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40-693: The wreck was found in 1973 when a dredger being used to deepen the Cattewater brought up timber wreckage and parts of some iron guns. An underwater investigation of the site in 1973 was instigated by the National Maritime Museum and the Department for the Environment. The investigation produced a provisional site plan and included the more controlled recovery of loose wreckage including concreted fragments of an iron muzzle loading cannon. The hull structure

80-661: A savant for the latter's surveying voyage to South America, Charles Darwin . After completing extensive surveys in South America he returned to Falmouth, Cornwall via New Zealand and Australia in 1836. By the time of Beaufort's retirement in 1855, the Chart Catalogue listed 1,981 charts and 64,000 copies of them had been issued to the Royal Navy . In the 1870s, the Royal Naval Surveying Service supported

120-468: A method of observation developed in earlier small-scale expeditions. To measure depth, the crew would lower a line with a weight attached to it until it reached the sea floor. The line was marked in 25 fathom intervals with flags denoting depth. Because of this, the depth measurements from the Challenger were at best accurate to 25 fathoms (150 feet), or about 46 metres. As the first true oceanographic cruise,

160-623: A range of cartographic and ENC training programmes delivered internationally to develop the core skills of marine cartography. Since 2015, the UKHO has supported the delivery of the Commonwealth Marine Economies (CME) Programme in partnership Cefas and NOC , a programme enabling Small Island Developing States (SIDS) to sustainably develop their marine economies. The UKHO publishes the Admiralty List of Lights and Fog Signals covering

200-562: A raster navigational chart service for Electronic Chart Display and Information System . This was followed in 2008 by ADMIRALTY Vector Chart Service, offering 15,750 fully vectorised Electronic Navigational Charts (ENCs) . The UKHO produces over 200 nautical publications, which are available as e-Nautical Publications or in the Digital Publications suite. Notable publications include Sailing directions (Pilots) , Tide tables , List of Radio Signals , List of Lights and Fog Signals and

240-515: Is a criminal offence to interfere with a wreck designated under section 1 of the act without a licence. Navigation, angling and bathing are permitted provided this will not interfere with the wreck. A licence is required to dive at the wreck site. Separate licences are required for any disturbance, such as recovery of artifacts or underwater excavation . Licences to survey, visit etc. can be obtained by applying online to Historic England , to Cadw , and formerly by Historic Scotland . Anchoring on

280-469: Is thought to be the earliest formal arrangement for the mutual supply of information between the British and any foreign Hydrographic Office. Hurd developed the specialism of Royal Navy hydrographic surveyors. Rear-Admiral Sir W. Edward Parry was appointed Hydrographer in 1823 after his second expedition to discover a Northwest Passage . In 1825 some 736 charts and coastal views were being offered for sale by

320-490: The Challenger expedition , a scientific exercise that made many discoveries, laying the foundation of oceanography . The cruise was named after the mother vessel, HMS  Challenger . On her 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) circumnavigation of the globe, 492 deep sea soundings, 133 bottom dredges, 151 open water trawls and 263 serial water temperature observations were taken. The Challenger crew used

360-517: The Mariner's Handbook . The UKHO also offers astronomical publications from HM Nautical Almanac Office , including The Nautical Almanac and The Astronomical Almanac , among others. Today, the UKHO has expertise in areas such as bathymetry, oceanography, geodesy and data science. It provides advice on technical aspects of Law of the Sea , specialising in maritime limits and boundaries . It also delivers

400-740: The Protection of Military Remains Act 1986 . This is administered by the UK Ministry of Defence . Maritime sites other than wrecks, such as fish traps, may also be protected by scheduling. As of 2011, there were 61 historic protected wreck sites designated in the UK, although this is only a tiny fragment of the wrecks that are known to exist. There are 46 in English and Welsh waters and there were fifteen in Scottish waters – eight of these were designated under

440-756: The RMS ; Titanic in 1912, the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention was established, as well as the introduction of ice reporting and forecasting. During World War I , while Rear-Admiral Sir John F. Parry was Hydrographer of the Navy, the Hydrographic Office produced numerous new charts and products to support the Royal Navy. Following the war, the First International Hydrographic Conference

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480-404: The Royal Navy as its prime customer by supplying hydrographic and geospatial data. The UKHO's products and services are sold to merchant mariners and leisure users through its commercial branch. In addition to traditional paper nautical charts and publications, the range has expanded to include a number of digital products and services. In 1996, the UKHO developed ADMIRALTY Raster Chart Service,

520-652: The 1973 Act, whilst the remains of the German High Seas Fleet are protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 . All Scottish designations under the 1973 Act were subsequently revoked in 2013 (see devolution ). There is a searchable list of all protected wreck sites in England available online using the National Heritage List for England . Cadw has a list on its website of

