Castrop , since 1 April 1926, is part of Castrop-Rauxel , North Rhine-Westphalia , Germany .
39-601: The name comes from trop/torp for village (German Dorf ) and chasto/kast for shed. The oldest mention is from 834 as Villa Castrop . During the Saxon Wars , Charlemagne used the old Roman streets. For supply Reichshöfe (singular Reichshof ) were built. Near to these Reichshöfe, settlements often grew. The Reichshof Castrop was given to the von Bordelius in 1611. 51°32′55″N 7°18′37″E / 51.54861°N 7.31028°E / 51.54861; 7.31028 This Recklinghausen district location article
78-672: A code of law , the Lex Frisionum , and appointed counts, both Saxon and Frank. The laws were severe on religious issues, namely the native paganism of the Saxons. This stirred a renewal of the old conflict. That year, in autumn, Widukind returned and led a revolt that resulted in many assaults on the church. The Saxons invaded the area of the Chatti , a Germanic tribe already converted by Saint Boniface and firmly in Charlemagne's empire. Widukind won over
117-704: A Frankish army at the Battle of Süntel while Charles was campaigning against the Sorbs . It was in response to this setback that Charlemagne, at the Blood court of Verden , ordered the beheading of 4,500 Saxons who had rebelled. Upon this Blutgericht , some historians have stated the massacre did not happen, or that it was actually a battle, but according to Alessandro Barbero, none of these claims are credible. The action led to two straight years of constant warfare (783–785), with Charlemagne wintering in central Saxony, at Minden . Gradually,
156-849: A permanent camp on the Isle of Sheppey in south east England and settling followed from 865, when brothers Halfdan Ragnarsson and Ivar the Boneless wintered in East Anglia . Halfdan and Ivar moved north and captured Northumbria in 867 and York as well. Danelaw – a special rule of law – was soon established in the settled areas and shaped the local cultures there for centuries. Cultural remains are still noticeable today. The Danes first arrived in Ireland in 795 CE, at Rathlin Island , initiating subsequent raids and fortified trade settlements, so called longphorts . During
195-412: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Saxon Wars Frankish victory The Saxon Wars were the campaigns and insurrections of the thirty-three years from 772, when Charlemagne first entered Saxony with the intent to conquer, to 804, when the last rebellion of tribesmen was defeated. In all, 18 campaigns were fought, primarily in what is now northern Germany . They resulted in
234-402: Is a free act of the will, not a forced act. We must appeal to the conscience, not compel it by violence. You can force people to be baptised, but you cannot force them to believe." His arguments seem to have prevailed – Charlemagne abolished the death penalty for paganism in 797. Danes (Germanic tribe) The Danes are a North Germanic tribe inhabiting southern Scandinavia , including
273-518: The Avars . The Eastphalians and Nordalbingians joined them in 793, but the insurrection did not catch on as previous ones and was completely put down by 794. An Engrian rebellion followed closely in 796, but Charlemagne's personal presence and the presence of loyal Christian Saxons and Slavs immediately crushed it. In the battle of Bornhöved in 798, the Obotrite allies of Charlemagne under Thrasco defeated
312-628: The Danevirke . The origin of the Danes remains undetermined, but several ancient historical documents and texts refer to them and archaeology has revealed and continues to reveal insights into their culture, cultural beliefs, beliefs organization and way of life. The Danes first appear in written history in the 6th century with references in Jordanes' Getica (551 CE), by Procopius , and by Gregory of Tours . In his description of Scandza , Jordanes says that
351-558: The Dani were of the same stock as the Suetidi ("Swedes") and expelled the Heruli and took their lands. The Old English poems Widsith and Beowulf , as well as works by later Scandinavian writers (notably by Saxo Grammaticus ( c. 1200)), provide some of the original written references to the Danes. According to the 12th-century author Sven Aggesen , the mythical King Dan gave his name to
