106-529: Cattle Decapitation is an American deathgrind band formed in San Diego , California , in 1996. The band's current lineup includes vocalist Travis Ryan, guitarists Josh Elmore and Belisario Dimuzio, bassist Olivier Pinard, and drummer David McGraw. Since 2001, none of the founding members remain with the band. Despite not being in the original lineup, Ryan and Elmore are the only constant members on all of Cattle Decapitation's eight studio albums. Cattle Decapitation
212-423: A Colorado State University tour by the police for being "too quiet" and wearing "dark clothing." When the band found out that one of the brothers was wearing Cattle Decapitation T-shirts, they offered the brothers "free guest list spots for life." In August 2018, the band announced the addition of Cryptopsy bass player Olivier Pinard, as well as the promotion of touring rhythm guitarist Belisario Dimuzio to being
318-552: A recording contract with Earache Records . In 2019, Filipino band TUBERO signed a recording contract with Tower of Doom Records. Japanese noise rock group Boredoms have borrowed elements of grind, and toured with Brutal Truth in 1993. The Japanese grindcore group Gore Beyond Necropsy formed in 1989, and later collaborated with noise music artist Merzbow . Naked City , led by avant-garde jazz saxophonist John Zorn , performed an avant-garde form of polystylistic , grindcore-influenced punk jazz . Zorn later formed
424-543: A Cowboy . The band also participated in Metal Blade Records ' Scion A/V Showcase in late 2012. The band spent the majority of 2014 writing The Anthropocene Extinction . Alongside the announcement of the album title in May 2015, the band released the first song of the record, titled "Manufactured Extinct". It was released through Metal Blade on August 7, 2015. On April 30, 2018, two Native American teens were pulled out of
530-420: A London physician, said that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne. Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation" and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together". Sylvester Graham 's meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flour —became popular as
636-782: A Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839 . In 1843, members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food , led by Sophia Chichester , a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House. Alcott House also helped to establish the British Vegetarian Society , which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent . The Medical Times and Gazette in London reported in 1884: There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form,
742-603: A Russian-British engineer) observing. World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society, and the Society considers November World Vegan Month. The Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers. It published recipes and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products, such as toothpastes, shoe polishes, stationery and glue. Vegan books appeared, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson (1946) and Aids to
848-461: A Top 10 position in the Billboard 200 chart and went platinum in less than a year. The originators of the style have expressed some ambivalence regarding the subsequent popularity of grindcore. Pete Hurley, the guitarist of Extreme Noise Terror, declared that he had no interest in being remembered as a pioneer of this style: " grindcore was a legendarily stupid term coined by a hyperactive kid from
954-442: A Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo (1948). The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only in diet. In 1947, Watson wrote: "The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own". From 1948, The Vegan ' s front page read: "Advocating living without exploitation", and in 1951,
1060-561: A battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger ; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism were vegetarians. During a visit to London in 1931, Mahatma Gandhi —who had joined the London Vegetarian Society 's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891—gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote
1166-589: A career in industrial metal with Godflesh . Mick Harris, in his post-Napalm Death project, Scorn , briefly experimented with the style. Scorn also worked in the industrial hip hop and isolationist styles. Fear Factory have also cited debts to the genre. Digital hardcore is an initially German hybrid of hardcore punk and hardcore techno . Agoraphobic Nosebleed and the Locust have solicited remixes from digital hardcore producers and noise musicians . James Plotkin , Dave Witte , and Speedranch participated in
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#17328868191161272-561: A couple of bars in length. A variety of subgenres and microgenres have subsequently emerged, often labeling bands according to traits that deviate from regular grindcore; including goregrind , focused on themes of gore (e.g. mutilation and pathology ), and pornogrind , fixated on pornographic lyrical themes. Another offshoot is cybergrind which incorporates electronic music elements such as sampling and programmed drums. Although influential within hardcore punk and extreme metal, grindcore remains an underground form of music. Grindcore
1378-566: A definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016. The European Vegetarian Union adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in July 2019. In 2021, the International Organization for Standardization published standard ISO 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims". ISO 23662