560-538: The 2010 Act revoked all the original section 1 designation orders that applied to wrecks situated in Scotland. The administration of 'wrecks designated as dangerous' under section 2 was not devolved and remains a reserved matter as regards Scotland and Wales. United Kingdom Hydrographic Office The United Kingdom Hydrographic Office ( UKHO ) is the UK's agency for providing hydrographic and marine geospatial data to mariners and maritime organisations across

600-670: The Admiralty (of Quiberon Bay in Brittany ) did not appear until 1800. He also issued Sailing Directions and Notices to Mariners (NMs) . Dalrymple was succeeded on his death in 1808 by Captain Thomas Hurd , under whose stewardship the department was given permission to sell charts to the public in 1821. In 1819, Captain Hurd entered into a bi-lateral agreement with Denmark to exchange charts and publications covering areas of mutual interest. This

640-681: The Admiralty Board during this period included: Rear-Admiral John Washington , Rear-Admiral George Henry Richards , Captain Sir Frederick J. O. Evans and Rear-Admiral Sir William J. L. Wharton . During Rear-Admiral A. Mostyn Field's term as Hydrographer to the Admiralty Board, the Hydrographic Office lent instruments to the Nimrod Expedition of the British Antarctic Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907. Following

680-497: The Challenger expedition established an entire academic and research discipline. During the late 19th century, the UKHO took part in several international conferences, including the International Meridian Conference to determine a prime meridian for international use and other conferences working towards the establishment of a permanent international commission concerning hydrographic matters. Hydrographers to

720-971: The Hydrographic Office. In 1828 Captain Parry and the Royal Society organised a scientific voyage to the South Atlantic , in collaboration with the Hydrographers of France and Spain, using HMS  Chanticleer . In 1829, at the age of 55, Rear-Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort became Hydrographer. During his time as Hydrographer, he developed the eponymous Scale , saw the introduction of official tide tables in 1833 and instigated various surveys and expeditions. Several of these were by HMS  Beagle , including one to Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia in 1826. In 1831 Captain Beaufort informed Captain FitzRoy that he had found

760-430: The act provides for wrecks to be designated because of historical, archaeological or artistic value. Section 2 provides for designation of dangerous sites. Wreck sites must have a known location in order to be designated. Designated wrecks are marked on admiralty charts and their physical location is sometimes marked by means of a buoy ( sea mark ). Information boards are often provided at nearby launch points on land. It

800-603: The act, regarding the administration of 'wrecks designated by virtue of historical, archaeological or artistic value' were transferred to the Scottish and Welsh governments as a result of devolution in the United Kingdom . Section 1 no longer applies in Scotland; it was repealed by the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010 , and its provisions replaced by a system of 'historic marine protected areas'. Additionally, an order made in 2013 under

840-456: The act. Two sites that had at some point been designated have subsequently been revoked. All protected wrecks are listed in the annual Admiralty Notices to Mariners and are marked on United Kingdom Hydrographic Office charts. A statutory instrument shows the location of the site and also the extent of the restricted protected area. This is often done using a buoy, (usually yellow and inscribed 'Protected Wreck') although sites that are close to

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880-455: The appearance of the first English evidence for mathematically based formula for ship lines c. 1580. Positive identification of the ship has not been possible although the archaeological evidence strongly suggests an early 16th-century merchantman of between 200 and 300 tons burthen . More recent work has been undertaken on the site by the University of Plymouth and 3H Consulting Ltd. The site

920-518: The areas around the wrecks of HMS Ardent and HMS Antelope , lying in Falkland Sound and San Carlos Water, respectively as prohibited places under section 4. On 3 November 2006, an order came into force to designate the area around the wreck of HMS Coventry as a restricted area. These three ships had been sunk during the Falklands War . The Secretary of State's functions under section 1 of

960-418: The efficiency of global trade. The UKHO also produces Admiralty charts , providing SOLAS-compliant charts, publications and digital services for ships trading internationally. The Admiralty 's first Hydrographer was Alexander Dalrymple , appointed in 1795 on the order of King George III and the existing charts were brought together and catalogued. The first chart Dalrymple published as Hydrographer to

1000-568: The first side-scan sonar of Mount's Bay, Cornwall, in 1987. The work has since been continued by the Bulldog-class survey vessels which form the "Hydrographic Squadron". In 1994, the Hydrographer of the Navy also became the Chief Executive of UKHO and the post was held by Rear-Admiral Nigel R. Essenhigh (1994–1996) and Rear-Admiral John P. Clarke (1996–2001). The UKHO continues to serve

1040-601: The profits it makes. The UKHO grants six different licences, according to the use of the product. Whilst it generally allows use for non-navigational, non-commercial or low value purposes free of charge (over 80% of licences), where licensing is for use in a commercial product, a licence fee is charged. The UKHO is committed to the Information Fair Traders Scheme and makes available for reuse those data that are collected as part of its Public Task, which do not include third party Intellectual Property Rights. In

