivien Thomas , and child psychiatry by Leo Kanner . Johns Hopkins Children's Center , which serves infants, children, teens, and young adults aged 0–21, is attached to the hospital. Johns Hopkins Hospital is widely regarded as one of the world's greatest hospitals and medical institutions. For 21 consecutive years from 1991 to 2020, it

8550-460: The hospital. He also introduced the idea of bringing medical students into actual patient care early in their training; at the time medical school consisted almost entirely of lectures. Osler's contribution to practical education extends to the creation of " grand rounds ", the practice of leading physicians discussing the most difficult cases in front of assembled medical students, for the benefit of patients and students. The term “rounds” derives from

8664-428: The iridescence of the beginning of the world." Scribner's published This Side of Paradise on March 26, 1920, and Zelda arrived in New York on March 30. A few days later, on April 3, 1920, they married in a small ceremony at St. Patrick's Cathedral . At the time of their wedding, Fitzgerald later claimed neither he nor Zelda still loved each other, and the early years of their marriage in New York City proved to be

8778-494: The loss of certainty in her love. In August, he wrote to his friend Ludlow Fowler: "I feel old too, this summer ... the whole burden of this novel—the loss of those illusions that give such color to the world that you don't care whether things are true or false as long as they partake of the magical glory." Scott finalized The Great Gatsby in October 1924. The couple attempted to celebrate with travel to Rome and Capri , but both were unhappy and unhealthy. When he received

8892-659: The new $ 1.1 billion Charlotte R. Bloomberg Children's Center tower and the new Sheikh Zayed Tower marked the highpoint of this effort. In addition to the main hospital, the system operates four other hospitals and several outpatient care facilities in the Baltimore and Washington metro areas and All Children's Hospital in St. Petersburg, Florida. In May, 2019, the hospital completed an $ 80 million expansion project at its Green Spring Station campus in Brooklandville, Maryland , offering out-patient surgery, imaging, and oncology treatment at

9006-434: The night they met. She openly referred to him with homophobic slurs and denounced him as a "fairy with hair on his chest". She considered Hemingway's domineering macho persona to be merely a posture to conceal his homosexuality; in turn, Hemingway told Scott that Zelda was "insane". In his memoir A Moveable Feast , Hemingway claims he realized that Zelda had a mental illness when she insisted that jazz singer Al Jolson

9120-472: The novel, she pretended in her review to read the novel for the very first time, and she wrote partly in jest that "on one page I recognized a portion of an old diary of mine... and, also, scraps of letters which, though considerably edited, sound to me vaguely familiar. In fact, Mr. Fitzgerald—I believe that is how he spells his name—seems to believe that plagiarism begins at home." In the same review, Zelda joked that she hoped her husband's novel would become

9234-559: The only ACS verified Level 1 Pediatric Trauma Centers in the state. The hospital is directly attached to Johns Hopkins Hospital and is situated near the Ronald McDonald House of Maryland. Johns Hopkins Hospital was ranked as the top overall hospital in the United States for 21 consecutive years by U.S. News & World Report until 2012, when it moved to second place behind Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston . In 2013, it

9348-575: The onset of her paranoid schizophrenia. However, Fitzgerald's sexuality was a popular subject of debate among his friends and acquaintances. As a youth, Fitzgerald had a close relationship with Father Sigourney Fay, a possibly gay Catholic priest, and Fitzgerald later used his last name for the idealized romantic character of Daisy Fay Buchanan. After college, Fitzgerald cross-dressed during outings in Minnesota and flirted with men at social events. While staying in Paris, rumors dogged Fitzgerald among

9462-494: The original $ 50 million estimate. Work completed in late 2017 and the facility opened in spring 2018 with 62 rooms and 23 suites, down from the original 135. The hotel also retained 21 of its original 350 acres (140 ha). On what had been vacant land north of the hotel, the owners constructed a housing development. In 2015, they demolished the Cavalier Oceanfront Hotel, across Atlantic Avenue, and began constructing

9576-686: The outdoors. In her youth, the family spent summers in Saluda, North Carolina, a village that would appear in her artwork decades later. In 1914, Zelda began attending Sidney Lanier High School . She was bright, but uninterested in her lessons. During high school, she continued her interest in ballet. She also drank gin , smoked cigarettes , and spent much of her time flirting with boys. A newspaper article about one of her dance performances quoted her as saying that she cared only about "boys and swimming". She developed an appetite for attention, actively seeking to flout convention, whether by dancing or by wearing