1484-653: A distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening. One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was Frances Moore Lappé 's 1971 Diet for a Small Planet . It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain". The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the U.S., including Dean Ornish , Caldwell Esselstyn , Neal D. Barnard , John A. McDougall , Michael Greger , and biochemist T. Colin Campbell , who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as
1590-399: A full time member, thus making the group a five piece for the first time. The recording of the seventh studio album Death Atlas began in May 2019, and was released on November 29, 2019. The band released their eighth album, Terrasite , on May 12, 2023, which currently stands as their most popular album. Cattle Decapitation's songs protest the exploitation and consumption of animals,
1696-589: A health remedy in the 1830s in the United States. The first known vegan cookbook was Asenath Nicholson 's Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians , published in 1849. Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, Amos Bronson Alcott , father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott , opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844, and in England, James Pierrepont Greaves founded
1802-493: A heavy amount of grindcore influence; thus, these bands ended up becoming called "deathgrind" for short (sometimes written as death-grind or death/grind ). Dan Lilker described deathgrind as "combining the technicality of death metal with the intensity of grindcore." Some examples of death metal and grindcore hybrids include Assück , Circle of Dead Children , Misery Index , Exhumed , Gorerotted and Cattle Decapitation . Assück in particular has been credited as one of
1908-422: A hundred miles per hour, basically. Earache Records founder Digby Pearson concurs with Embury, saying that Napalm Death "put hardcore and metal through an accelerator." Pearson, however, said that grindcore "wasn't just about the speed of [the] drums, blast beats, etc." He claimed that "it actually was coined to describe the guitars – heavy, downtuned, bleak, harsh riffing guitars [that] 'grind', so that's what
2014-453: A major impact on grindcore's emergence. The first grindcore, practiced by British bands such as Napalm Death , Extreme Noise Terror and Disrupt emerged from the crust punk scene. This early style is sometimes dubbed "crustgrind". Deathgrind is a shorthand term that is used to describe bands who play a fusion of death metal and grindcore. With growing popularity of grindcore in the metal fandom, some death metal bands were noted to feature
2120-531: A meat-free diet as a matter of morality, not health. Lacto-vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non-animal food was available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society, which in 1935 stated: "The lacto-vegetarians , on
2226-591: A notable precursor, calling them "arguably one of the fastest bands on the planet back [in the mid 1980s]". Other groups in the British grindcore scene, such as Heresy and Unseen Terror , have emphasized the influence of American hardcore punk , including Septic Death , as well as Swedish D-beat . Sore Throat cites Discharge, Disorder , and a variety of European D-beat and thrash metal groups, including Hellhammer , and American hardcore groups, such as Poison Idea and D.R.I. Japanese hardcore , particularly GISM ,
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#17328868191162332-581: A primary focus on social and political concerns, to gory subject matter and black humor . A trait of grindcore is the "microsong", which is far shorter than average for punk or metal; several bands have produced songs that are only seconds in length. Napalm Death holds the Guinness World Record for shortest song ever recorded with the one-second " You Suffer " (1987). Many bands, such as Agoraphobic Nosebleed , record simple phrases that may be rhythmically sprawled out across an instrumental lasting only
2438-470: A show. At that point it's fucking Taco Bell or something disgusting. You're driving down the road burning fossil fuels and your vehicle is covered in the carcasses of insects and sometimes birds and other animals. So how far does one take it? This is why I can't claim vegan. I live my life with as much compassion as I can for others, the environment and the animals though. At home it's much easier." Metal author and journalist Garry Sharpe-Young once acknowledged
2544-696: A vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products, eggs, and honey. Vegan meat alternatives are commonly sold in forms like vegetarian sausage , mince , or veggie burgers . They are often made from soybeans , seitan (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables. Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least the Tang dynasty (618 to 907 common era ), including mock duck made from seitan. They are much newer to Western countries. Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat . But in
2650-399: Is " environmental veganism ", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the grounds that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable . Another motivation for veganism is concern about animal welfare . Since 1988, The Vegan Society gives two definitions of veganism: Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as
2756-479: Is "ranging from high-pitched shrieks to low, throat-shredding growls and barks." In some cases, no clear lyrics exist. Vocals may be used as merely an added sound effect, a common practice with bands such as the experimental and jazz-infused band Naked City . A characteristic of some grindcore songs is the "microsong," lasting only a few seconds. In 2001, the Guinness Book of World Records awarded Brutal Truth
2862-525: Is a raw and dissonant subgenre of hardcore punk . The style is closely related to thrashcore and similar to grindcore. While powerviolence took inspiration from Napalm Death and other early grind bands, powerviolence groups avoided elements of heavy metal. Its nascent form was pioneered in the late 1980s in the music of hardcore punk band Infest , who mixed youth crew hardcore elements with noisier, sludgier qualities of Lärm and Siege . The microgenre solidified into its most commonly recognized form in