1080-613: The shore may have notices on land which not only serve to warn, but often also describe why the wreck is important (e.g. on the National Trust path at the Salcombe Moor Sand / Salcombe Cannon site). Despite this, criminal damage to protected wrecks is reported frequently. Artefacts from the site of the British warship HMS Coronation , off Penlee Point, were allegedly stolen in 2011, and arrests were made in April 2011 over thefts from

1120-558: The site in Site Recorder that includes all the data from previous fieldwork along with data from recent geophysical surveys. 50°21′43″N 4°07′42″W  /  50.36194°N 4.12833°W  / 50.36194; -4.12833 Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 The Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 (c. 33) is an act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which provides protection for designated shipwrecks . Section 1 of

1160-572: The sites in Wales. On 7 July 1977 the legislature of the overseas territory of the Falkland Islands passed an ordinance similar to the UK Protection of Wrecks Act, allowing for the protection of wrecks in colonial waters that are either of historical, archaeological or artistic importance (section 3), or are dangerous (section 4). On 20 October 1983, an order was passed under the ordinance, designating

1200-459: The structure and a wide variety of finds were recovered, including pottery, worked wood, a brass pin and buckle, various lead objects, leather, rope, textiles, animal bone and a number of wrought iron stave built guns on sledges. The present knowledge is based on less than 50% of the surviving structure. The Cattewater ship belongs to a period of developing ship design bordering the revolution in naval construction taking place around 1480 to 1525 and

1240-559: The warship HMS London . As of July 2008, only two wrecks are designated as dangerous under section 2 of the act. These are the SS Richard Montgomery (designated in 1973), and the SS Castilian (designated in 1997), in both cases due to containing large amounts of explosives. The MV Braer was also protected from 1993, until the order was revoked in 1994. Designation provides for an exclusion zone for all activities around

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1280-476: The whole world in 12 volumes. The information is also available in digital form. The UKHO is the government department responsible for charting the seas. It is part of the Ministry Of Defence, and operates as a trading fund , enabling it to be self-funding through sale of products and licensing of data. The UKHO sources much of its information from foreign governments to whom it pays royalty fees funded by

1320-503: The world. The UKHO is a trading fund of the Ministry of Defence (MoD) and is located in Taunton , Somerset , with a workforce of approximately 900 staff. The UKHO is responsible for operational support to the Royal Navy and other defence customers. Supplying defence and the commercial shipping industry, they help ensure Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) , protect the marine environment and support

1360-505: The wreck site is also not permitted except in accordance with licensed activities. The area designated may extend beyond the visible remains. Designation and licensing under section 1 of the act is managed by Historic England , Cadw and formerly by Historic Scotland . The first wreck to be designated was the Cattewater Wreck at Plymouth , in 1973. As of July 2007 there were 60 wreck sites under current protection under section 1 of

1400-511: The wreck. Diving is strictly prohibited on these dangerous wrecks. Designation and control under section 2 of the act is managed by the Maritime and Coastguard Agency . A number of wreck sites have been protected under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 as maritime scheduled monuments . These are: All wrecked aircraft and a number of designated military shipwrecks are protected as military maritime graves, i.e. war graves under

1440-646: Was designed by the Chief Draughtsman, Mr Jowsey. In 1968, compilation staff were transferred from Cricklewood to Taunton, thus bringing together the main elements of the Hydrographic Office. A purpose-built office, named after Alexander Dalrymple, was opened. Metrication and computerisation of charts began in the later 1960s and early 1970s under the leadership of Rear-Admiral Sir Edmund G. Irving (1960–1966), Rear-Admiral George Stephen Ritchie (1966–1971), Rear-Admiral Geoffrey P. D. Hall (1971–1975) and Rear-Admiral Sir David W. Haslam (1975–1985). For centuries, data

1480-650: Was held in London. It led to the establishment in 1921 of the International Hydrographic Organization . In the 1930s, the systematic and regular collection of oceanographic and naval meteorological data started. In the Second World War , while led by Vice-Admiral Sir John A. Edgell, chart printing moved to Creechbarrow House in Taunton in June 1941. This was the first purpose-built chart making factory, and

1520-453: Was mainly collected using ordinary Royal Navy ships. In 1953, the first purpose-built survey vessel was launched: HMS  Vidal . With the use of the echo sounder and other electronic equipment in the 20th century, there was a big increase in the quantity and quality of the data collected. The technology used to collect data also improved with the first commercial use of multibeam survey technology in 1977; HMS  Bulldog undertook

1560-406: Was resurveyed in 2006 using a sub-bottom profiler and in 2007 using a multibeam echo sounder, sidescan sonar and a caesium magnetometer . The survey work identified a number of magnetic and sub-bottom targets around the site and also determined the correct position for the remaining hull structure. Part of this work involved constructing and publishing a comprehensive and integrated digital model of

1600-460: Was the lowest section of hull from one end past the midships area, where the dredging work had caused extensive damage. Based on the assessments the site was recommended for designation under the British Protection of Wrecks Act 1973 and the site was designated under order No 1. Further recording and excavation work on the site was carried out between 1974 and 1978. A substantial portion of

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