Castle Grande was a real estate development in Arkansas about 10 miles south of Little Rock. It came into National news as a result of the Whitewater investigations. The project was a 1,050-acre (4.2 km) lot where Jim McDougal hoped to build a microbrewery , shopping center, a trailer park and other future projects in 1985. The land was scrub pine forest that had failed already as an industrial development. The sales price was $ 1.75 million. State regulations prohibited Jim McDougal from investing more than 6% of his Madison Guaranty S&L assets. So, he put in $ 600,000 of Madison money and then for the difference had Seth Ward put in the remaining $ 1.15 million. This money Ward borrowed from Madison Guaranty on non-recourse, no personal obligation to repay. If federal regulators found out, McDougal's S&L could be shut down, since it had already been operating under orders to correct its lending practices.
113-568: Seth Ward , an Arkansas businessman and Webster Hubbell 's father-in-law, was hired by Jim McDougal to assist in land acquisition for the Castle Grande project. Hillary Clinton , a partner with the Rose Law Firm , worked with Ward on certain legal details of the project known as Industrial Development Corporation (IDC). Webster Hubbell was also a partner at the Rose Law Firm. The bad loans for
226-536: A Brownie and a Girl Scout . She was inspired by U.S. efforts during the Space Race and sent a letter to NASA around 1961 asking what she could do to become an astronaut, only to be informed that women were not being accepted into the program. She attended Maine South High School , where she participated in the student council and school newspaper and was selected for the National Honor Society . She
339-581: A leave of absence from Rose Law to campaign for him full-time. During her second stint as the first lady of Arkansas, she made a point of using Hillary Rodham Clinton as her name. Clinton became involved in state education policy. She was named chair of the Arkansas Education Standards Committee in 1983, where worked to reform the state's public education system. In one of the Clinton governorship's most important initiatives, she fought
452-545: A political action organization dedicated to fundraising for progressive political groups. In 2011, Clinton was appointed the Honorary Founding Chair of the Institute for Women, Peace and Security at Georgetown University , and the awards named in her name has been awarded annually at the university. Since 2020, she has served as Chancellor of Queen's University Belfast . In 2023, Clinton joined Columbia University as
565-552: A Professor of Practice at the School of International and Public Affairs. Hillary Diane Rodham was born on October 26, 1947, at Edgewater Hospital in Chicago , Illinois. She was raised in a Methodist family who first lived in Chicago. When she was three years old, her family moved to the Chicago suburb of Park Ridge . Her father, Hugh Rodham , was of English and Welsh descent, and managed
678-419: A Republican-controlled Congress lacking protections for people coming off welfare, Hillary urged her husband to veto the bills, which he did. A third version came up during his 1996 general election campaign that restored some of the protections but cut the scope of benefits in other areas. While Clinton was urged to persuade the president to similarly veto the bill, she decided to support the bill, which became
791-842: A September 1995 speech before the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Clinton argued forcefully against practices that abused women around the world and in the People's Republic of China itself. She declared, "it is no longer acceptable to discuss women's rights as separate from human rights". Delegates from over 180 countries heard her declare, If there is one message that echoes forth from this conference, let it be that human rights are women's rights and women's rights are human rights, once and for all." In delivering these remarks, Clinton resisted both internal administration and Chinese pressure to soften her remarks. The speech became
904-574: A case-by-case basis, except when there is evidence otherwise. The article became frequently cited in the field. During her postgraduate studies, Rodham was staff attorney for Edelman's newly founded Children's Defense Fund in Cambridge, Massachusetts , and as a consultant to the Carnegie Council on Children. In 1974, she was a member of the impeachment inquiry staff in Washington, D.C., and advised
1017-418: A fellow teenage friend shortly after the election, she saw evidence of electoral fraud (a voting list entry showing a dozen addresses that was an empty lot) against Republican candidate Richard Nixon ; she later volunteered to campaign for Republican candidate Barry Goldwater in the 1964 election . Rodham's early political development was shaped mostly by her high school history teacher (like her father,
1130-517: A fervent anti-communist ), who introduced her to Goldwater's The Conscience of a Conservative and by her Methodist youth minister (like her mother, concerned with issues of social justice ), with whom she saw and afterwards briefly met civil rights leader Martin Luther King Jr. at a 1962 speech in Chicago's Orchestra Hall . In 1965, Rodham enrolled at Wellesley College , where she majored in political science . During her first year, she
1243-543: A final report was issued in 2000 that stated there was insufficient evidence that either Clinton had engaged in criminal wrongdoing. Another investigated scandal involving Clinton was the White House travel office controversy , often referred to as "Travelgate". Another scandal that arose was the Hillary Clinton cattle futures controversy , which related to cattle futures trading Clinton had made in 1978 and 1979. Some in
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#17330863280311356-449: A key moment in the empowerment of women and years later women around the world would recite Clinton's key phrases. During the late 1990s, Clinton was one of the most prominent international figures to speak out against the treatment of Afghan women by the Taliban . She helped create Vital Voices , an international initiative sponsored by the U.S. to encourage the participation of women in
1469-531: A portion of Ward's Castle Grande holdings for $ 1.2 million. Tucker and Randolph borrowed the additional $ 1.05 million from Madison. McDougal then loaned his old friend and political mentor, Senator William Fulbright , $ 700,000 to buy out the bulk of Ward's remaining holdings. The net effect was to remove Ward's non-recourse loan from the Madison books and generate substantial sales profits and commissions for Madison. The transactions were designed to be confusing to keep