2968-623: Is accepted among ethical and environmental vegans and the second definition by The Vegan Society is accepted among dietary vegans. The European Commission was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in article 36 of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 . The German consumer protection minister conference approved
3074-408: Is also mentioned by a number of originators of the style. Other key groups cited by current and former members of Napalm Death as formative influences include Discharge, Amebix , Throbbing Gristle , and the aforementioned Dirty Rotten Imbeciles. Post-punk , such as Killing Joke and Joy Division , was also cited as an influence on early Napalm Death. Grindcore, as such, was developed during
3180-429: Is also not uncommon for grindcore albums to be very short when compared to other genres, usually consisting of a large track list but having a total length of only 15 to 20 minutes. Many grindcore groups experiment with tuned-down guitars and play mostly with downstrokes of the pick, power chords and heavy distortion . While the vinyl A-side of Napalm Death's debut, 1987's Scum , is set to Eb tuning , on side B,
3286-591: Is considered a more noise-filled style of hardcore punk while using hardcore's trademark characteristics such as heavily distorted , down-tuned guitars , grinding overdriven bass , high-speed tempo , blast beats , and vocals which consist of growls , shouts and high-pitched shrieks. Early groups such as England's Napalm Death are credited with laying the groundwork for the style. It is most prevalent today in North America and Europe, with popular contributors such as Brutal Truth and Nasum . Lyrical themes range from
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3392-484: Is faster than them ' ", drummer Robert Williams recalled. Repulsion is sometimes credited with inventing the classic grind blast beat (played at 190 bpm ), as well as its distinctive bass tone. Kevin Sharp of Brutal Truth declares that " Horrified was and still is the defining core of what grind became; a perfect mix of hardcore punk with metallic gore, speed and distortion." Writer Freddy Alva credited NYC Mayhem as
3498-484: Is influenced by crust punk , thrashcore , hardcore punk and thrash metal , as well as noise musical acts like Swans . The name derives from the fact that grind is a British term for thrash ; that term was prepended to -core from hardcore . Grindcore relies on standard hardcore punk instrumentation: electric guitar , bass and drums . However, grindcore alters the usual practices of metal or rock music in regard to song structure and tone. The vocal style
3604-491: Is inspired by thrash metal, such as Dark Angel and Slayer , the sludge metal of the Melvins , and grindcore practiced by Brutal Truth, while Agoraphobic Nosebleed takes cues from thrashcore and powerviolence , like D.R.I. and Crossed Out . The Locust , from San Diego, also take inspiration from powerviolence (Crossed Out, Dropdead ), first-wave screamo (Angel Hair), obscure experimental rock ( Art Bears , Renaldo and
3710-599: Is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein. Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula , normally based on cow milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF. Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products. Vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as sesame and sunflower ; nuts, such as cashew, pine nut , and almond; and soybeans, coconut oil, nutritional yeast , tapioca , and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate
3816-601: Is often identified as the origin of the goregrind style, which is devoted to "bodily" themes. Groups that shift their bodily focus to sexual matters, such as Gut and the Meat Shits, are sometimes referred to as pornogrind . Seth Putnam 's lyrics are notorious for their black comedy , while The Locust tend toward satirical collage, indebted to William S. Burroughs ' cut-up method. The early grindcore scene relied on an international network of tape trading and DIY production. The most widely acknowledged precursors of
3922-412: Is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of animals, humans and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals. The first definition by The Vegan Society
4028-488: Is quite true that most—not all—Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs..." Salt also argued that the primary objective of the vegetarian movement should be to eliminate meat, while contending that dairy and eggs are also unnecessary and could be phased out over time. C. W. Daniel published an early vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon 's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes , in 1910. The consumption of milk and eggs became
4134-762: Is the practice of abstaining from the use of animal products —particularly in diet —and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals . A person who practices veganism is known as a vegan . The foundations of veganism include ethical, moral, environmental, health and humanitarian arguments. Veganism excludes all forms of animal use , whether in agriculture for labour or food (e.g., meat, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products , and honey), in clothing and industry (e.g., leather , wool , fur , and some cosmetics ), in entertainment (e.g., zoos , exotic pets , and circuses ), or in services (e.g., guide dogs , police dogs , hunting dogs , working animals , and animal testing , including medical experimentation and
