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36-509: The first part of the word Cauberg may be derived from the Celtic word kadeir , meaning 'height' or 'hill'. Berg is a Germanic word meaning 'hill' or 'mount' as well. Perhaps the family names 'Cauberghs' and 'Van Caldenborgh' are related to Cauberg. Previously the name of the hill was also spelled 'Couberg'. Although the road via Cauberg formed the shortest connection between Valkenburg and Maastricht , in former ages most unmotorized traffic due to

72-685: A Crashed Ice event on the slopes of Cauberg. 50°51′39.82″N 5°49′25.25″E  /  50.8610611°N 5.8236806°E  / 50.8610611; 5.8236806 Celtic languages Pontic Steppe Caucasus East Asia Eastern Europe Northern Europe Pontic Steppe Northern/Eastern Steppe Europe South Asia Steppe Europe Caucasus India Indo-Aryans Iranians East Asia Europe East Asia Europe Indo-Aryan Iranian Indo-Aryan Iranian Others European The Celtic languages ( / ˈ k ɛ l t ɪ k / KEL -tik ) are

108-588: A postmodern style to resemble a typical Limburg village, as well as a castle site. The Amstel Gold Race had its finish on or within a few kilometres of the Cauberg from 2003 to 2016. Now the finish is 2 kilometres further near Vilt and Berg en Terblijt and contains 2 climbs of the Cauberg in total. The Cauberg has been included in many other Dutch cycling races such as Eneco Tour , Ster ZLM Toer , Olympia's Tour and Dutch National Road Racing Championships . Three Grand-Tours have included Cauberg in their route:

144-614: A branch of the Indo-European language family , descended from Proto-Celtic . The term "Celtic" was first used to describe this language group by Edward Lhuyd in 1707, following Paul-Yves Pezron , who made the explicit link between the Celts described by classical writers and the Welsh and Breton languages. During the first millennium BC, Celtic languages were spoken across much of Europe and central Anatolia . Today, they are restricted to

180-466: A common Italo-Celtic subfamily. This hypothesis fell somewhat out of favour after reexamination by American linguist Calvert Watkins in 1966. Irrespectively, some scholars such as Ringe, Warnow and Taylor and many others have argued in favour of an Italo-Celtic grouping in 21st century theses. Although there are many differences between the individual Celtic languages, they do show many family resemblances. Examples: The lexical similarity between

216-453: A labyrinth of man-made caves which include an underground lake, limestone sculptures of prehistoric animals and charcoal drawings depicting local history scenes. Higher up the hill is a Lourdes grotto , a 1926 copy of the original grotto at Lourdes with an open air chapel. Only a few yards further up the hill stands a memorial chapel with a carillon , commemorating the Limburgian members of

252-481: A rich literary tradition . The earliest specimens of written Celtic are Lepontic inscriptions from the 6th century BC in the Alps. Early Continental inscriptions used Italic and Paleohispanic scripts. Between the 4th and 8th centuries, Irish and Pictish were occasionally written in an original script, Ogham , but Latin script came to be used for all Celtic languages. Welsh has had a continuous literary tradition from

288-3877: Is a cycling race held over five stages , held in the southern Netherlands and Belgium as a 2.Pro race on the UCI ProSeries . The race started in 1987 as an amateur race, and became a race for professional cyclists in 1996. Name of the race [ edit ] 1987–1989 : Rondom Schijndel 1990–1997 : Teleflex Tour 1998–2000 : Ster der Beloften 2001–2010 : Ster Elekrotoer 2011–2017 : Ster ZLM Toer - GP Jan van Heeswijk 2019–present: ZLM Tour Winners [ edit ] Year Country Rider Team 1987 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Theo Gevers 1988 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Arno Ottevanger 1989 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Reem Kok 1990 [REDACTED]   Netherlands John Den Braber 1991 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Tristan Hoffman 1992 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Martin Van Steen 1993 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Servais Knaven 1994 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Jos Wolfkamp 1995 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Bennie Gosink 1996 [REDACTED]   United States Tyler Hamilton U.S. Postal Service 1997 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Eddy Bouwmans Foreldorado–Golff 1998 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Karsten Kroon Rabobank Beloften 1999 [REDACTED]   Germany Ralf Grabsch Team Cologne 2000 [REDACTED]   Belgium Andy De Smet Spar–OKI 2001 [REDACTED]   France Xavier Jan BigMat–Auber 93 2002 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Bart Voskamp BankGiroLoterij–Batavus 2003 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Gerben Löwik BankGiroLoterij–Batavus 2004 [REDACTED]   Belgium Nick Nuyens Quick-Step–Davitamon 2005 [REDACTED]   Germany Stefan Schumacher Shimano–Memory Corp 2006 [REDACTED]   Norway Kurt Asle Arvesen Team CSC 2007 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Sebastian Langeveld Rabobank 2008 [REDACTED]   Italy Enrico Gasparotto Barloworld 2009 [REDACTED]   Belgium Philippe Gilbert Silence–Lotto 2010 [REDACTED]   Australia Adam Hansen Team HTC–Columbia 2011 [REDACTED]   Belgium Philippe Gilbert Omega Pharma–Lotto 2012 [REDACTED]   Great Britain Mark Cavendish Team Sky 2013 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Lars Boom Blanco Pro Cycling 2014 [REDACTED]   Belgium Philippe Gilbert BMC Racing Team 2015 [REDACTED]   Germany André Greipel Lotto–Soudal 2016 [REDACTED]   Belgium Sep Vanmarcke LottoNL–Jumbo 2017 [REDACTED]   Portugal José Gonçalves Team Katusha–Alpecin 2018 No race due to several stage finish host locations cancelling their interest 2019 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Mike Teunissen Team Jumbo–Visma 2020– 2021 No race due to