1582-481: A portion of Ward's Castle Grande holdings for $ 1.2 million. Tucker and Randolph borrowed the additional $ 1.05 million from Madison. McDougal then loaned his old friend and political mentor, Senator William Fulbright , $ 700,000 to buy out the bulk of Ward's remaining holdings. The net effect was to remove Ward's non-recourse loan from the Madison books and generate substantial sales profits and commissions for Madison. The transactions were designed to be confusing to keep
1695-474: A prolonged but ultimately successful battle against the Arkansas Education Association to establish mandatory teacher testing and state standards for curriculum and classroom size. In 1985, she introduced Arkansas's Home Instruction Program for Preschool Youth, a program that helps parents work with their children in preschool preparedness and literacy. Clinton continued to practice law with
1808-553: A result of the Whitewater investigations. The project was a 1,050-acre (4.2 km ) lot where Jim McDougal hoped to build a microbrewery , shopping center, a trailer park and other future projects in 1985. The land was scrub pine forest that had failed already as an industrial development. The sales price was $ 1.75 million. State regulations prohibited Jim McDougal from investing more than 6% of his Madison Guaranty S&L assets. So, he put in $ 600,000 of Madison money and then for
1921-679: A senator, she chaired the Senate Democratic Steering and Outreach Committee from 2003 to 2007. Clinton ran for president in 2008 , but lost to Barack Obama in the Democratic primaries . In 2009, she resigned from the Senate to become Obama's secretary of state. She responded to the Arab Spring by advocating the 2011 military intervention in Libya , but was harshly criticized by Republicans for
2034-514: A separate deal completely?" Hillary Clinton's reply: Well, my understanding is that the work for Madison concerned property that was referred to then at the time and continually by the Rose Firm as IDC or Industrial Development Corporation property. I know that work as IDC. That's how it was billed. And I did not know that there was something called Castle Grande, to the best of my recollection, until it came to my attention through these investigations,
2147-462: A separate deal completely?" Hillary Clinton's reply: Well, my understanding is that the work for Madison concerned property that was referred to then at the time and continually by the Rose Firm as IDC or Industrial Development Corporation property. I know that work as IDC. That's how it was billed. And I did not know that there was something called Castle Grande, to the best of my recollection, until it came to my attention through these investigations,
2260-768: A series of grand jury questions about Hillary Clinton and Castle Grande that Mrs. McDougal refused to answer During the grand jury McDougal stated her full name "for the record," then refused to answer any additional questions. Her testimony included the response "Get another independent counsel and I'll answer every question.". U.S. District Court Judge Susan Webber Wright sentenced her to prison confinement for civil contempt of court related to McDougal's unwillingness to answer "three questions." [1] One of those questions concerned whether President Bill Clinton lied in his testimony during her Whitewater trial, particularly when he denied any knowledge of an illegal $ 300,000 loan. From September 9, 1996 until March 6, 1998, McDougal spent
2373-767: A series of grand jury questions about Hillary Clinton and Castle Grande that Mrs. McDougal refused to answer During the grand jury McDougal stated her full name "for the record," then refused to answer any additional questions. Her testimony included the response "Get another independent counsel and I'll answer every question.". U.S. District Court Judge Susan Webber Wright sentenced her to prison confinement for civil contempt of court related to McDougal's unwillingness to answer "three questions." [1] One of those questions concerned whether President Bill Clinton lied in his testimony during her Whitewater trial, particularly when he denied any knowledge of an illegal $ 300,000 loan. From September 9, 1996 until March 6, 1998, McDougal spent
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#17330863280312486-486: A small but successful textile business, which he had founded. Her mother, Dorothy Howell , was a homemaker of Dutch, English, French Canadian (from Quebec ), Scottish, and Welsh descent. She has two younger brothers, Hugh and Tony . As a child, Rodham was a favorite student among her teachers at the public schools she attended in Park Ridge. She participated in swimming and softball and earned numerous badges as
2599-865: A state-level alliance with the Children's Defense Fund. Later in 1977, President Jimmy Carter (for whom Rodham had been the 1976 campaign director of field operations in Indiana) appointed her to the board of directors of the Legal Services Corporation . She held that position from 1978 until the end of 1981. From mid-1978 to mid-1980, she served as the first female chair of that board. Following her husband's November 1978 election as governor of Arkansas , Rodham became that state's first lady in January 1979. She would hold that title for twelve nonconsecutive years (1979–1981, 1983–1992). Clinton appointed his wife to be
2712-485: A suicide, but several conspiracy theories have since emerged . Sam Bratton was an aide to Gov. Bill Clinton. He oversaw state regulatory issues, he was notified by the Arkansas Securities Commissioner, Beverly Bassett Schaffer, that Madison S&L was in trouble with federal securities regulators. Hillary Clinton Hillary Diane Rodham Clinton ( née Rodham ; born October 26, 1947)
2825-515: A suicide, but several conspiracy theories have since emerged . Sam Bratton was an aide to Gov. Bill Clinton. He oversaw state regulatory issues, he was notified by the Arkansas Securities Commissioner, Beverly Bassett Schaffer, that Madison S&L was in trouble with federal securities regulators. Seth Ward (Whitewater) Castle Grande was a real estate development in Arkansas about 10 miles south of Little Rock. It came into National news as
2938-668: A year of postgraduate study on children and medicine at the Yale Child Study Center. In late 1973, her first scholarly article, "Children Under the Law", was published in the Harvard Educational Review . Discussing the new children's rights movement , the article stated that "child citizens" were "powerless individuals" and argued that children should not be considered equally incompetent from birth to attaining legal age, but instead that courts should presume competence on