4240-516: The Qimin Yaoshu , a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535. The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called bótuō (餺飥). Wheat gluten was known as miànjīn (麵筋) by the Song dynasty (960–1279). In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the counterculture in the United States that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and
4346-651: The American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa , "non-harming" in Sanskrit . Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as "strict vegetarians ", refrain from consuming meat , eggs , dairy products , and any other animal-derived substances. An " ethical vegan " is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals, animal products, and animal-tested products, when practical. Another term
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4452-604: The Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent , particularly in northern and western ancient India . Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha , Mahavira , Acharya Kundakunda , Umaswati , Samantabhadra , and Valluvar ; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka . The term "Pure Vegan" or "Pure Buddhist" ( Chinese : 纯净素 ; pinyin : chúnjìngsù ) refers to
4558-566: The Painkiller project with ambient dub producer Bill Laswell on bass guitar and Mick Harris on drums, which also collaborated with Justin Broadrick on some work. In addition, grindcore was one influence on the powerviolence movement within American hardcore punk, and has affected some strains of metalcore. Some musicians have also produced hybrids between grind and electronic music. Powerviolence
4664-733: The Phantomsmasher project, which melds grindcore and digital hardcore. Alec Empire collaborated with Justin Broadrick, on the first Curse of the Golden Vampire album, and with Gabe Serbian , of the Locust, live in Japan. Japanoise icon Merzbow also participated in the Empire/Serbian show. The 21st century also saw the development of "electrogrind" (or "cybergrind"), practiced by The Berzerker , Gigantic Brain and Genghis Tron which borrows from electronic music . These groups built on
4770-454: The Swedish death metal scene, became a popular group, addressing political topics from a personal perspective. Anders Jakobson, their drummer, reported that "It was all these different types of people who enjoyed what we were doing. [...] We made grindcore a bit easier to listen to at the expense of the diehard grindcore fans who thought that we were, well, not sellouts , but not really true to
4876-535: The Western pattern diet , were unhealthy. They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins 's Diet for a New America (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990). In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages. This
4982-589: The far left in connection to grindcore's punk roots. For example, Napalm Death's songs address a variety of anarchist concerns, in the tradition of anarcho-punk . These themes include anti-racism , feminism , anti-militarism , and anti-capitalism . Early grindcore bands including Napalm Death, Agathocles and Carcass made animal rights one of their primary lyrical themes. Some of them, such as Cattle Decapitation and Carcass, have expressed disgust with human behavior and animal abuse, and are, in some cases, vegetarians or vegans . Carcass' work in particular
5088-464: The Bastard, Azucares and Dropdead ) took influence from anarcho-punk and crust punk , emphasizing animal rights and anti-militarism . The Locust and Agoraphobic Nosebleed later reincorporated elements of powerviolence into grindcore. Among other influences, Napalm Death took impetus from the industrial music scene. Subsequently, Napalm Death's former guitarist, Justin Broadrick , went on to
5194-522: The Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common , in 1838. The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously called a vegetable regimen or diet. Its origin is an irregular compound of vegetable and the suffix -arian (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in humanitarian ). The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble , in her Journal of
5300-493: The Facts , a Canadian group, practice classic grindcore, characterized by the "metronome-precision drumming and riffing [that] abound, as well as vocal screams and growls" by AllMusic reviewer Greg Prato. European groups, such as Agathocles , from Belgium, Patareni , of Croatia, and Fear of God , from Switzerland, are important early practitioners of the style. Filthy Christians, who signed to Earache Records in 1989, introduced
5406-530: The Loaf ), and death metal. The Locust were sometimes described as " hipster grind" because of their fan base and fashion choices. In Los Angeles, Hole also initially drew influence from grindcore in their early releases, particularly on their singles " Dicknail " and " Teenage Whore ", as well as on their debut album, Pretty on the Inside (1991), all of which featured sexually provocative and violent lyrics, as well as
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#17328868191165512-525: The Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger . The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism, but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism. He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans and wearing woolen garments . Eudoxus of Cnidus , a student of Archytas and Plato , writes, "Pythagoras
5618-746: The Society published its definition of veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals". In 1956, its vice-president, Leslie Cross, founded the Plantmilk Society and in 1965, as Plantmilk Ltd and later Plamil Foods , it began production of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world. The first vegan society in the U.S. was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter. In 1960, H. Jay Dinshah founded