390-628: The Loire Valley on larger raid expeditions. Many large scale raids followed all across the coasts and in-land rivers of Western Europe in subsequent decades. In the beginning of the 900s, Vikings had established an encampment and base in the lower parts of the Seine river around Rouen . In an effort to stop or reduce the relentless raids, Charles the Simple made a treaty in Saint-Clair-sur-Epte with
429-579: The Nordalbingian Saxons, killing 2,800–4,000 of them. The last insurrection of the Engrian people occurred in 804, more than thirty years after Charlemagne's first campaign against them. This time, the most unruly tribe of them all, the Nordalbingians, found themselves effectively disempowered to rebel. Charlemagne deported 10,000 of them to Neustria and gave their now vacant lands to the loyal king of
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#1732887071717468-642: The Danelaw in England and countryside and newly established towns in Ireland, the Netherlands and northern France. In the early 11th century, King Cnut the Great (died 1035) ruled the extensive North Sea Empire for nearly 20 years, consisting of Denmark, England, Norway, southern Sweden and parts of northern Germany. During the 10th century the royal seat of the Danes was moved from Lejre to Jelling in central Jutland, marking
507-522: The Danes in the Iron Age. There are several archaeological artefacts in and from Denmark however, made as early as the 500s, depicting Daniel among the lions, so the Danes must have had some knowledge of and influence from Arian cultures. In the Nordic Iron Age, the Danes were based in present-day Zealand and Scania (and neighbouring parts of present-day Sweden). Until around the 6th century, Jutland
546-937: The Danes. The Danes spoke Proto-Norse which gradually evolved into the Old Norse language by the beginning of the Viking Age . They spoke dǫnsk tunga (Danish tongue), which the Danes shared with the people in Norway and Sweden and later in Iceland and the Faroe Islands. Like previous and contemporary people of Scandinavia, the Danes used runes for writing, but did not write much apparently, as they have left no literary legacy except for occasional rune stones and carvings in wood and various items like weapons, utensils and jewellery. As previous and contemporary peoples of Scandinavia (the Vikings),
585-547: The Franks gained the upper hand. The turning point came in 785, when Widukind had himself baptized and swore fealty to Charlemagne. It was with the conclusion of this war that Charlemagne could have claimed to have conquered Saxony, and the land had peace for the next seven years, though revolts continued sporadically until 804. In 792, the Westphalians rose up against their masters in response to forcible recruitment for wars against
624-685: The Germanic peoples. Charlemagne's campaign led all the way to the Weser River and destroyed several major Saxon strongholds. After negotiating with some Saxon nobles and obtaining hostages, Charlemagne turned his attention to his war against the Lombards in northern Italy ; but Saxon free tenants, led by Widukind , continued to resist and raided Frankish lands in the Rhine region. Armed confrontations continued unabated for years. Charlemagne's second campaign came in
663-559: The Obotrites. Einhard , Charlemagne's biographer, said on the closing of the conflict: The war that had lasted so many years was at length ended by their acceding to the terms offered by the King; which were renunciation of their national religious customs and the worship of devils, acceptance of the sacraments of the Christian faith and religion, and union with the Franks to form one people. Towards
702-547: The Saxons knew he left Italy) for the third time in 776, when a rebellion destroyed his fortress at Eresburg. The Saxons were once again brought to heel, though Widukind fled to the Danes . Charlemagne built a new camp at Karlstadt . In 777, he called a national diet at Paderborn to integrate Saxony fully into the Frankish kingdom. Many Saxons were baptised . The Carmen de conversione Saxonum celebrates this event. The chief purpose of
741-491: The Saxons. In 785, he issued the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae which asserted, "If any one of the race of the Saxons hereafter concealed among them shall have wished to hide himself unbaptized, and shall have scorned to come to baptism and shall have wished to remain a pagan, let him be punished by death." However, Alcuin took issue with the emperor's policy of forcing pagans to be baptised on pain of death, arguing, "Faith