324-804: Is about the UCI ProSeries cycling race. For the defunct under-23 cycling race, see ZLM Tour (UCI Under 23 Nations' Cup) . ZLM Tour [REDACTED] Race details Date June Region Netherlands, Belgium English name ZLM Tour Discipline Road Competition UCI ProSeries (since 2020) Type Stage race Web site zlmtour .nl [REDACTED] History First edition 1987  ( 1987 ) Editions 35 (as of 2024) First winner [REDACTED]   Theo Gevers   ( NED ) Most wins [REDACTED]   Philippe Gilbert   ( BEL ) (3 wins) Most recent [REDACTED]   Rune Herregodts   ( BEL ) The ZLM Tour

360-523: Is almost certainly an independent branch on the Celtic genealogical tree, one that became separated from the others very early." The Breton language is Brittonic, not Gaulish, though there may be some input from the latter, having been introduced from Southwestern regions of Britain in the post-Roman era and having evolved into Breton. In the P/Q classification schema, the first language to split off from Proto-Celtic

396-562: Is an official language of Ireland and of the European Union . Welsh is the only Celtic language not classified as endangered by UNESCO . The Cornish and Manx languages became extinct in modern times but have been revived. Each now has several hundred second-language speakers. Irish, Manx and Scottish Gaelic form the Goidelic languages , while Welsh, Cornish and Breton are Brittonic . All of these are Insular Celtic languages , since Breton,

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432-591: Is still quite contested, and the main argument for Insular Celtic is connected with the development of verbal morphology and the syntax in Irish and British Celtic, which Schumacher regards as convincing, while he considers the P-Celtic/Q-Celtic division unimportant and treats Gallo-Brittonic as an outdated theory. Stifter affirms that the Gallo-Brittonic view is "out of favour" in the scholarly community as of 2008 and

468-455: The 1992 Tour de France (7th stage), the 2006 Tour de France (3rd stage) and the 2009 Vuelta a España (4th stage). The UCI Road World Championships has included the Cauberg five times ( 1938 , 1948 , 1979 , 1998 and 2012 UCI Road World Championships ). Since 2011 a cyclo-cross race has been held on and around Cauberg and the 2018 UCI Cyclo-cross World Championships was held on Cauberg. Also, in 2011 and 2012 Red Bull organized

504-1279: The COVID-19 pandemic in the Netherlands 2022 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Olav Kooij Team Jumbo–Visma 2023 [REDACTED]   Netherlands Olav Kooij Team Jumbo–Visma 2023 [REDACTED]   Belgium Rune Herregodts Intermarché–Circus–Wanty Wins per country [ edit ] Wins Country 18 [REDACTED]   Netherlands 7 [REDACTED]   Belgium 3 [REDACTED]   Germany 1 [REDACTED]   Australia [REDACTED]   France [REDACTED]   Great Britain [REDACTED]   Italy [REDACTED]   Norway [REDACTED]   Portugal [REDACTED]   United States References [ edit ] ^ Ballinger, Alex (10 October 2019). "UCI releases full calendar for new ProSeries races" . Cycling Weekly . TI Media . Retrieved 9 July 2022 . ^ "ZLM Tour" . FirstCycling.com . 5 October 2023. ^ "Ster Elektroer Tour (Hol)" . www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net . Archived from

