Cassons or Casson is the name of a Yokuts Native American tribe in central eastern California . The Cassons are also called the Gashowu . The Casson Yokuts territory extended from the eastern side of San Joaquin Valley floor eastward to the upper foothills, between the San Joaquin River to the north and Kings River to south. The Cassons signed the Camp Barbour Treaty under Tom-quit, on the San Joaquin River, state of California , April 19, 1851. The treaty was signed by several Yokuts tribes and between Redick McKee , George W. Barbour , and O. M. Wozencraft , commissioners on the part of the United States of America .
72-611: Casson Yokuts territory included Madera County and parts of Fresno County. The three chiefs who signed for the Cassons were Domingo Perez, Tom-mas and Jose Antonio. Many Native Californians had acquired Spanish names during the Mission Period. The Cassons, like other Yokuts, and central California Native groups, were pushed from their homes in the San Joaquin Valley to reservations after they signed several treaties, including
144-456: A blend of traditional industries like farming and manufacturing, coupled hospitality and service-oriented fields. Based on the average employment percentages from 2015 to 2022, the employment sectors in Madera County are ranked as follows: The sectors that saw the largest decrease in the period were information (-25%), financial activities (-12.50%) and manufacturing (-5.71%). Looking towards
216-505: A broader decline in the U.S. starting in the 1980s, caused by falling market prices and economic issues, resulting in a major decrease in tungsten mining nationwide. As a result, tungsten mining in Madera County and the rest of the Sierra Nevada has stopped entirely. The discovery of gold was quickly followed by a high demand for lumber, which was essential for constructing sluice boxes and building early settlements. The first sawmill in
288-461: A considerable effort involving transport by the San Joaquin Valley and Yosemite Railroad to Raymond and then by mule teams to the Sugar Pine mill, approximately 30 miles (48 km) miles away. Operationally, Engines 2, 3, and 4 typically moved 15 empty log cars from the sawmill to the logging areas. The larger Engines 5 and 6, with three trucks each, could pull 22 empty log cars. The capacity of
360-401: A cost of $ 250,000, ready for the 1877 season. Facing the problem of lumber slipping over the sides of the flume, William Thurman, one of the company’s co-founders, developed a new technique to clamp bundles of lumber together, enhancing their stability during transport. His invention, known as the flume clamp, was patented in 1877 and effectively reduced the risk of losing lumber and damaging
432-558: A crucial role in mitigating the agricultural labor shortages that arose during World War II and the Korean War . Advocated by the Madera County Chamber of Commerce, efforts were made to persuade the federal government to prolong the guest worker program beyond its original expiration in 1964. Despite the program's conclusion, labor migration continued, and by the end of the century, Madera County had become increasingly dependent on
504-505: A migrant workforce. As of the 1990s, this workforce was predominantly composed of Mixtecs from Oaxaca, Mexico, numbering an estimated 5,000 individuals. Madera County is characterized by its diverse landscapes, encompassing the fertile San Joaquin Valley , grasslands and oak woodlands of the foothills, and the rugged Sierra Nevada mountains. A significant part of Yosemite National Park , known for its wilderness and alpine areas, lies within
576-414: A section of Yosemite National Park within its borders, Madera County has leveraged tourism as a key economic driver. Additionally, it has established itself as a leading agricultural center, renowned for its substantial production of almonds , grapes , and pistachios . Despite these economic advantages, Madera County encounters socioeconomic challenges, including a median household income that falls below
648-583: A significant Hispanic or Latino population of 59.6%. Linguistic diversity is evident, with 46.5% of residents speaking a language other than English at home. An estimated 12,500 to 15,000 people in Madera County are undocumented immigrants . Educational attainment in Madera County shows that 21.4% of its population holds a Bachelor's degree or higher, which is below the California average. Madera County's origins are deeply rooted in boom-and-bust cycles, primarily driven by extractive industries. Initially,
720-688: A significant population of Mexican descent . After the California Gold Rush , the region became a vibrant mosaic, drawing individuals from across the United States and beyond. Chinese laborers played a key role in constructing the Madera Flume and working in the Sugar Pine lumber yards . However, their numbers declined after restrictive immigration laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act and
792-539: A two-mile (3 km) section of the original railroad grade used between 1908 and 1924. The California Lumber Company was founded in February 1874, initiating an ambitious project to move lumber from the Sierra Nevada to the new railroad in the San Joaquin Valley . This extensive project required setting up lumber camps and mills in the mountains and building a log flume to transport the lumber from higher elevations to
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#1732887119631864-585: A union between one man and one woman. The county is one of three counties in California to establish a separate department to deal with corrections , pursuant to California Government Code §23013, the Madera County Department of Corrections , along with Napa County and Santa Clara County . The officers receive their powers under 831 and 831.5 of the California Penal Code. Madera Sugar Pine Company The Madera Sugar Pine Company
936-435: Is 56.4%, which is lower than the national rate. The county has a youthful demographic, with 27.1% under 18 years old, compared to the national figure of 22.4%. The percentage of elderly residents in Madera County is slightly below the U.S. average. Madera County is notable for its higher percentage of foreign-born residents at 20.3%, surpassing the national average. This contributes to the county's multicultural identity, with
1008-439: Is below California's median of $ 91,551, reflecting economic disparities within the region. Additionally, Madera County's poverty rate of 24.3% surpasses the state's 12.2% rate, underscoring significant economic challenges, particularly affecting children under 18, with 38.2% living in poverty. Comparatively, Madera County's median income slightly exceeds the national median of $ 69,717. However, its poverty rate of 22.0% also exceeds