780-520: The Viking Age, they established many coastal towns including Dublin (Dyflin), Cork , Waterford (Veðrafjǫrðr) and Limerick (Hlymrekr) and Danish settlers followed. There were many small skirmishes and larger battles with the native Irish clans in the following two centuries, with the Danes sometimes siding with allied clans. In 1014 CE, at the Battle of Clontarf , the Vikings were eventually defeated and
819-640: The area now comprising Denmark proper, northern and eastern England , and the Scanian provinces of modern-day southern Sweden, during the Nordic Iron Age and the Viking Age . They founded what became the Kingdom of Denmark . The name of their realm is believed to mean " Danish March ", viz. "the march of the Danes", in Old Norse , referring to their southern border zone between the Eider and Schlei rivers, known as
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#1732887071717858-520: The coast of Aquitaine . Several other smaller skirmishes with aggressive Vikings from primarily Danish territory have been recorded, including the first raid on the Seine in 820, but it was not until the year 834 before Viking activity in France took off on a grand scale. In that year, Danes established a lasting base on Noirmoutier island, a central spot for the European salt trade at the time, and poured into
897-567: The diet was to bring Saxony closer to Christianity. Missionaries , mainly Anglo-Saxons from England , were recruited to carry out this task. Charlemagne issued a number of decrees designed to break Saxon resistance and to inflict capital punishment on anyone observing heathen practices or disrespecting the king's peace. His severe and uncompromising position, which earned him the title "butcher of Saxons", caused his close adviser Alcuin of York , later abbot of Marmoutier Abbey , Tours , to urge leniency, as God 's word should be spread not by
936-576: The end of the wars, Charlemagne had begun to place more emphasis on reconciliation. In 797, he eased the special laws, and in 802, Saxon common law was codified as the Lex Saxonum . This was accompanied by the establishment of ecclesiastic structures (including bishoprics in Paderborn, Münster , Bremen , Minden , Verden and Osnabrück ) that secured the conversion of the Saxon people. The last Saxon uprising
975-518: The first war waged by Charlemagne against the Saxons. It began with a Frankish invasion of Saxon territory and the subjugation of the Engrians and destruction of their sacred symbol Irminsul near Paderborn in 772 or 773 at Eresburg . Irminsul may have been a hollow tree trunk, presumably representing the pillar supporting the skies — similar to the Nordic tree Yggdrasil and apparently a common belief among
1014-609: The first written accounts of Denmark's history, and hence the Danes, his sources are largely surviving legends, folk lore and word of mouth. The royal seat and capital of the Danes was located on Zealand near Lejre and constituted what has later been dubbed the Lejre Kingdom, ruled by the Skjöldung dynasty. Some time around the middle of the First Millennium , both Jutland and Angeln became part of Danish kingdom or kingdoms. So
1053-506: The foundation and consolidation of the Kingdom of Denmark. In the British Isles , Danes landed three Viking ships at the isle of Portland, Dorset in 786 CE, where they met and killed a local reeve and his men. In 793 CE, a Viking raid and plunder of the monastery at Lindisfarne took place, but no further activity in England followed until 835 CE. In that year, the Danes raided and built
1092-522: The incorporation of Saxony into the Frankish realm and their forcible conversion from Germanic paganism to Christianity . The Saxons were divided into four subgroups in four regions. Nearest to the ancient Frankish kingdom of Austrasia was Westphalia , and farthest was Eastphalia . In between the two kingdoms was that of Engria (or Engern), and north of the three, at the base of the Jutland peninsula,
1131-457: The largest settlement in Scandinavia and remained so until its eventual destruction in the later half of the 11th century. From around 800 CE, the Danes began a long era of well-organised raids across the coasts and rivers of Europe. Some of the raids were followed by a gradual succession of Danish settlers and during this epoch, large areas outside Scandinavia were settled by the Danes, including