3051-523: Is an American politician and diplomat. She was the 67th United States secretary of state in the administration of Barack Obama from 2009 to 2013, a U.S. senator representing New York from 2001 to 2009, and the first lady of the United States as the wife of Bill Clinton from 1993 to 2001. A member of the Democratic Party , she was the party's nominee in the 2016 presidential election , becoming
3164-621: The New York Times Best Seller List that year, including three weeks at number one. By 2000, it had sold 450,000 copies in hardcover and another 200,000 in paperback. Clinton received the Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album in 1997 for the book's audio recording. Other books published by Clinton when she was the first lady include Dear Socks, Dear Buddy: Kids' Letters to the First Pets (1998) and An Invitation to
3277-601: The Adoption and Safe Families Act , and the Foster Care Independence Act . In 1998, Clinton's marital relationship came under public scrutiny during the Lewinsky scandal , which led her to issue a statement that reaffirmed her commitment to the marriage. Clinton was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 2000 , becoming the first female senator from New York and the first First Lady to simultaneously hold elected office. As
3390-595: The Clinton health care plan . This was a comprehensive proposal that would require employers to provide health coverage to their employees through individual health maintenance organizations . Its opponents quickly derided the plan as "Hillarycare" and it even faced opposition from some Democrats in Congress. Failing to gather enough support for a floor vote in either the House or the Senate (although Democrats controlled both chambers),
3503-618: The House Committee on the Judiciary during the Watergate scandal . The committee's work culminated with the resignation of President Richard Nixon in August 1974. By then, Rodham was viewed as someone with a bright political future. Democratic political organizer and consultant Betsey Wright moved from Texas to Washington the previous year to help guide Rodham's career. Wright thought Rodham had
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3616-526: The Vietnam War were changing in her early college years. In a letter to her youth minister at that time, she described herself as "a mind conservative and a heart liberal". In contrast to the factions in the 1960s that advocated radical actions against the political system, she sought to work for change within it. By her junior year, Rodham became a supporter of the antiwar presidential nomination campaign of Democrat Eugene McCarthy . In early 1968, she
3729-562: The Welfare Reform Act of 1996 , as the best political compromise available. Together with Attorney General Janet Reno , Clinton helped create the Office on Violence Against Women at the Department of Justice . In 1997, she initiated and shepherded the Adoption and Safe Families Act , which she regarded as her greatest accomplishment as the first lady. In 1999, she was instrumental in
3842-750: The 1970 campaign of Connecticut U.S. Senate candidate Joseph Duffey . Rodham later crediting Wexler with providing her first job in politics. In the spring of 1971, she began dating fellow law student Bill Clinton . During the summer, she interned at the Oakland, California , law firm of Treuhaft, Walker and Burnstein . The firm was well known for its support of constitutional rights , civil liberties and radical causes (two of its four partners were current or former Communist Party members ); Rodham worked on child custody and other cases. Clinton canceled his original summer plans and moved to live with her in California;
3955-508: The Castle Grande project. Hillary Clinton , a partner with the Rose Law Firm , worked with Ward on certain legal details of the project known as Industrial Development Corporation (IDC). Webster Hubbell was also a partner at the Rose Law Firm. The bad loans for the project cost the public $ 4 million. Robert W. Palmer was the land appraiser for one of the Castle Grande loans, he later admitted to conspiring with Jim McDougal and others with Madison Guaranty savings association. The conspiracy
4068-595: The Clinton health care plan in their campaign for the 1994 midterm elections . The Republican Party saw strong success in the midterms, and many analysts and pollsters found the healthcare plan to be a major factor in the Democrats' defeat, especially among independent voters. After this, the White House subsequently sought to downplay Clinton's role in shaping policy. Along with senators Ted Kennedy and Orrin Hatch , Clinton
4181-513: The Clintons countered the charge by saying that state fees were walled off by the firm before her profits were calculated. Clinton was twice named by The National Law Journal as one of the 100 most influential lawyers in America—in 1988 and 1991. When Bill Clinton thought about not running again for governor in 1990, Hillary Clinton considered running. Private polls were unfavorable, however, and in
4294-435: The Clintons' private residence. In 1996, Clinton presented a vision for American children in the book It Takes a Village: And Other Lessons Children Teach Us . In January 1996, she went on a ten-city book tour and made numerous television appearances to promote the book, although she was frequently hit with questions about her involvement in the Whitewater and Travelgate controversies. The book spent 18 weeks on
4407-624: The Republican nomination. Rodham attended the 1968 Republican National Convention in Miami Beach . However, she was upset by the way Richard Nixon's campaign portrayed Rockefeller and by what she perceived as the convention's "veiled" racist messages, and she left the Republican Party for good. Rodham wrote her senior thesis , a critique of the tactics of radical community organizer Saul Alinsky , under Professor Schechter. Years later, while she
4520-445: The Rose Law Firm while she was the first lady of Arkansas. The firm considered her a " rainmaker " because she brought in clients, partly thanks to the prestige she lent it and to her corporate board connections. She was also very influential in the appointment of state judges. Bill Clinton's Republican opponent in his 1986 gubernatorial reelection campaign accused the Clintons of conflict of interest because Rose Law did state business;
4633-703: The S&;L which failed in the late 1980s. As his Savings and Loan was Federally insured the bad loans ($ 68 million) were paid by the taxpayers. Criminal referral on Madison Guaranty fraud loans were given first to U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas, Paula Casey who declined to the seek prosecutions. Casey had been appointed to her post by President Bill Clinton and also had been his student. Federal special prosecutors later obtained convictions of 14 persons in Arkansas of more than 40 crimes. The defendants included