9690-469: The practice of medicine would be wedded to medical research and medical education was revolutionary. Initial plans for the hospital were drafted by surgeon John Shaw Billings , and the architecture designed by John Rudolph Niernsee and completed by Edward Clarke Cabot of the Boston firm of Cabot and Chandler in a Queen Anne style . When completed in 1889 at a cost of $ 2,050,000 ( US$ 50.8 million in 2022 ),

9804-447: The sleepy oak-lined streets," and Zelda claimed that she drew her strength from Montgomery's Confederate past. During her idle youth in Montgomery, Zelda's affluent Southern family employed half a dozen domestic servants, many of whom were African-American . Consequently, Zelda was unaccustomed to domestic labor or responsibilities of any kind. As the privileged child of wealthy parents, she danced, took ballet lessons, and enjoyed

9918-457: The state. Based on later writings, there is scholarly speculation regarding whether Anthony Sayre sexually abused Zelda as a child, but there is no evidence confirming that Zelda was a victim of incest . At the time of Zelda's birth, her family was a prominent and influential Southern clan who had been slave-holders before the Civil War . According to biographer Nancy Milford , "if there

10032-517: The stock market crash, the famed Cavalier Beach Club opened on the oceanfront at the bottom of the Cavalier Hotel and drew big dance bands such as Benny Goodman , Cab Calloway , Glenn Miller , and Lawrence Welk , and other performers, including Frank Sinatra and Ella Fitzgerald . The hotel was built during the period of prosperity known as the Roaring Twenties , and was a major element of

10146-657: The story, and Zelda later falsely told Ernest Hemingway and his wife Hadley Richardson that the affair ended when Jozan committed suicide. In fact, Jozan had been transferred by the French military to Indochina . Regardless of whether any extramarital affair with Jozan occurred, the episode led to a breach of trust in their marriage, and Fitzgerald wrote in his notebook, "I knew something had happened that could never be repaired." The incident likely influenced Fitzgerald's writing of The Great Gatsby , and he drew upon many elements of his tempestuous relationship with Zelda, including

10260-458: The time that it was made, Hopkins' gift was the largest philanthropic bequest in the history of the nation. Toward the end of his life, Hopkins selected 12 prominent Baltimore residents as trustees for the project. A year prior to his death, he sent each a letter telling them that he was giving "thirteen acres of land, situated in the city of Baltimore, and bounded by Broadway, Wolfe, Monument, and Jefferson streets upon which I desire you to erect

10374-598: The time, Fitzgerald had been freshly rejected by his first love, Chicago socialite and heiress Ginevra King , due to his lack of financial prospects. Heartbroken by this rejection, Scott had dropped out of Princeton University and volunteered for the United States Army amid World War I . While awaiting deployment to the Western front , he was stationed at Camp Sheridan, outside Montgomery. While writing to Ginevra King and begging her to resume their relationship,

10488-494: The time, Scott's feelings for Zelda were at an all-time low, and he remarked to a friend, "I wouldn't care if she died, but I couldn't stand to have anybody else marry her." By September 1919, Scott completed his first novel, This Side of Paradise , and editor Maxwell Perkins of Charles Scribner's Sons accepted the manuscript for publication. Scott requested an accelerated release to renew Zelda's faith in him: "I have so many things dependent on its success—including of course

10602-418: The top floor of his parents' home at 599 Summit Avenue , on Cathedral Hill. He decided to make one last attempt to become a novelist and to stake everything on the success of a book. Abstaining from alcohol and parties, he worked day and night to revise The Romantic Egotist as This Side of Paradise —an autobiographical account of his Princeton years and his romances with Ginevra, Zelda, and others. At

10716-603: The tutelage of Catherine Littlefield , director of the Philadelphia Opera Ballet. After the Fitzgeralds returned to Europe in summer 1928, Scott paid for Zelda to study under Russian ballerina Lubov Egorova in Paris. In September 1929, the San Carlo Opera Ballet Company in Naples invited her to join their ballet school. In preparation, Zelda undertook a grueling daily practice of up to eight hours