1170-551: The late Viking Age, but the transition was not rapid and definitive and older customs from the Norse religion remained to be practised to various degrees. Some sources, such as the Beowulf , point to a very early Arianism in Denmark, but it has been a matter of intense academic debate for many years whether these sources reflect later adjustments or an actual early Germanic Christianity among
1209-601: The remaining Danish settlers gradually assimilated with the Irish population. The first Vikings appeared in Frisia , now part of the Netherlands and Germany, in 800 CE, when Danes plundered coastal settlements and later the trade town of Dorestad became a frequent target of raids. During this time, Frisia was ruled by the Franks and in the mid-9th century, the Danish chieftain of Roric received
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1248-459: The sword but by persuasion; but the wars continued. In summer 779, Charlemagne again went into Saxony and conquered Eastphalia, Engria, and Westphalia. At a diet near Lippspringe , he divided the land into missionary districts and Frankish countships . He himself assisted in several mass baptisms (780). He then returned to Italy, and there was no Saxon revolt. From 780 to 782, the land had peace. Charlemagne returned in 782 to Saxony and instituted
1287-531: The tribal Danes were practitioners of the Norse religion . Around 500 CE, many of the gods of the Norse pantheon had lost their previous significance, except a few such as Thor , Odin and Frey who were increasingly worshipped. During the 10th century of the late Viking Age, the Danes officially adopted Christianity , as evidenced by several rune stones, documents and church buildings. The new Christian influences also show in their art, jewellery and burial practices of
1326-451: The western parts of the Netherlands as a fief and established here. The Danes were probably involved in Frisia much earlier as Gregory of Tours (c. 538–594 CE) mentions a Danish king Chlochilaichus who was killed there while invading Frankish territory in the early 6th century. The first known Viking raid in what now constitutes France, commenced in 799, when an attack was fought off on
1365-617: The year 775. Then he marched through Westphalia, conquering the fort of Sigiburg , and crossed Engria, where he defeated the Saxons again. Finally, in Eastphalia, he defeated them, and their leader Hessi converted to Christianity. He returned through Westphalia, leaving encampments at Sigiburg and Eresburg . All of Saxony except Nordalbingia was under his control, but the recalcitrant Saxons would not submit for long. After warring in Italy, he returned very rapidly to Saxony (making it to Lippe before
1404-411: Was Nordalbingia . Despite repeated setbacks, the Saxons resisted steadfastly, returning to raid Charlemagne's domains as soon as he turned his attention elsewhere. Their main leader, Widukind , was a resilient and resourceful opponent, but eventually was defeated and baptized (in 785). In mid-January 772, the sacking and burning of the church of Deventer by a Saxon expedition was the casus belli for
1443-492: Was southern Schleswig (now the northernmost part of Germany) – the site of Danevirke , a large set of fortifications reportedly built by Danes to mark the southern border of their realm. It was extended several times in later centuries. Beginning in the 8th century, the Danes initiated the construction of trading towns across their realm, including Hedeby , Ribe , Aarhus and Viborg and expanded existing settlements such as Odense and Aalborg . Hedeby quickly grew to become
1482-510: Was the Stellinga , which occurred between 841 and 845. Alluding to the Saxons, the contemporary poet of the Paderborn Epic praises terror as a means of conversion: "What the contrary mind and perverse soul refuse to do with persuasion, / Let them leap to accomplish when compelled by fear." One of Charlemagne's famed capitularies outlined part of the religious intent of his interactions with
1521-610: Was the homeland of two other Germanic tribes: the Jutes in what is now North Jutland, and the Angles in South Jutland (especially Angeln ). The Widsith mentions two semi-mythical kings in relation to the Danes of the Iron Age. Sigar who ruled the "Sea-Danes" and Offa who ruled both Danes and Angles . Centuries later, Saxo lists for the first time the Danes entire lineage of semi-mythical kings, starting from King Dan. As Saxo's texts are
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