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4746-527: The White House Security Office. The 2000 final Independent Counsel report found no substantial or credible evidence that Clinton had any role or showed any misconduct in the matter. In early 2001, a controversy arose over gifts that were sent to the White House; there was a question whether the furnishings were White House property or the Clintons' personal property. During the last year of Bill Clinton's time in office, those gifts were shipped to
4859-620: The Whitewater fraud conviction, McDougal was released for medical reasons. After her release, McDougal's embezzlement trial in California began. McDougal was acquitted of all twelve counts of embezzlement [2] later in 1998. A suit in 1999 against Nancy Mehta for malicious prosecution was settled out of court. McDougal's trial for criminal contempt-of-court and obstruction of justice charges began in March 1999. The jury hung 7-5 in favor of acquittal for contempt of court, and found her not guilty on
4972-517: The Whitewater fraud conviction, McDougal was released for medical reasons. After her release, McDougal's embezzlement trial in California began. McDougal was acquitted of all twelve counts of embezzlement [2] later in 1998. A suit in 1999 against Nancy Mehta for malicious prosecution was settled out of court. McDougal's trial for criminal contempt-of-court and obstruction of justice charges began in March 1999. The jury hung 7-5 in favor of acquittal for contempt of court, and found her not guilty on
5085-503: The billing records "another of the meaningless mysteries of Whitewater." Alston Jennings was the Little Rock lawyer who represented Seth Ward. He visited the White House talked with Hillary and her lawyer David Kendall about the billing records. As the investigation expanded, Kendall went on to represent Clinton during the 1998–99 impeachment proceedings, and continues to represent the Clintons in miscellaneous civil matters. Vincent Foster
5198-448: The billing records "another of the meaningless mysteries of Whitewater." Alston Jennings was the Little Rock lawyer who represented Seth Ward. He visited the White House talked with Hillary and her lawyer David Kendall about the billing records. As the investigation expanded, Kendall went on to represent Clinton during the 1998–99 impeachment proceedings, and continues to represent the Clintons in miscellaneous civil matters. Vincent Foster
5311-403: The book room family quarters of the White House. Clinton said she had no idea how they got there. Billing records showed that she charged Madison for about 30 hours on work with Seth Ward over 4 months in 1985 and 1986. She and her lawyers said it was work with a development called IDC, thus the confusion. IDC was the company that sold the land to Madison. She said the only Castle Grande she knew
5424-401: The book room family quarters of the White House. Clinton said she had no idea how they got there. Billing records showed that she charged Madison for about 30 hours on work with Seth Ward over 4 months in 1985 and 1986. She and her lawyers said it was work with a development called IDC, thus the confusion. IDC was the company that sold the land to Madison. She said the only Castle Grande she knew
5537-526: The chair of the Rural Health Advisory Committee the same year, in which role she secured federal funds to expand medical facilities in Arkansas's poorest areas without affecting doctors' fees. In 1979, Rodham became the first woman to be made a full partner in Rose Law Firm. From 1978 until they entered the White House, she had a higher salary than her husband. During 1978 and 1979, while looking to supplement their income, Rodham engaged in
5650-411: The charge of obstruction of justice. McDougal received a full Presidential pardon from outgoing President Bill Clinton in the final hours of his presidency in 2001. (See List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton ) David E. Kendall was Ms. Clinton's personal lawyer. He announced the discovery of the Rose Law Firm billing records and turned them over to the Whitewater independent counsel. He said of
5763-408: The charge of obstruction of justice. McDougal received a full Presidential pardon from outgoing President Bill Clinton in the final hours of his presidency in 2001. (See List of people pardoned by Bill Clinton ) David E. Kendall was Ms. Clinton's personal lawyer. He announced the discovery of the Rose Law Firm billing records and turned them over to the Whitewater independent counsel. He said of
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#17330863280315876-556: The city's first rape crisis center. In 1974, Bill Clinton lost an Arkansas congressional race, facing incumbent Republican John Paul Hammerschmidt . Rodham and Bill Clinton bought a house in Fayetteville in the summer of 1975 and she agreed to marry him. The wedding took place on October 11, 1975, in a Methodist ceremony in their living room. A story about the marriage in the Arkansas Gazette indicated that she decided to retain
5989-429: The corporate board of directors of TCBY (1985–92), Wal-Mart Stores (1986–92) and Lafarge (1990–92). TCBY and Wal-Mart were Arkansas-based companies that were also clients of Rose Law. Clinton was the first female member on Wal-Mart's board, added following pressure on chairman Sam Walton to name a woman to it. Once there, she pushed successfully for Wal-Mart to adopt more environmentally friendly practices. She
6102-576: The couple continued living together in New Haven when they returned to law school. The following summer, Rodham and Clinton campaigned in Texas for unsuccessful 1972 Democratic presidential candidate George McGovern . She received a Juris Doctor degree from Yale in 1973, having stayed on an extra year to be with Clinton. He first proposed marriage to her following graduation, but she declined, uncertain if she wanted to tie her future to his. Rodham began
6215-435: The couple's only child, a daughter whom they named Chelsea . In November 1980, Bill Clinton was defeated in his bid for re-election . Two years after leaving office, Bill Clinton returned to the governorship of Arkansas after winning the election of 1982 . During her husband's campaign, Hillary began to use the name "Hillary Clinton", or sometimes "Mrs. Bill Clinton", to assuage the concerns of Arkansas voters; she also took