540-451: The Dutch resistance that were killed during World War II . Here the underground fighters Sjeng (John) Coenen and Joep (Joe) Francotte were murdered on 5 September 1944, just before the liberation of Valkenburg. Opposite lies a leafy hill cemetery, that features terraced graves, unique in the Netherlands, as well as a Gothic revival graveyard chapel and some limestone mausoleums , one of which

576-645: The Liège area on board, who had been on an outing to Valkenburg zoo, rushed down the hill, crashed into a limestone monument at the bottom of the hill and then drove into the gable of a hotel on Grendelplein. 18 passengers and a bystander lost their lives. In the 19th century Valkenburg developed as an early tourist destination in the Netherlands. Cauberg, with its limestone quarries, played an important role in this. Dutch architect Pierre Cuypers , who lived in Valkenburg for some years, helped design Rotspark ('Rocky Park') on

612-537: The 2000s led to the reemergence of native speakers for both languages following their adoption by adults and children. By the 21st century, there were roughly one million total speakers of Celtic languages, increasing to 1.4 million speakers by 2010. Gaelainn / Gaeilig / Gaeilic Celtic is divided into various branches: Scholarly handling of Celtic languages has been contentious owing to scarceness of primary source data. Some scholars (such as Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; and Schrijver 1995) posit that

648-581: The 6th century AD. SIL Ethnologue lists six living Celtic languages, of which four have retained a substantial number of native speakers. These are: the Goidelic languages ( Irish and Scottish Gaelic , both descended from Middle Irish ) and the Brittonic languages ( Welsh and Breton , descended from Common Brittonic ). The other two, Cornish (Brittonic) and Manx (Goidelic), died out in modern times with their presumed last native speakers in 1777 and 1974 respectively. Revitalisation movements in

684-550: The Gallic and Brittonic languages are P-Celtic, while the Goidelic and Hispano-Celtic (or Celtiberian) languages are Q-Celtic. The P-Celtic languages (also called Gallo-Brittonic ) are sometimes seen (for example by Koch 1992) as a central innovating area as opposed to the more conservative peripheral Q-Celtic languages. According to Ranko Matasovic in the introduction to his 2009 Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic : "Celtiberian ...

720-485: The Insular Celtic hypothesis "widely accepted". When referring only to the modern Celtic languages, since no Continental Celtic language has living descendants, "Q-Celtic" is equivalent to "Goidelic" and "P-Celtic" is equivalent to "Brittonic". How the family tree of the Celtic languages is ordered depends on which hypothesis is used: " Insular Celtic hypothesis " " P/Q-Celtic hypothesis " Eska evaluates

756-461: The Insular Celtic languages were probably not in great enough contact for those innovations to spread as part of a sprachbund . However, if they have another explanation (such as an SOV substratum language), then it is possible that P-Celtic is a valid clade, and the top branching would be: Within the Indo-European family, the Celtic languages have sometimes been placed with the Italic languages in

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792-487: The Larzac piece of lead (1983), the analysis of which reveals another common phonetical innovation -nm- > -nu (Gaelic ainm / Gaulish anuana , Old Welsh enuein 'names'), that is less accidental than only one. The discovery of a third common innovation would allow the specialists to come to the conclusion of a Gallo-Brittonic dialect (Schmidt 1986; Fleuriot 1986). The interpretation of this and further evidence

828-454: The P-/Q-Celtic hypothesis. Proponents of each schema dispute the accuracy and usefulness of the other's categories. However, since the 1970s the division into Insular and Continental Celtic has become the more widely held view (Cowgill 1975; McCone 1991, 1992; Schrijver 1995), but in the middle of the 1980s, the P-/Q-Celtic theory found new supporters (Lambert 1994), because of the inscription on

864-530: The break-up much earlier at 3200 BC ± 1500 years. They support the Insular Celtic hypothesis. The early Celts were commonly associated with the archaeological Urnfield culture , the Hallstatt culture , and the La Tène culture , though the earlier assumption of association between language and culture is now considered to be less strong. There are legitimate scholarly arguments for both the Insular Celtic hypothesis and

900-414: The different Celtic languages is apparent in their core vocabulary , especially in terms of actual pronunciation . Moreover, the phonetic differences between languages are often the product of regular sound change (i.e. lenition of /b/ into /v/ or Ø). Ster ZLM Toer (Redirected from Ster ZLM Toer ) Dutch multi-day road cycling race This article

936-474: The evidence as supporting the following tree, based on shared innovations , though it is not always clear that the innovations are not areal features . It seems likely that Celtiberian split off before Cisalpine Celtic, but the evidence for this is not robust. On the other hand, the unity of Gaulish, Goidelic, and Brittonic is reasonably secure. Schumacher (2004, p. 86) had already cautiously considered this grouping to be likely genetic, based, among others, on

