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48-777: San Giovanni in Persiceto (from 1912 to 1927: Persiceto ; Western Bolognese : San Żvân ) is a comune (municipality) in the Metropolitan City of Bologna , in the Italian region of Emilia-Romagna . Located in the northern part of the Metropolitan City, bordering with the provinces of Modena and Ferrara , San Giovanni in Persiceto is surrounded by the municipalities of Anzola dell'Emilia , Castelfranco Emilia , Castello d'Argile , Cento , Crevalcore , Sala Bolognese and Sant'Agata Bolognese . The most ancestral records claim

96-501: A masculine word do not have an -a : la rôda , "the wheel", äl rôd , "the wheels". The plurals of feminine words constructed from masculine words are formed by using an -i instead of an -a : biånnda , "blonde", biånndi , "blondes"; ziéṅna "aunt", ziéṅni , "aunts". Exception: bån, bôna No observable patterns exist for ô or ò . Sometimes stressed ô or ò turns into û on plural forms for example: al ciôd - i ciûd and al òc' - i ûc' . Other times it

144-583: A second circle of walls outside the Borgo Rotondo and by expanded settlements, surrounded, like the castle, by ditches, gates and palisades. However, because of the rebellion of the inhabitants of Persiceto, ever since the 1420s, the High Council of Bologna decreed that the external villages and its palisades had to be removed, the ditches filled up and all buildings that might be used as fortress had to be destroyed. The ring villages were destroyed by 1481, under

192-573: Is a reference to the centuriation of the Po Valley . Cento's growth from its origin as a little fishing village in the marshes to an established farming town took place in the first few centuries in the second millennium . The Bishop of Bologna and the Abbot of Nonantola established the Partecipanza Agraria , an institution in which land would perpetually be redistributed every twenty years among

240-579: Is an Emilian dialect , not an Italian one. Bolognese is a dialect of Emilian , one of the Gallo-Italic languages of the Romance family. It shares many common features with other Gallo-Italic languages such as Piedmontese , Lombard , Venetian , Romagnol and Ligurian , and it is closer to them than to Italian. Bolognese evolved a group of Gallo-Romance languages sharing features with neighbouring northern Italian languages. It developed more distinctly into

288-413: Is complicated. Unlike Italian, inflection usually happens not by adding suffixes but rather by apophony : However, when words that end with -èl or -ôl are pluralised, the -èl or -ôl is changed to -î and -û respectively: martèl , "hammer", martî , "hammers"; fiôl , "son", fiû "sons". There are some exceptions to that rule, such as nurmèl , "normal", which

336-428: Is invariable for example: al sôld - i sôld and l òmen - i òmen . Alteration is the formation of words from others that are not changed in their fundamental features; instead, the way in which the concept is considered changes. The alterations can be added together to form chains: The alteration suffix is always stressed. Therefore, metaphony occurs: Often alterations change the gender of words: Adjective become

384-536: Is preferable to use the augmentative –ån, -åna and the diminutive én, éna, àtt, àtta, etc. Therefore, to say “a small house” would be “una caṡlatta” and certainly not “una cén cà”! Even figurative expressions (a little help, a little stylist) should be translated with a few turns of phrase: (un pôc d’ajût, un stiléssta in fâza) Superlativo Relativo article + pió + noun + ed Special forms meglio / migliore peggio / peggiore Orthographic rules Combination with preposition Orthographic rules: The plural of

432-472: Is unchanged when made plural, and some others, such as sàntel , "godfather", which are unchanged when made plural because words are not truncated, that is, with a stress that does not fall on è or ô . Masculine words that end in a consonant are unchanged when made plural and so the number can be identified only by the preceding article: al râm , "the branch", i râm , "the branches". In addition, pluralised feminine words that are not constructed from

480-601: The Cooperativa braccianti that worked until the 1970s of the Novecento. In 1892 the 1st of May was celebrated for the first time with a private meeting. In 1893 the socialist section was founded. In 1896 an electoral committee to back up the socialist candidate to the Camera dei deputati (House of Representatives) was established. In 1898 the socialists regained the management of the Cooperativa braccianti by now run by liberals. At

528-673: The Middle Ages as a dialect of the Emilian language. During the High Middle Ages , a number of troubadours composing lyrical poetry were active in Bologna , especially during the 13th century. That served to raise cultural awareness to the possibility of composing songs, poems and other works in vernacular languages. One of the first references to Bolognese as a distinct language was made by Dante Alighieri , in his De vulgari eloquentia , written in

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576-414: The 18th century enhanced agricultural and economic progress. In Persiceto we can pinpoint samples of early rural industry: for centuries the inhabitants of Persiceto had cultivated hemp, not only for local production (together with cloth machining) for the weekly market, but also hemp which came from other places (such as Cento and Crevalcore ) that was included in the trade. The surplus production of cloth