6328-459: The difference had Seth Ward put in the remaining $ 1.15 million. This money Ward borrowed from Madison Guaranty on non-recourse, no personal obligation to repay. If federal regulators found out, McDougal's S&L could be shut down, since it had already been operating under orders to correct its lending practices. Seth Ward , an Arkansas businessman and Webster Hubbell 's father-in-law, was hired by Jim McDougal to assist in land acquisition for
6441-580: The end he ran and was reelected for the final time. From 1982 to 1988, Clinton was on the board of directors, sometimes as chair, of the New World Foundation , which funded a variety of New Left interest groups . Clinton was chairman of the board of the Children's Defense Fund and on the board of the Arkansas Children's Hospital 's Legal Services (1988–92). In addition to her positions with nonprofit organizations, she also held positions on
6554-568: The entire thousand acres that we referred to as IDC was being called Castle Grande . . . I was informed sometime within the last year or two that there was a trailer park on the IDC property called Castle Grande Estates. To the best of my recollection, that was the first I had ever heard of Castle Grande Estates. She also claimed that she could not remember her work on the project nor 15 conversations with Hubbell’s father-in-law, Seth Ward. Federal regulators said "The indictment against Susan McDougal details
6667-522: The entire thousand acres that we referred to as IDC was being called Castle Grande . . . I was informed sometime within the last year or two that there was a trailer park on the IDC property called Castle Grande Estates. To the best of my recollection, that was the first I had ever heard of Castle Grande Estates. She also claimed that she could not remember her work on the project nor 15 conversations with Hubbell’s father-in-law, Seth Ward. Federal regulators said "The indictment against Susan McDougal details
6780-553: The event. Her address followed that of the commencement speaker , Senator Edward Brooke . After her speech, she received a standing ovation that lasted seven minutes. She was featured in an article published in Life magazine, because of the response to a part of her speech that criticized Senator Brooke. She also appeared on Irv Kupcinet 's nationally syndicated television talk show as well as in Illinois and New England newspapers. She
6893-415: The failure to prevent or adequately respond to the 2012 Benghazi attack . Clinton helped to organize a regime of international sanctions against Iran in an effort to force it to curtail its nuclear program , which eventually led to the multinational Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action in 2015. The strategic pivot to Asia was a central aspect of her tenure. Her use of a private email server as secretary
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#17330863280317006-483: The first female president of the United States. To help her better understand her changing political views, Professor Alan Schechter assigned Rodham to intern at the House Republican Conference , and she attended the "Wellesley in Washington" summer program. Rodham was invited by moderate New York Republican representative Charles Goodell to help Governor Nelson Rockefeller 's late-entry campaign for
7119-520: The first lady. Her press secretary reiterated she would be using that form of her name. She was the first in this role to have a postgraduate degree and her own professional career up to the time of entering the White House . She was also the first to have an office in the West Wing of the White House in addition to the usual first lady offices in the East Wing . During the presidential transition , she
7232-481: The first time when her husband became a candidate for the 1992 Democratic presidential nomination . Before the New Hampshire primary , tabloid publications printed allegations that Bill Clinton had engaged in an extramarital affair with Gennifer Flowers . In response, the Clintons appeared together on 60 Minutes , where Bill denied the affair, but acknowledged "causing pain in my marriage". This joint appearance
7345-472: The first woman partner at Little Rock 's Rose Law Firm . Clinton was the first lady of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981 and again from 1983 to 1992. As the first lady of the U.S., Clinton advocated for healthcare reform. In 1994, her health care plan failed to gain approval from Congress. In 1997 and 1999, Clinton played a leading role in promoting the creation of the State Children's Health Insurance Program ,
7458-518: The first woman to win a presidential nomination by a major U.S. political party and the only woman to win the popular vote for U.S. president. She is the only first lady of the United States to have run for elected office. Rodham graduated from Wellesley College in 1969 and from Yale Law School in 1973. After serving as a congressional legal counsel, she moved to Arkansas and, in 1975, married Bill Clinton. In 1977, Clinton co-founded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families , and in 1979 she became
7571-455: The maximum possible 18 months in prison for civil contempt, including 8 months in solitary confinement . Immediately afterward, on March 7, 1998, she began serving the two-year sentence for her conviction in 1996. Soon after, the Office of Independent Counsel indicted McDougal on criminal contempt-of-court charges, and charged her with obstruction of justice . After serving four months on
7684-403: The maximum possible 18 months in prison for civil contempt, including 8 months in solitary confinement . Immediately afterward, on March 7, 1998, she began serving the two-year sentence for her conviction in 1996. Soon after, the Office of Independent Counsel indicted McDougal on criminal contempt-of-court charges, and charged her with obstruction of justice . After serving four months on
7797-399: The name Hillary Rodham. Her motivation was threefold. She wanted to keep the couple's professional lives separate, avoid apparent conflicts of interest, and as she told a friend at the time, "it showed that I was still me". The decision upset both mothers, who were more traditional. In 1976, Rodham temporarily relocated to Indianapolis to work as an Indiana state campaign organizer for
7910-514: The nation would "get two for the price of one", referring to the prominent role his wife would assume. Beginning with Daniel Wattenberg 's August 1992 The American Spectator article "The Lady Macbeth of Little Rock", Hillary's own past ideological and ethical record came under attack from conservatives. At least twenty other articles in major publications also drew comparisons between her and Lady Macbeth . When Bill Clinton took office as president in January 1993, Hillary Rodham Clinton became