5724-751: The U.S. by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $ 553 million a year. The Vegetarian Butcher ( De Vegetarische Slager ), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010, while America's first vegan butcher, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in Minneapolis in 2016. Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products, including Carl's Jr. outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers. Plant-based meat sales in
5830-660: The U.S. grew 37% between 2017 and 2019. In 2011, Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: Veganz in Berlin and Vegilicious in Dortmund . In 2013, the Oktoberfest in Munich (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history. By 2016, 49% of Americans were drinking plant milk , and 91% still drank dairy milk. In the U.K.,
5936-632: The United Kingdom. This association continues into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe. The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s, especially in the latter half. The Economist declared 2019 "the year of the vegan". Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food. The global mock-meat market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010, and in
6042-587: The United States, American groups tended to take inspiration from later works, such as Harmony Corruption . American groups also often employ riffs taken from crossover thrash or thrash metal . Early American grind practitioners included Terrorizer and Assück . Anal Cunt , a particularly dissonant group who lacked a bass player, were also particularly influential. Their style was sometimes referred to as "noisecore" or "noisegrind", described by Giulio of Cripple Bastards as "the most anti-musical and nihilistic face of extreme music at that time." Brutal Truth
6148-491: The West Midlands, and it had nothing to do with us whatsoever. ENT were, are, and – I suspect – always will be a hardcore punk band... not a grindcore band, a stenchcore band, a trampcore band, or any other sub-sub-sub-core genre-defining term you can come up with." Lee Dorrian of Napalm Death indicated that "Unfortunately, I think the same thing happened to grindcore, if you want to call it that, as happened to punk rock – all
6254-508: The abuse of the environment and subjects such as misanthropy and genocide of the human race. Much of the band's music is based on putting humans in the situations that animals are subjected to, for example animal testing, slaughter, etc. The band's lyrics are largely concerned with human impact on the environment , the ethics of eating meat and animal rights . Ryan comments: "Josh and I are what you would call " vegetarian ". We've tried and tried to be as up front about that as possible but
6360-487: The band 2001 to focus on The Locust . Guitarist Josh Elmore and bassist Troy Oftedal joined the band right after. Cattle Decapitation's first album To Serve Man came out in 2002 and saw controversy in Germany, where distribution company SPV refused to handle the album due to its graphic cover. The cover of the 2004 album Humanure , featuring a cow excreting human remains, was reportedly censored without permission from
6466-493: The band as "one of the few metal bands whose message hits as hard as their music". Members of Cattle Decapitation have cited Carcass , Cryptopsy , and Suffocation as influences. Deathgrind Grindcore is an extreme fusion genre of heavy metal and hardcore punk that originated in the mid-1980s, drawing inspiration from abrasive-sounding musical styles, such as thrashcore , crust punk , hardcore punk , extreme metal , and industrial . Grindcore
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#17328868191166572-540: The blast beat was first performed by the Swedish group Asocial on their 1982 demo. Lärm ("Campaign For Musical Destruction") Dirty Rotten Imbeciles ("No Sense"), Stormtroopers of Death ("Milk"), Sarcófago ("Satanas"), Sepultura ("Antichrist"), and Repulsion also included the technique prior to Napalm Death's emergence. Grindcore lyrics are typically provocative. A number of grindcore musicians are committed to political and ethical causes, generally leaning towards
6678-438: The earliest deathgrind acts. Blackened grindcore is a fusion genre that combines elements of black metal and grindcore. Notable bands include Anaal Nathrakh and early Rotting Christ . Noisegrind is a microgenre that combines elements of grindcore and harsh noise. Notable bands include Holy Grinder, Sete Star Sept, Full of Hell , Fear of God, Insufferable, and early Knelt Rote. Veganism Veganism
6784-586: The early 1990s, with the sounds of bands such as Man Is the Bastard , Crossed Out , No Comment, Capitalist Casualties , and Manpig. Powerviolence bands focus on speed, brevity, bizarre timing breakdowns, and constant tempo changes. Powerviolence songs are often very short; it is not uncommon for some to last less than 30 seconds. Some groups, particularly Man Is the Bastard, took influence from sludge metal and noise music . Lyrically and conceptually, powerviolence groups were very raw and underproduced, both sonically and in their packaging. Some groups (Man Is
6890-404: The entire media world thinks we are hardline vegan , which in turn trickled down to fans and we're just not. I've been vegan at points but I try to be as correct as possible and point blank, there's times on tour where I just don't know if what I've been given to eat has eggs or dairy in it and the road is rather unfriendly to us. We aren't afforded the luxury of going to a Whole Foods at 3 am after
6996-470: The gated community of patch-jackets and circle-pits as grindcore has in the UK. [...] the genre is a part of the British musical experience. Napalm Death's seismic impact inspired other British grindcore groups in the 1980s, among them Extreme Noise Terror , Carcass and Sore Throat . Extreme Noise Terror, from Ipswich, formed in 1984. With the goal of becoming "the most extreme hardcore punk band of all time,"