10830-470: The university. After several discussions, the trustees agreed to their terms and accepted the financial help of these four women with only one of the doctors, William H. Welch , resisting. Eventually, even Welch changed his views on coeducation, "The necessity for coeducation in some form," he wrote later, "becomes more evident the higher the character of the education. In no form of education is this more evident than in that of medicine ... we regard coeducation

10944-443: The way she wrote—that I very soon ceased to be troubled by the fact that the conversation was in the nature of a 'free association' of ideas and one could never follow up anything. I have rarely known a woman who expressed herself so delightfully and so freshly: she had no ready-made phrases on the one hand and made no straining for effect on the other. It evaporated easily, however, and I remember only one thing she said that night: that

11058-639: The way to modern cardiac surgery . Contributions to heart surgery were brought on by the discovery of heparin and the Blalock-Thomas-Taussig Shunt . Johns Hopkins has also published The Harriet Lane Handbook , an indispensable tool for pediatricians, for over 60 years. The hospital occupies approximately 20 of the 60 buildings on the Johns Hopkins Medical Campus. The complex has over 80 entrances and receives 80,000 visitors weekly. It houses over 1,000 beds and has

11172-633: The writing of Galsworthy was a shade of blue for which she did not care. By 1927, at the Ellersie estate in Wilmington, Delaware , Scott had become severely alcoholic, and Zelda's behavior became increasingly erratic. Much of the conflict between them stemmed from the boredom and isolation Zelda experienced when Scott was writing. She would often interrupt him when he was working, and the two grew increasingly miserable. Stung by Fitzgerald's criticism that all great women use their talents constructively, Zelda had

11286-756: The young couple into the public eye, and she became known in the national press as the first American flapper . Because of their wild antics and incessant partying, she and her husband became regarded in the newspapers as the enfants terribles of the Jazz Age . Alleged infidelity and bitter recriminations soon undermined their marriage. After Zelda traveled abroad to Europe, her mental health deteriorated, and she had suicidal and homicidal tendencies, which required psychiatric care. Her doctors diagnosed her with schizophrenia , although later posthumous diagnoses posit bipolar disorder . While institutionalized at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , Maryland, she authored

11400-506: The “Grande Dame” is back." Zelda Fitzgerald Zelda Fitzgerald ( née   Sayre ; July 24, 1900 – March 10, 1948) was an American novelist, painter, and socialite. Born in Montgomery, Alabama , to a wealthy Southern family, she became locally famous for her beauty and high spirits. In 1920, she married writer F. Scott Fitzgerald after the popular success of his debut novel, This Side of Paradise . The novel catapulted

11514-572: Was a Confederate establishment in the Deep South , Zelda Sayre came from the heart of it". Zelda's maternal grandfather was Willis Benson Machen , a Confederate Senator and later an U.S. Senator from Kentucky . Her father's uncle was John Tyler Morgan , a Confederate general and the second Grand Dragon of the Ku Klux Klan in Alabama . An outspoken advocate of lynching who served six terms in

11628-427: Was a spoiled child; her mother doted upon her daughter's every whim, but her father, Alabama politician Anthony Dickinson Sayre , was a strict and remote man whom Zelda described as a "living fortress." Sayre was a state legislator in the post- Reconstruction era who authored the landmark 1893 Sayre Act, which disenfranchised black Alabamians for seventy years and ushered in the racially segregated Jim Crow period in

11742-835: Was admitted by The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore , where her treatment was overseen by Dr. Adolf Meyer, an expert on schizophrenia . As part of her recovery routine, she spent at least two hours a day writing a manuscript. At the Phipps Clinic, Zelda developed a bond with Dr. Mildred Squires, a female resident. When Dr. Squires asked Scott to speculate why Zelda's mental health had deteriorated, Fitzgerald replied: Perhaps fifty percent of our friends and relatives would tell you in all honest conviction that my drinking drove Zelda insane—the other half would assure you that her insanity drove me to drink. Neither judgement would mean anything. Johns Hopkins Hospital The Johns Hopkins Hospital ( JHH )