8023-576: The net worth of the S&L. Clark said Madison was one of the 3 worst cases of insider dealing that he did ever seen in his 20 years as an examiner. Hillary Clinton has said she did not work on the Castle Grande project, when questioned by two separate federal agencies and part of the Hillary Clinton and Whitewater probe "I don't believe I knew anything about any of these real estate parcels and projects. . . . " she said in an RTC interview in May 1995. But later Rose Law Firm billing records were discovered in
8136-527: The net worth of the S&L. Clark said Madison was one of the 3 worst cases of insider dealing that he did ever seen in his 20 years as an examiner. Hillary Clinton has said she did not work on the Castle Grande project, when questioned by two separate federal agencies and part of the Hillary Clinton and Whitewater probe "I don't believe I knew anything about any of these real estate parcels and projects. . . . " she said in an RTC interview in May 1995. But later Rose Law Firm billing records were discovered in
8249-419: The passage of the Foster Care Independence Act , which doubled federal monies for teenagers aging out of foster care . Clinton traveled to 79 countries as first lady, breaking the record for most-traveled first lady previously held by Pat Nixon . She did not hold a security clearance or attend National Security Council meetings, but played a role in U.S. diplomacy attaining its objectives. In
8362-441: The political processes of their countries. One prominent investigation regarding Clinton was the Whitewater controversy , which arose out of real estate investments by the Clintons and associates made in the 1970s. As part of this investigation, on January 26, 1996, Clinton became the first spouse of a U.S. president to be subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury . After several Independent Counsels had investigated,
8475-419: The poor. In the summer of 1970, she was awarded a grant to work at Marian Wright Edelman 's Washington Research Project, where she was assigned to Senator Walter Mondale 's Subcommittee on Migratory Labor . There she researched various migrant workers ' issues including education, health and housing. Edelman later became a significant mentor. Rodham was recruited by political advisor Anne Wexler to work on
8588-510: The potential to become a future senator or president. Meanwhile, boyfriend Bill Clinton had repeatedly asked Rodham to marry him, but she continued to demur. After failing the District of Columbia bar exam and passing the Arkansas exam, Rodham came to a key decision. As she later wrote, "I chose to follow my heart instead of my head". She thus followed Clinton to Arkansas, rather than staying in Washington, where career prospects were brighter. He
8701-492: The presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter . In November 1976, Bill Clinton was elected Arkansas attorney general , and the couple moved to the state capital of Little Rock . In February 1977, Rodham joined the venerable Rose Law Firm , a bastion of Arkansan political and economic influence. She specialized in patent infringement and intellectual property law while working pro bono in child advocacy. In 1977, Rodham cofounded Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families ,
8814-662: The press had alleged that Clinton had engaged in a conflict of interest and disguised a bribery. Several individuals analyzed her trading records; however, no formal investigation was made and she was never charged with any wrongdoing in relation to this. An outgrowth of the "Travelgate" investigation was the June 1996 discovery of improper White House access to hundreds of FBI background reports on former Republican White House employees, an affair that some called " Filegate ". Accusations were made that Clinton had requested these files and she had recommended hiring an unqualified individual to head
8927-511: The project cost the public $ 4 million. Robert W. Palmer was the land appraiser for one of the Castle Grande loans, he later admitted to conspiring with Jim McDougal and others with Madison Guaranty savings association. The conspiracy was to inflate the estimates used for the loans. Kenneth Starr 's investigators found that Palmer inflated estimates used to support loans made to Gov. Jim Guy Tucker of Arkansas. Mr. Palmer did many appraisals for loans for Madison Guaranty. The larger appraisals
9040-518: The proposal was abandoned in September 1994. Clinton later acknowledged in her memoir that her political inexperience partly contributed to the defeat but cited many other factors. The first lady's approval ratings, which had generally been in the high-50 percent range during her first year, fell to 44 percent in April 1994 and 35 percent by September 1994. The Republican Party negatively highlighted
9153-639: The regulators from finding Ward's loan and Madison's full investment in Castle Grande. The federal thrift examiners arrived the first week of March, 1986. The Dean Paul loan was completed on February 28. The loans did not miss the examiners. Jim Clark, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board Examiner-in-Charge at Madison, discovered that Seth Ward was behind the Castle Grande deal. The land was purchased illegally with Madison money. The Castle Grande loan like other loans were " pyramid scheme " intended to enrich institution insiders and bolster
9266-549: The regulators from finding Ward's loan and Madison's full investment in Castle Grande. The federal thrift examiners arrived the first week of March, 1986. The Dean Paul loan was completed on February 28. The loans did not miss the examiners. Jim Clark, the Federal Home Loan Bank Board Examiner-in-Charge at Madison, discovered that Seth Ward was behind the Castle Grande deal. The land was purchased illegally with Madison money. The Castle Grande loan like other loans were " pyramid scheme " intended to enrich institution insiders and bolster
9379-516: The scheme that would use Hale's SBIC as a pass-through to generate additional loans from Madison. Dean Paul, a friend and business associate of Hale's, borrowed $ 825,000 from Madison to buy three properties from David Hale. But Paul never used the money. It went instead to Hale, who used it to recapitalize his SBIC with matching funds from the SBA. Hale then loaned a $ 150,000 downpayment to Jim Guy Tucker and business partner, R.D. Randolph, who together bought out
9492-470: The scheme that would use Hale's SBIC as a pass-through to generate additional loans from Madison. Dean Paul, a friend and business associate of Hale's, borrowed $ 825,000 from Madison to buy three properties from David Hale. But Paul never used the money. It went instead to Hale, who used it to recapitalize his SBIC with matching funds from the SBA. Hale then loaned a $ 150,000 downpayment to Jim Guy Tucker and business partner, R.D. Randolph, who together bought out