7102-542: The genre itself, in Adam MacGregor's definition, "the blast-beat generally comprises a repeated, sixteenth-note figure played at a very fast tempo, and divided uniformly among the kick drum, snare and ride, crash, or hi-hat cymbal." Blast beats have been described as "maniacal percussive explosions, less about rhythm per se than sheer sonic violence." Napalm Death coined the term, though this style of drumming had previously been practiced by others. Daniel Ekeroth argues that
7208-494: The genre was described as, by the musicians who were its innovators [and] proponents." While abrasive, grindcore achieved a measure of mainstream visibility. New Musical Express featured Napalm Death on their cover in 1988, declaring them "the fastest band in the world." As James Hoare, deputy editor of Terrorizer , writes: It can be argued that no strand of extreme metal (with a touch of hardcore and post-punk tossed in for flavouring), has had so big an impact outside
7314-456: The great original bands were just plagiarised by a billion other bands who just copied their style identically, making it no longer original and no longer extreme." Journalist Kevin Stewart-Panko argues that the American grindcore of the 1990s borrowed from three sources: British grindcore, the American precursors, and death metal . As early Napalm Death albums were not widely distributed in
7420-444: The grindcore sound are Siege and Repulsion , an early death metal outfit. Siege, from Weymouth, Massachusetts , were influenced by classic American hardcore ( Minor Threat , Black Flag , Void ) and by British groups like Discharge , Venom , and Motörhead . Siege's goal was maximum velocity: "We would listen to the fastest punk and hardcore bands we could find and say, 'Okay, we're gonna deliberately write something that
7526-577: The group took Mick Harris from Napalm Death in 1987. Ian Glasper describes the group as "pissed-off hateful noise with its roots somewhere between early Discharge and Disorder, with [vocalists] Dean [Jones] and Phil [Vane] pushing their trademark vocal extremity to its absolute limit." In 1991, the group collaborated with the acid house group The KLF , appearing onstage with the group at the Brit Awards in 1992. Carcass released Reek of Putrefaction in 1988, which John Peel declared his favorite album of
7632-423: The group's drummer. Punk historian Ian Glasper indicates that "For several months gob-smacked audiences weren't sure whether Napalm Death were actually a serious band any longer, such was the undeniable novelty of their hyper-speed new drummer." Albert Mudrian's research suggests that the name "grindcore" was coined by Harris. When asked about coming up with the term, Harris said: Grindcore came from "grind", which
7738-502: The guitars are tuned down to C. Their second album From Enslavement to Obliteration and the Mentally Murdered EP were tuned to C ♯ . Harmony Corruption , their third full-length album, was tuned up to a D . Bolt Thrower went further, dropping 3½ steps down ( A ). Bass is tuned low as well, and is often distorted. The blast beat is a drum beat characteristic of grindcore in all its forms, although its usage predates
7844-476: The heavy distortion and fluctuating tempo that distinguished the genre. Frontwoman Courtney Love stated that she wanted to capture the distinguishing elements of grindcore while incorporating more pop-based melodic structure, although the band distanced themselves from the style in their later releases. Other later prominent grindcore groups of North America include Brujeria , Soilent Green , Cephalic Carnage , Impetigo , and Circle of Dead Children . Fuck
7950-578: The label in some outlets. Record store owners did not display the album, making it difficult for customers to find and buy it. In August 2009, Cattle Decapitation parted ways with long-time bassist Troy Oftedal because of "musical and personal differences". Cattle Decapitation's album Monolith of Inhumanity was released in 2012. It received positive reviews upon release. Cattle Decapitation has toured with extreme metal acts including Suffocation , Cryptopsy , The Black Dahlia Murder , Deicide , Behemoth , Hate Eternal , Krisiun , Revocation , and Job for
8056-516: The largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in Asia Pacific with nine percent of people following a vegan diet. In 2017, veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China, particularly among millennials . China's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020, which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period". This exceeds
8162-497: The late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes. Plant milks —such as soy milk , almond milk , cashew milk , grain milks ( oat milk , flax milk and rice milk ), hemp milk , and coconut milk —are used in place of cow or goat milk. Soy milk provides around 7 g ( 1 ⁄ 4 oz) of protein per cup (240 mL or 8 fl oz), compared with 8 g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk
8268-462: The lunches added by Los Angeles , California in 2018, Portland , Maine in 2019, and New York City in 2022. In January 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary, breaking the previous year's record of 400,000. That month, ONA in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a Michelin star . That year, 79 more plant-based restaurants around
8374-433: The meltability of dairy cheese. Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes. Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as cashews . Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as soy yoghurt . Various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream , and some types of imitation whipped cream are non-dairy. In