624-562: The 20th century, where children were punished for speaking the dialect in school, as it was considered to be a sign of poor education and etiquette. In 1964, Alberto Menarini proposed an alphabet with many of the same letters still used. In recent times, Bolognese has enjoyed a period of rebirth with some words, such as umarell , derived from Bolognese umarèl , becoming popular beyond Bologna itself. Here are some prominent features of Bolognese phonology: The phonemes of Bolognese are realized phonetically very differently depending on

672-624: The Abbey of Nonantola exercised its power on the territory, and since the 9th century it was handed over to the County of Bologna. Likely that around the half of that century the parish church of San Giovanni was built by the Bishops of Bologna. Also in the 9th century, the Abbots of Nonantola (western side) and Bishops of Bologna (eastern side) gave out the first "ad meliorandum" grants of swampy and untilled land to

720-578: The Cassa di Risparmio was opened to the public and ten years later the railway track between Bologna and Persiceto of the railroad Bologna/Verona was opened. The past 150 years of Persiceto have seen pitched fights for land; the working classes shifted then from rebellion into organization: after the Comune of Paris (1871) in 1872 a new section of the Fascio operaio organized by the former Garibaldi soldier Teobaldo Buggini

768-563: The Church and subject to the Reggimento of Bologna and the Papal Legacy was established. In the following two centuries, the castle interior underwent reconstruction; many broletti ('little kitchen-gardens') among the buildings disappeared in favour of new houses. Old medieval buildings were also destroyed, while some others were irreversibly modified. New churches and convents were built (among

816-750: The Deputy Prefecture established in Cento. In the first years of the Ottocento and at the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy (March 1805) calm came back into the territory of the Persiceto, but this was again overturned in 1814 by the fall of Napoleon until the Papal government was restored in July 1815. Between 1796 and 1815, although the structures of the boards of direction and their denominations were changed, in Persiceto mostly

864-639: The Lombards overran the Castrum Persiceta. In the 728 Liutprand created the duchy of Persiceto . It is likely that the village formed as the traditional Borgo Rotondo (Round Village) under this new rule. With the fall of the Lombard Kingdom in 774 the early-medieval district of Persiceto (later San Giovanni in Persiceto), that stretched up to stream Samoggia , fell under the rule of the County of Modena , then

912-604: The Nazis and the fascists developed in Persiceto and local partisans in the 63rd Garibaldi brigade sabotaged the transit of Nazi-fascist trucks and cars along the main road Bologna Verona Brennerpass , the passage of train convoys on the railway, electric lines and phone lines. The partisan forces underwent heavy losses after the mopping-up operations in Amola (5 December 1944), in Borgata Città (7 December) and in many other opportunities. At

960-879: The Papal rule remarkable works for the improvement of the "Castle" were started and in 1838 Pope Gregory XVI bestowed the title of city on San Giovanni. In 1857 Pius IX visited the town. Persiceto provided some volunteers in the wars of Independence even before the region was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860; but when the hated grist-tax was reintroduced by the national government, in San Giovanni in Persiceto, an insurrection of peasants developed on 7 January 1869). Meanwhile, some handicraft shops had become larger and were turned into factories that employed hundreds of workers: for instance, nail blacksmiths became big managers and started producing iron beds and furniture that were sold even abroad, so that San Giovanni in Persiceto merited

1008-506: The area in or around Bologna. Much free variation occurs in words from complex phonological processes. Bolognese has 25 consonant phonemes: Bolognese dialect has 2 diphthongs, namely /ai/ and /ʌu/. The general syllable structure of Bolognese syllables is: Thus, Bolognese words can have up to three consonants in the initial group (e.g. ṡżlèr , ṡgrinzlîr , ṡbléṡṡg , spzèr , strén , scrîver , sfrunblè , ftléṅna , ftièri , friulàn , ptrugnàn , pscarî , pznén ) and two consonants in

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1056-508: The articles un, una , does not exist. Instead, the partitive is used, consisting of the articulated forms of the preposition ed , or the adjective socuànt/socuànti ( alcuni/alcune ) “some”: In negative sentences, the partitive is used without the article (ed + noun), as in French. In Bolognese, the partitive is used more often than in Italian: If the conjugated verb starts with unstressed a,

1104-413: The beginning of the 14th century. During the boom of interest in linguistic diversity during the 19th century, a number of efforts were made to create vocabularies, grammars, and collections of axioms, folk tales, and literature. The first dictionary was compiled in 1901 by Gaspare Ungarelli , who also attempted to create a writing system using the Italian alphabet . A period of stigmatisation followed in