9605-660: The sitting Governor, Jim Guy Tucker, who was forced to resign as well as Jim McDougal, Bill Clinton's partner in Whitewater. Since 1979, David Hale ran the Small Business Investment Corporation (SBIC), Capital Management Services, Inc., that was licensed to provide lending to minorities and the economically disadvantaged.The loans were matched and backed by the Small Business Administration (SBA). David Hale testified that he and Jim McDougal, with future-Governor Jim Guy Tucker , created
9718-501: The sitting Governor, Jim Guy Tucker, who was forced to resign as well as Jim McDougal, Bill Clinton's partner in Whitewater. Since 1979, David Hale ran the Small Business Investment Corporation (SBIC), Capital Management Services, Inc., that was licensed to provide lending to minorities and the economically disadvantaged.The loans were matched and backed by the Small Business Administration (SBA). David Hale testified that he and Jim McDougal, with future-Governor Jim Guy Tucker , created
9831-411: The system to be worth about 1/2 of that loan. Later when the loan went into default it was one of the largest losses to Madison, which collapsed in 1989 at a cost to taxpayers of $ 68 million. Palmer pleaded guilty on December 6, 1994 to Federal charges of conspiracy, related to Whitewater . He was sentenced on June 16, 1995, to 3 years probation with the first year home detention and was fined $ 5,000. He
9944-414: The taxpayers. Criminal referral on Madison Guaranty fraud loans were given first to U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of Arkansas, Paula Casey who declined to the seek prosecutions. Casey had been appointed to her post by President Bill Clinton and also had been his student. Federal special prosecutors later obtained convictions of 14 persons in Arkansas of more than 40 crimes. The defendants included
10057-460: The top five percent of her class. Rodham's mother wanted her to have an independent, professional career. Her father, who was otherwise a traditionalist, felt that his daughter's abilities and opportunities should not be limited by gender. She was raised in a politically conservative household, and she helped canvass Chicago's South Side at age 13 after the very close 1960 U.S. presidential election . She stated that, while investigating with
10170-481: The trading of cattle futures contracts ; an initial $ 1,000 investment generated nearly $ 100,000 when she stopped trading after ten months. At this time, the couple began their ill-fated investment in the Whitewater Development Corporation real estate venture with Jim and Susan McDougal . Both of these became subjects of controversy in the 1990s . On February 27, 1980, Rodham gave birth to
10283-534: Was Castle Grande Estates the trailer park, for which she did no work. Hillary Clinton told Barbara Walters on ABC in a Jan. 12, 1996 interview: "Castle Grande was a trailer park on a piece of property that was about a thousand acres big. I never did work for Castle Grande." "And so when I was asked about it last year [by the RTC], I didn't recognize it, I didn't remember it. The billing records show I did not do work for Castle Grande. I did work for something called IDC, which
10396-487: Was Castle Grande Estates the trailer park, for which she did no work. Hillary Clinton told Barbara Walters on ABC in a Jan. 12, 1996 interview: "Castle Grande was a trailer park on a piece of property that was about a thousand acres big. I never did work for Castle Grande." "And so when I was asked about it last year [by the RTC], I didn't recognize it, I didn't remember it. The billing records show I did not do work for Castle Grande. I did work for something called IDC, which
10509-677: Was Rose Law Firm partner with Hillary Clinton, he went with her to the Clinton White House as deputy counsel. At the Rose Law Firm he had been a billing partner and worked for on the Madison Bank & Trust accounts with Hillary Clinton. At the White House he was unhappy with work in politics and spiraled into depression , and in July 1993, he was found dead of a gunshot in Fort Marcy Park . Five official governmental investigations ruled his death
10622-456: Was Rose Law Firm partner with Hillary Clinton, he went with her to the Clinton White House as deputy counsel. At the Rose Law Firm he had been a billing partner and worked for on the Madison Bank & Trust accounts with Hillary Clinton. At the White House he was unhappy with work in politics and spiraled into depression , and in July 1993, he was found dead of a gunshot in Fort Marcy Park . Five official governmental investigations ruled his death
10735-414: Was a force behind the passage of the State Children's Health Insurance Program in 1997, which gave state support to children whose parents could not provide them health coverage. She participated in campaigns to promote the enrollment of children in the program after it took effect. Enactment of welfare reform was a major goal of Bill Clinton's presidency. When the first two bills on the issue came from
10848-588: Was asked to speak at the 50th anniversary convention of the League of Women Voters in Washington, D.C., the next year. That summer, she worked her way across Alaska, washing dishes in Mount McKinley National Park and sliming salmon in a fish processing cannery in Valdez (which fired her and shut down overnight when she complained about unhealthy conditions). Rodham then entered Yale Law School , where she
10961-563: Was credited with rescuing his campaign. During the campaign, Hillary made culturally disparaging remarks about Tammy Wynette 's outlook on marriage as described in her classic song " Stand by Your Man ". Later in the campaign, she commented she could have chosen to be like women staying home and baking cookies and having teas, but wanted to pursue her career instead. The remarks were widely criticized, particularly by those who were, or defended, stay-at-home mothers. In retrospect, she admitted they were ill-considered. Bill said that in electing him,
11074-445: Was elected class vice president for her junior year but then lost the election for class president for her senior year against two boys, one of whom told her that "you are really stupid if you think a girl can be elected president". For her senior year, she and other students were transferred to the then-new Maine South High School . There she was a National Merit Finalist and was voted "most likely to succeed." She graduated in 1965 in