8480-516: The members of which eat no animal food products what-so-ever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the latter more moderate division. An article in the Society's magazine, the Vegetarian Messenger , in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet. Henry S. Salt 's 1886 A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays asserts, "It
8586-586: The mid-1980s in the United Kingdom by Napalm Death , a group who emerged from the anarcho-punk scene in Birmingham, England. While their first recordings were in the vein of Crass , they eventually became associated with crust punk , The group began to take on increasing elements of thrashcore , post-punk , and power electronics , and began describing their sound as "Siege with Celtic Frost riffs". The group also went through many changes in personnel. A major shift in style took place after Mick Harris became
8692-448: The mid-1990s, mathcore groups such as The Dillinger Escape Plan , Some Girls , and Daughters began to take inspiration from developments in grindcore. These groups also include elements of post-hardcore . In addition to mathcore, some early screamo groups, like Circle Takes the Square and Orchid , have been associated with grindcore by some commentators. Crust punk had
8798-531: The original essence of grindcore." Other Swedish groups, such as General Surgery and Regurgitate , practiced goregrind. Inhume , from the Netherlands, Rotten Sound , from Finland, and Leng Tch'e , from Belgium, were subsequent European groups who practiced grindcore with death metal inflections. In 2000s, the Belgium-based Aborted "had grown into the role of key contributors to the death-grind genres". In 2010, Singaporean band Wormrot signed
8904-584: The plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres (63 million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92 million (162 million imperial pints) in 2013. There was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the U.K. In 2017, the United States School Nutrition Association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016. In total, as of 2016 ,
9010-518: The practice of non-consumption of meat in China. This term, which predates the Western Zhou Dynasty (1027–771 BCE), originated from the humble diet of the poor and the rituals and rites of Chinese Pure Land Buddhism within monasteries, showing the dual cultivation of mindfulness and abstinence from killing or harming any sentient being. In the Chinese language, veganism and vegetarianism share
9116-647: The projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the United Arab Emirates (10.6%) and Australia (9.6%) respectively. In 2018, Jacy Reese Anthis 's book The End of Animal Farming argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100. The book was featured in The Guardian , The New Republic , and Forbes , among other newspapers and magazines. The growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with
9222-503: The record for "Shortest Music Video" for 1994's " Collateral Damage " (the song lasts four seconds). In 2007, the video for the Napalm Death song " You Suffer " set a new "Shortest Music Video" record: 1.3 seconds. Beyond the microsong, it is characteristic of grindcore to have short songs in general; for example, Carcass ' debut album Reek of Putrefaction (1988) consists of 22 tracks with an average length of 1 minute and 48 seconds. It
9328-519: The same initial interpretation and character, as the language's polymorphic nature denotes a path or journey that differs only by subjective consciousness. Initially centred on abstaining from meat, this concept evolved to include the exclusion of all animal by-products , such as clothing, household items, and medicinal remedies, and extends to doing no harm in thought or action towards all sentient beings. Greek philosophers such as Empedocles , Theophrastus , Plutarch , Plotinus , and Porphyry ; and
9434-449: The style grindcore was Shane Embury , Napalm Death's bassist since 1987. Embury offers his own account of how the grindcore "sound" came to be: As far as how this whole sound got started, we were really into Celtic Frost , Siege – which is a hardcore band from Boston – a lot of hardcore and death-metal bands, and some industrial-noise bands like the early Swans. So, we just created a mesh of all those things. It's just everything going at
9540-587: The style in Sweden, D.D.T. & Fear of Dog were pioneering grind & noise in Serbia since mid-end of '80, Extreme Smoke 57 in Slovenia at the early beginning of the '90, while Cripple Bastards established Italian grindcore. Giulio of Cripple Bastards asserts that the name itself took some time to migrate from Britain, with the style being referred to as "death- thrashcore " for a time in Europe. Nasum , who emerged from
9646-512: The subsequent decade, two pioneers of the style became increasingly commercially viable. According to Nielsen Soundscan , Napalm Death sold 367,654 units between May 1991 and November 2003, while Carcass sold 220,374 units in the same period. The inclusion of Napalm Death's " Twist the Knife (Slowly) " on the Mortal Kombat soundtrack brought the band much greater visibility, as the compilation scored
9752-401: The term "veganism" is modern: it was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson with the aim of differentiating it from vegetarianism , which rejects the consumption of meat but accepts the consumption of other products of animal origin, such as milk, dairy products and eggs. Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s. Groups Ideas Related Vegetarianism can be traced back to
9858-431: The use of pharmaceuticals derived from or tested on animals). A person who practices veganism may do so for personal health benefits or to reduce animal deaths, minimize animal suffering, or minimize their ecological footprint . Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and mushrooms are the basic elements of vegan food. Since ancient times individuals have been renouncing the consumption of products of animal origin, but