11856-509: Was also on this trip, while ill with colitis , that Zelda began painting artworks. Returning to Paris in April 1925, Zelda met Ernest Hemingway , whose career her husband did much to promote. Through Hemingway, the Fitzgeralds were introduced to Gertrude Stein , Alice B. Toklas , Robert McAlmon , and others. Scott and Hemingway became close friends, but Zelda and Hemingway instantly disliked each other from their first meeting, although Hemingway admitted to having an "erotic dream" about Zelda

11970-545: Was encapsulated beneath her graduation photo at Sidney Lanier High School in Montgomery: "Why should all life be work, when we all can borrow? Let's think only of today, and not worry about tomorrow." In her final year of high school, she was voted "prettiest" and "most attractive" in her graduating class. In July 1918, Zelda Sayre first met aspiring novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald at the Montgomery Country Club. At

12084-579: Was greater than Jesus Christ . Hemingway alleged that Zelda sought to destroy her husband, and she purportedly taunted Fitzgerald over his penis size . After examining it in a public restroom, Hemingway confirmed Fitzgerald's penis to be of average size. Hemingway claimed that Zelda urged her husband to write lucrative short stories as opposed to novels in order to support her accustomed lifestyle. To supplement their income, Fitzgerald often wrote stories for magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post , Collier's Weekly , and Esquire . "I always felt

12198-570: Was homesick for the Deep South . In particular, she missed eating Southern cuisine such as peaches and biscuits for breakfast. She suggested that they travel to Montgomery, Alabama. On July 15, 1920, the couple traveled in a touring car—which Scott derogatorily nicknamed "the rolling junk"—to her parents' home in Montgomery. After visiting Zelda's family for several weeks, they abandoned the unreliable vehicle and returned via train to Westport, Connecticut. Zelda's parents visited their Westport cottage soon after, but her father Judge Anthony Sayre took

12312-595: Was inducted into the Alabama Women's Hall of Fame . Zelda Sayre was born in Montgomery, Alabama , on July 24, 1900, the youngest of six children. Her parents were Episcopalians . Her mother, Minerva Buckner "Minnie" Machen, named her daughter after the Roma heroine in a novel, presumably Jane Howard's "Zelda: A Tale of the Massachusetts Colony" (1866) or Robert Edward Francillon 's "Zelda's Fortune" (1874). Zelda

12426-497: Was inserting a radium capsule near the affected area, then sewing the radium "points" directly to the tumor . Welch was responsible for training many of the outstanding physicians of the day, such as Walter Reed . He also founded at Hopkins the nation's first Public Health school, now known as the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health . A notable sight at the hospital is the marble statue Christus ,

12540-611: Was instead assigned to Camp Mills , Long Island. While he was there, the Allied Powers signed an armistice with Imperial Germany . He then returned to the base near Montgomery. Together again, Zelda and Scott now engaged in what he later described as sexual recklessness, and by December 1918, they had consummated their relationship. Although this was the first time they were sexually intimate, both Zelda and Scott had other sexual partners prior to their first meeting and courtship. Initially, Fitzgerald did not intend to marry Zelda, but

12654-498: Was moved again to a psychiatric facility in Prangins on the shores of Lake Geneva on June 5, 1930. At Prangins in June, Dr. Oscar Forel issued a tentative diagnosis of schizophrenia , but he feared her psychological condition might be far worse. Zelda's biographer, Nancy Milford, quotes Dr. Forel's full diagnosis at length: The more I saw Zelda, the more I thought at the time [that] she

12768-444: Was one of the first medical schools to admit women. The decision to begin coeducation was a result of a shortage of funds, as the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad stock that was supposed to cover cost was used up in building the hospital in 1889 and the medical school had not yet been built. Four of the original trustees' daughters offered to raise the money needed to open the school, but only if the school agreed to admit qualified women to

12882-555: Was ranked as the best overall hospital in the United States by U.S. News & World Report . In its 2019–2020 edition, U.S. News & World Report ranked the hospital on 15 adult specialties and 10 children's specialties; the hospital came in 1st in Maryland and third nationally behind the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston . In 2021,

12996-458: Was released from Prangins in September 1931. In an attempt to keep his wife out of an asylum, Scott hired nurses and attendants to care for Zelda at all times. Although there were periods where her behavior was merely eccentric, she could frequently become a danger to herself and others. In one instance, she attempted to throw herself in front of a moving train and, in another instance, she attacked

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