11187-595: Was elected president of the Wellesley College Government Association, a position she held until early 1969. Following the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. , Rodham organized a two-day student strike and worked with Wellesley's black students to recruit more black students and faculty. In her student government role, she played a role in keeping Wellesley from being embroiled in the student disruptions common to other colleges. A number of her fellow students thought she might some day become
11300-466: Was for a $ 1.05 million loan to Gov. Jim Guy Tucker of Arkansas and an associate to buy a water and sewer system for the Castle Grande project. Later appraisals showed the system to be worth about 1/2 of that loan. Later when the loan went into default it was one of the largest losses to Madison, which collapsed in 1989 at a cost to taxpayers of $ 68 million. Palmer pleaded guilty on December 6, 1994 to Federal charges of conspiracy, related to Whitewater . He
11413-465: Was largely unsuccessful in her campaign for more women to be added to the company's management and was silent about the company's famously anti-labor union practices. According to Dan Kaufman, awareness of this later became a factor in her loss of credibility with organized labor, helping contribute to her loss in the 2016 election, where slightly less than half of union members voted for Donald Trump . Clinton received sustained national attention for
11526-428: Was later pardoned by Bill Clinton in a controversial manner. Starting in 1982 Jim McDougal operated Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan. On April 14, 1997, McDougal was convicted of 18 felony counts of fraud conspiracy charges. The counts had to do with fraudulent loans made by Madison, the S&L which failed in the late 1980s. As his Savings and Loan was Federally insured the bad loans ($ 68 million) were paid by
11639-407: Was no different from that of other White House advisors, and that voters had been well aware she would play an active role in her husband's presidency. In January 1993, President Clinton named Hillary to chair a task force on National Health Care Reform , hoping to replicate the success she had in leading the effort for Arkansas education reform. The recommendation of the task force became known as
11752-410: Was not related to Castle Grande." Walters asked." Was that Seth Ward?" Hillary Clinton replied "And Seth Ward was involved in that on behalf . . . " Barbara Walters: "Separate deal?" Hillary Clinton reply: "Separate deal completely." RTC lawyers interviewed Hillary Clinton in the White House, on Feb. 14, 1996, asked: RTC:" Can you explain to me what you mean by IDC and Castle Grande are, in your mind,
11865-409: Was not related to Castle Grande." Walters asked." Was that Seth Ward?" Hillary Clinton replied "And Seth Ward was involved in that on behalf . . . " Barbara Walters: "Separate deal?" Hillary Clinton reply: "Separate deal completely." RTC lawyers interviewed Hillary Clinton in the White House, on Feb. 14, 1996, asked: RTC:" Can you explain to me what you mean by IDC and Castle Grande are, in your mind,
11978-687: Was on the editorial board of the Yale Review of Law and Social Action . During her second year, she worked at the Yale Child Study Center , learning about new research on early childhood brain development and working as a research assistant on the seminal work, Beyond the Best Interests of the Child (1973). She also took on cases of child abuse at Yale–New Haven Hospital , and volunteered at New Haven Legal Services to provide free legal advice for
12091-500: Was part of the innermost circle vetting appointments to the new administration. Her choices filled at least eleven top-level positions and dozens more lower-level ones. After Eleanor Roosevelt , Clinton was regarded as the most openly empowered presidential wife in American history. Some critics called it inappropriate for the first lady to play a central role in public policy matters. Supporters pointed out that Clinton's role in policy
12204-560: Was president of the Wellesley Young Republicans . As the leader of this " Rockefeller Republican "-oriented group, she supported the elections of moderate Republicans John Lindsay to mayor of New York City and Massachusetts attorney general Edward Brooke to the United States Senate. She later stepped down from this position. In 2003, Clinton would write that her views concerning the civil rights movement and
12317-405: Was sentenced on June 16, 1995, to 3 years probation with the first year home detention and was fined $ 5,000. He was later pardoned by Bill Clinton in a controversial manner. Starting in 1982 Jim McDougal operated Madison Guaranty Savings and Loan. On April 14, 1997, McDougal was convicted of 18 felony counts of fraud conspiracy charges. The counts had to do with fraudulent loans made by Madison,
12430-508: Was the first lady, access to her thesis was restricted at the request of the White House and it became the subject of some speculation. The thesis was later released. In 1969, she graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, with departmental honors in political science. After some fellow seniors requested that the college administration allow a student speaker at commencement, she became the first student in Wellesley College history to speak at
12543-478: Was the subject of intense scrutiny; while no charges were filed, the controversy was the single-most-covered topic during her second presidential run in 2016 . She won the Democratic nomination, but lost the general election to her Republican Party opponent, Donald Trump , in the Electoral College , while winning the popular vote. Following her loss, she wrote multiple books and launched Onward Together ,
12656-571: Was then teaching law and running for a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives in his home state. In August 1974, Rodham moved to Fayetteville, Arkansas , and became one of only two female faculty members at the University of Arkansas School of Law in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Rodham became the first director of a new legal aid clinic at the University of Arkansas School of Law. During her time in Fayetteville, Rodham and several other women founded
12769-437: Was to inflate the estimates used for the loans. Kenneth Starr 's investigators found that Palmer inflated estimates used to support loans made to Gov. Jim Guy Tucker of Arkansas. Mr. Palmer did many appraisals for loans for Madison Guaranty. The larger appraisals was for a $ 1.05 million loan to Gov. Jim Guy Tucker of Arkansas and an associate to buy a water and sewer system for the Castle Grande project. Later appraisals showed
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