9964-604: The view—espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium (" On Abstinence from Animal Food ", c. 268 – c. 270 )—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States. A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. In 1813, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet , advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe ,
10070-547: The whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency." In August 1944, several members of the Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was denied, Donald Watson , secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter, The Vegan News , in November 1944, priced tuppence . The word vegan
10176-717: The word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese, or milk". The first edition of The Vegan News attracted more than 100 letters, including from George Bernard Shaw , who resolved to give up eggs and dairy. The Vegan Society held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn , London. In attendance were Donald Watson , Elsie B. Shrigley , Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Mme Pataleewa ( Barbara Moore ,
10282-441: The work of Agoraphobic Nosebleed, Enemy Soil and The Locust, as well as industrial metal. The Berzerker also appropriated the distorted Roland TR-909 kick drums of gabber producers. Bands like Libido Airbag and Cumfilled Brain incorporates elements of Grindcore, such as pitch-shifted, gurgled vocals, with the rhythmic structures of Techstep . Many later electrogrind groups were caricatured for their hipster connections. In
10388-595: The world received Michelin stars. At the end of the year, a poll conducted by The Guardian showed that a new high of 36% of the British public were interested in veganism. The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from HappyCow was Chiang Mai (Thailand), followed by Ubud (Bali, Indonesia), Phuket (Thailand), Tel Aviv (Israel), and Lisbon (Portugal). Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds , legumes (particularly beans ), fruits , vegetables , edible mushrooms , and nuts . The main difference between
10494-428: The year despite its very poor production. The band's focus on gore and anatomical decay, lyrically and in sleeve artwork, inspired the goregrind subgenre. Sore Throat, said by Ian Glasper to have taken "perhaps the most uncompromisingly anti-music stance" were inspired by crust punk as well as industrial music. Some listeners, such as Digby Pearson, considered them to be simply an in-joke or parody of grindcore. In
10600-884: Was a groundbreaking group in the American scene at the beginning of the 1990s. However, Sharp indicates that they were more inspired by the thrash metal of Dark Angel than the British groups. Discordance Axis had a more technical style of playing than many of the predecessors, and had a much more ornate visual and production style. Scott Hull is prominent in the contemporary grindcore scene, through his participation in Pig Destroyer and Agoraphobic Nosebleed . ANb's Frozen Corpse Stuffed with Dope has been described as "the Paul's Boutique of grindcore", by Village Voice critic Phil Freeman, for its "hyper-referential, impossibly dense barrage of samples, blast beats, answering machine messages, and incomprehensibly bellowed rants." Pig Destroyer
10706-467: Was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters". One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Ma'arri , famous for his poem "I No Longer Steal From Nature". ( c. 973 – c. 1057 ). Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls , animal welfare , and
10812-404: Was followed by the film Earthlings (2005), Campbell's The China Study (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's Skinny Bitch (2005), Jonathan Safran Foer 's Eating Animals (2009), and the film Forks over Knives (2011). In the 1980s, veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies , particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the U.S. and anarcho-punk in
10918-547: Was formed in 1996 by singer Scott Miller, guitarist Gabe Serbian , and drummer Dave Astor. The band put out their first material in 1996 with a demo called Ten Torments of the Damned. Scott Miller left the band in circa 1997 and Travis Ryan joined the band. In 1999 their first EP Human Jerky was recorded and in 2000 their second EP Homovore was recorded. The two EPs were both recorded at Double Time Studios with recording engineer Jeff Forrest . Guitarist Gabe Serbian ended up leaving
11024-558: Was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan, a schoolteacher he later married. The word is based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian ' " because it marked, in Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian". The Vegan News asked its readers if they could think of anything better than vegan to stand for "non-dairy vegetarian". They suggested allvega , neo-vegetarian , dairyban , vitan , benevore , sanivores , and beaumangeur . According to Joanne Stepaniak ,
11130-419: Was rejected by Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme who found the standard inconsistent with their vision. Wheat gluten originally called miànjīn (麵筋), is a way of preparation of wheat that has been documented in China since the 6th century to the present day. It is widely consumed by Chinese Buddhist's , monastics and lay people as a substitute for meat. The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in
11236-414: Was the only word I could use to describe Swans after buying their first record in '84. Then with this new hardcore movement that started to really blossom in '85, I thought "grind" really fit because of the speed so I started to call it grindcore. Other sources contradict Harris' claim. In a Spin magazine article written about the genre, Steven Blush declares that "the man often credited" for dubbing
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