1152-460: The beginning of the 20th centur,y the first resistance unions of blue collars and farmers were founded; the foundation of the Cooperativa operai metallurgici ('Metalworkers' cooperative') traces back to 1904 and it could escape the hostile interferences of the fascist regime. In the 1980s it reached high productivity and trading levels (the mark COM is known all around the world). The modern political parties that developed their propaganda even with

1200-564: The community life was upset by plunderings, turmoils and seizures. In 1799, after the retreat of the French and of their allies of the Cisalpine republic , Persiceto was invaded by Russians and Austrians, who quickly restored the ancien régime . However, in 1800 the District of Samoggia was restored. With the establishment of the Italian Republic (1802) San Giovanni in Persiceto was again under

1248-418: The economic hub of the capital city of Emilia-Romagna , linked to Bologna by frequent train journeys. [REDACTED] Media related to San Giovanni in Persiceto at Wikimedia Commons Bolognese dialect Although the term dialect is commonly used in reference to all minority languages native to Italy, most of them are not mutually intelligible with Italian . Bolognese is no exception and so

1296-458: The end of the war, the night of 20 April 1945, partisan brigades took control of warehouses and factories to prevent their destruction by German troops in retreat, whereas the Allied troops entered the town the following night. After liberation, the inhabitants of Persiceto took part with commitment and interest in the political and social fights. In the elections, the left-wing parties (the communist and

1344-530: The feminine form by adding -a to masculine, therefore they form plural similar to feminine nouns derived from masculine nouns. Adjective Order: 1. Some adjective (such as the one pertaining to orders) must go before the noun: 2. Other adjectives can go before or after the noun in Italian, while in Bolognese it is preferable to put them after: Exception for vèg = strano 3. Some adjectives are often placed before

1392-463: The final group (e.g. gnanc , rimôrs , månnd , cunfinànt , pèrt ) (impermissible consonant combination will result in anaptyxis ). Bolognese only allows 2 diphthongs namely /ai/ and /ʌu/ (e.g. cåurs , intåurn , ataiṡ , raiga ). Orthographically, three consonants can exist simultaneously on coda ( dåntr , cåntr , nòstr , sänpr as syncopic forms of dånter , cånter , nòster , sänper ). However, it must be noted that it arises from -er only when

1440-547: The help of many famous local papers turned out to be particularly lively and quarrelsome. In 1904 in the borough of San Giovanni in Persiceto for the first time a socialist representative was elected (Giacomo Ferri). In the same year the first Casa del Popolo was inaugurated. In 1907 even the ruling of the Comune was handed over to the Socialists (as an anticlerical inspiration it was named, from 1912 to 1927, Persiceto). After World War I land disputes again recurred, during which

1488-413: The inhabitants of Persiceto; these lands would form the future Partecipanza agraria (Agricultural Attendance). After a brief autonomy (11–12th century), San Giovanni in Persiceto again came under political control of Bologna, till at the beginning of the 16th century, it ultimately subjected to the Papal rule. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the 'castle' or 'land' of S. Giovanni in Persiceto was enlarged by

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1536-566: The latter has been limited by the existence of Participants on a wide area. During the 16th century the Persiceto was overrun by foreign armies; the Agricultureal Attendance Institute Partecipanza was founded and a sharing of the common lands that took place every nine years was enhanced; the city centre underwent a process of impoverishment, whereas the weekly market on Wednesday kept flourishing thanks to old privileges. The local oligarchy of new families' faithful to

1584-542: The male heirs of the families who constituted the initial core of the community in the 12th century. In 1502, Pope Alexander VI took it away from the dominion of the Bishop of Bologna and made it part of the dowry of his daughter Lucrezia Borgia , betrothed to Duke Alfonso I d'Este . It was later returned to the Papal States in 1598. South-east of the city lies the small historic fortification of Pieve di Cento . Cento

1632-483: The massacre of Decima by public forces (5 April 1920) was carried out; in the political and social challenges particularly the fascists resorted to force against the socialists and their institution: many people of Persiceto had to leave the country because of their antifascist resentments or had to undergo jail or confinement. During World War II , especially during the 20 months of the German occupation, resistance against

1680-557: The name of little Manchester of the Emilia . Over the last decades of the 19th Century public education was expanded, the traditional classical education was substituted by a technical school, the Società di mutuo soccorso (Company for mutual aid) among handicraft and factory workers was founded; during Carnival in 1874 the first fancy dress convoys were held, in 1876 the Società ginnastica Persicetana (Gymnastical Society of Persiceto); in 1877

1728-453: The next word starts with a vowel and in actuality it's pronounced /-ŋ.(C)r(V)./ (1) Followed by a, o, u (2) Followed by i, e (3) End of a syllable (coda) or followed by consonant Bolognese distinguishes two genders, masculine and feminine, and two numbers, single and plural. In most nouns, the suffix -a is added to the masculine word to indicate femininity: defizänt, defizänta; påndg, påndga. The formation of Bolognese plurals