972-468: The northeastern slope of Cauberg, which featured a viewing tower (1898, demolished) and an open-air theater (1916). After the Second World War a zoo and an 'aquarium grotto' were added to this. In the 1960s and 70s, Valkenburg became very popular with teenage tourists. On top of Cauberg, Europacamping became one of the largest camping sites in the country, with mostly youthful campers. Nearby on Cauberg

1008-455: The northwestern fringe of Europe and a few diaspora communities . There are six living languages: the four continuously living languages Breton , Irish , Scottish Gaelic and Welsh , and the two revived languages Cornish and Manx . All are minority languages in their respective countries, though there are continuing efforts at revitalisation . Welsh is an official language in Wales and Irish

1044-407: The only living Celtic language spoken in continental Europe, is descended from the language of settlers from Britain. There are a number of extinct but attested continental Celtic languages , such as Celtiberian , Galatian and Gaulish . Beyond that there is no agreement on the subdivisions of the Celtic language family. They may be divided into P-Celtic and Q-Celtic . The Celtic languages have

1080-1046: The original on 2006-05-15. ^ "ZLM tour(1.Ncup)" . ProcyclingStats . 6 October 2023. ^ "ZLM Tour (Hol) - Cat.2.1" . Memoire-du-cyclisme.eu (in French) . Retrieved 5 October 2023 . ^ "Vanmarcke wins Ster ZLM Toer" . cyclingnews.com . 19 June 2016 . Retrieved 15 June 2021 . ^ "Ster ZLM Toer GP Jan van Heeswijk 2017: Stage 5 Results" . cyclingnews.com . 18 June 2017 . Retrieved 15 June 2021 . ^ "Ster ZLM Toer canceled" . cyclingnews.com . 11 April 2018 . Retrieved 15 June 2021 . External links [ edit ] Official website (in Dutch) Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ZLM_Tour_(UCI_ProSeries)&oldid=1230443891 " Categories : Ster ZLM Toer UCI Europe Tour races Cycle races in Belgium Cycle races in

1116-461: The primary distinction is between Continental Celtic and Insular Celtic , arguing that the differences between the Goidelic and Brittonic languages arose after these split off from the Continental Celtic languages. Other scholars (such as Schmidt 1988) make the primary distinction between P-Celtic and Q-Celtic languages based on the replacement of initial Q by initial P in some words. Most of

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1152-487: The shared reformation of the sentence-initial, fully inflecting relative pronoun *i̯os, *i̯ā, *i̯od into an uninflected enclitic particle. Eska sees Cisalpine Gaulish as more akin to Lepontic than to Transalpine Gaulish. Eska considers a division of Transalpine–Goidelic–Brittonic into Transalpine and Insular Celtic to be most probable because of the greater number of innovations in Insular Celtic than in P-Celtic, and because

1188-459: The steepness of the hill followed the longer but much more level route along the Geul river. The road was paved with cobblestones only in 1934; in 1969 the cobblestone surface was replaced by asphalt . On 29 September 1954 a serious accident happened on Cauberg when the driver of a Belgian coach lost control over his vehicle after a malfunction of the brakes. The coach, which had a group of miners from

1224-711: Was Gaelic. It has characteristics that some scholars see as archaic, but others see as also being in the Brittonic languages (see Schmidt). In the Insular/Continental classification schema, the split of the former into Gaelic and Brittonic is seen as being late. The distinction of Celtic into these four sub-families most likely occurred about 900 BC according to Gray & Atkinson but, because of estimation uncertainty, it could be any time between 1200 and 800 BC. However, they only considered Gaelic and Brythonic. A controversial paper by Forster & Toth included Gaulish and put

1260-434: Was a racing circuit for kart racing ( skelterbaan ). The area was redeveloped in the 1980s and now features a holiday village , a spa center and a casino . The foot of Cauberg hill is situated almost in the center of Valkenburg, outside the medieval city gate of Grendelpoort. At the bottom of the hill is one of Valkenburg's main visitor attractions, Gemeentegrot , an abandoned chalk quarry offering guided tours through

1296-411: Was designed by Pierre Cuypers . Halfway up the hill is situated Thermae 2000 , a spa facility in a pyramidal building that opened in 1989. On the other side of the road, amidst an extension of Rotspark , is a branch of Holland Casino in a modern building with an imposing view of the town and the Geul valley. On top of the hill, close to the village of Vilt , is a Landal holiday village, built in

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