1776-544: The noun as in Italian because by putting them after the noun, a slight variation in meaning would be obtained: These adjectives placed before the noun actually very often have a figurative meaning. “Grand” more often expresses quality than size. Brótt does not necessarily express aesthetic ugliness but a generic pejorative “-accio” (“-âz” in Bolognese). Puvràtt does not express little wealth, but an unhappy condition. 4. To express dimensions (both large and small), in Bolognese, it

1824-468: The other things, with the demolition of the old parish, a collegiate church was rebuilt there). The Ospedale del SS. Salvatore (now G. G. Croce Town Library and historical archive) was built on the grounds of the old fortress. The town theatre was built. The incompetence of Papal governance impeded the development of the agriculture, whereas in other zones of the Po river valley advances in cultivation during half of

1872-540: The rule of Giovanni II Bentivoglio ; while over the years the castle expanded to its present shape with new bastions and embankments. At the end of the 15th century, the Bentivoglio using designs of Gaspare Nadi , built the present city hall, acquired by the Community in 1612. In the final years of Bentivoglio's rule, a canal to help drain the boggy lowlands of Sant'Agata Bolognese , Crevalcore and San Giovanni in Persiceto,

1920-414: The same families did the same civil service: they were clearly fit for adaptation. Within the same years the feudal privileges and the tithe were abolished, the pieces of land belonging to the Church were forfeited and the landed property was accumulated. The rice culture, with its following crisis of the sharecropping system, was expanded and so did even the agricultural day-labourers. With the restoration of

1968-490: The socialist), prevailed and ruled together the municipality until 1980; the country fights record again force acts; heavy ideologies have riven the town. After the 1950s San Giovanni in Persiceto, a centre of agricultural production known for its markets (when in the Foro Boario thousands of cattle were gathered), underwent deep transformation from a mainly agricultural economy to an industrial and trading economy. The countryside

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2016-412: The speaker 2. ( lé ) further away from the speaker, often near the listener 3. ( là ) even further away from the speaker and the listener Cento Cento ( Italian pronunciation: [ˈtʃɛnto] ; Northern Bolognese : Zèint ; City Bolognese : Zänt ; Centese : Zènt ) is a town and comune in the province of Ferrara , Emilia-Romagna , Italy . The name Cento

2064-610: The town was first populated by Gauls, but later occupied by the Romans . The area appears to have been depopulated after the fall of the Western Roman Empire . The flooded plain remained uncultivated until the rule of the Exarchate of Ravenna , when lands were drained again. The Byzantines also built a defensive line in the territory against the Lombards , but c. 727, under King Liutprand ,

2112-524: The verbal pronoun a(i) is dropped. For example mé arîv, nuèter arivän Formal pronouns are used to replace 2nd person pronoun to indicate politeness or courtesy. Formal pronouns in Bolognese include ló for masculine and lî for feminine. Note: ste and sta elides before words starting with vowels. For example: A quest'ora. Che ora è? = Da st’åura. Ch’åur’é? Orthographic rules Demonstrative pronouns or adjective are almost always followed by adverbs indicating degrees of distance: 1. ( qué ) near

2160-628: Was completed: this canal, the Cavamento , made large swaths of northern Persiceto tillable and habitable, so that by the 1470s, the new parish of San Matteo della Decima and its church were built. The inhabitants of Persiceto thankfully donated to Giovanni Bentivoglio a vast piece of land, on which later the mansion and castle of la Giovannina was built. Between the 15-16th century hemp culture and weaving expanded; and new crops such as mulberry, rice, and maize, were introduced. Landownership became more concentrated and sharecropping system consolidated, though

2208-458: Was depopulated and the city expanded, which became the place of many high school addresses; after some decades of oblivion, the city library was born again; an important intermunicipal centre of sport plants and an extremely modern astronomical observatory were founded thereafter. Nowadays, just 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) away from the Northern suburbs of Bologna, San Giovanni in Persiceto is part of

2256-484: Was established, a close friend of Andrea Costa; in 1873 the first strike by local factory workers was recorded; in 1874 internationalists of Persiceto tried to take part into the bakunian movement of Bologna; after the slump of the Anarchical International Movement the Società di sostentamento tra gli operai ('Workers' compensation society', the first local egalitarian socialist group) and in 1891

2304-561: Was mostly exported to Venice . Persiceto was occupied by Revolutionary French troops in 1796, and the parishes of Persiceto and of Sant'Agata Bolognese were divided among into four cantons. The town of San Giovanni in Persiceto was briefly part of the Department of the Alta Padusa, with Cento as chief town (1797). Later it became the seat of the District of the Samoggia. Between 1798 and 1799

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