1080-566: Is mandated by the California Constitution to have a five-member Board of Supervisors elected to staggered four-year terms. The Board of Supervisors: District 1, Brett Frazier; District 2, David Rogers; District 3, Robert Poythress; District 4, Leticia Gonzalez; District 5, Tom Wheeler; and County Administrator, Jay Varney; and staff provide for voter registration and elections, law enforcement, jails, vital records, property records, tax collection, public health, roads, and social services for
1152-477: The Great Depression . With the economic situation showing no signs of improvement by 1933, the flume, lumber yard, planing mill and box factory were permanently closed. Every locomotive was sold or scrapped. he Madera Sugar Pine Company (MSP) managed a fleet of seven locomotives. Four of these engines were named, while the others were known by numbers. The first engine, known as Betsy or Engine Number One,
1224-617: The Immigration Act of 1917 were enacted. This led to Mexican immigrants filling the roles previously held by Chinese workers, signifying a notable change in the area's labor dynamics. During the 1930s, Madera County became a destination for significant numbers of refugees from the Dust Bowl , primarily originating from Oklahoma and Arkansas. In the mid-20th century, the Bracero Program , designed to recruit labor from Mexico , played
1296-467: The U.S. state of California . It features a varied landscape, encompassing the eastern San Joaquin Valley and the central Sierra Nevada , with Madera serving as the county seat . Established in 1893 from part of Fresno County , Madera County reported a population of 156,255 in the 2020 census. "Madera," meaning "wood" in Spanish, signifies the county's historical ties to the lumber industry. With
1368-547: The White House under Theodore Roosevelt . Overall, the company logged more than 6,200 acres (25 km ) acres and generated over 1.3 billion board feet of lumber before its closure in 1933, a downturn driven by the declining supply and demand during The Great Depression . Despite these economic challenges, the Madera Sugar Pine Company maintained profitability in each year of its operation. A key moment for
1440-556: The history of the United States is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article relating to the Indigenous peoples of North America is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Madera County, California Madera County ( / m ə ˈ d ɛər ə / ), officially the County of Madera , is a county located at the geographic center of
1512-529: The 1923 case Madera Sugar Pine Co. v. Industrial Accident Commission of California , the United States Supreme Court upheld death benefits to the non-resident alien dependents of employees who died as a result of no-fault industrial accidents. The decision upheld the Workmen's Compensation Act of California , which was found to not be in violation of the U.S. Constitution . The ruling required that
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#17328871196311584-444: The California average and poverty rates that exceed state averages, underscoring the economic disparities within the county. Madera County is characterized by its diverse population, including a pronounced Native American heritage and a history of immigration and migration dating back to the California Gold Rush . The county has a 59.6% Hispanic or Latino population and 20.3% of residents are foreign-born, both percentages surpassing
1656-596: The Camp Barbour Treaty. The Barbour Treaty, Fremont Treaty and other California treaties were never ratified. Several Casson Yokuts families went to work for Yosemite in the early 1900s. Like the surrounding tribes, the Mono Paiutes and the Miwoks , they resided there half year and returned to their tribal areas. Later in the late 1920s, Yosemite National Park built homes for their Native American workers. Gashowu
1728-476: The Chinese workers' experience, particularly in the wake of the Chinese Exclusion Act . In 1922, Madera Sugar Pine decided to replace these Chinese laborers with Mexican laborers who had become readily available following the Immigration Act of 1917 . In a move that would send a clear signal that Chinese workers were no longer welcome, the company set fire to Chinatown at the end of the logging season, waiting until
1800-618: The Government and Protection of Indians . Despite these adversities, several communities persevered in their traditional lifestyles. However, the creation of the Sierra National Forest in 1897 introduced a citizen-only land use permit system, effectively excluding Native Americans until they were granted citizenship in 1924 through the Indian Citizenship Act . Since the area was part of Mexico until 1848, it has maintained
1872-745: The Lewis Fork of the Fresno River served two purposes. It formed a log pond to serve the new Sugar Pine mill and created a water source for a new flume head. The completely rebuilt flume followed the original fifty-four miles (87 km) route through Fresno Flats, dropping a total of 4,500 feet (1,400 m) elevation on the journey to Madera. To maintain the proper grade, over 200 trestles were built, some of them 65 feet (20 m) high. The flume cost $ 275,000 to construct, an average of $ 5000 per mile. It used approximately 5,700,000 feet of redwood lumber and 2100 kegs of nails. A catastrophic fire swept through
1944-626: The Madera Flume and Trading Company. This new entity expanded its operations by adding a four-mile narrow gauge railway connecting the Soquel Mill with the flume, facilitating the transport of timber from more remote locations. In the late 1880s, the Madera Flume and Lumber Company made history by being the first logging operation to swap traditional oxen teams for steam-powered donkey engines . These compact yet potent steam engines allowed loggers to cut and transport trees under any weather conditions, thereby boosting overall timber production throughout
2016-511: The Madera Sugar Pine Company compensate the partially dependent survivors of two Mexican laborers who had died on the job. This case established the legal principle that non-resident alien dependents are entitled to the same compensation as citizens under the state's worker's compensation laws . The mill at Sugar Pine ceased activity in November 1931 with wood piling up in the Madera lumber yard due to
2088-508: The Madera housewife and mother of four worked on call as a "matron" assisting with female transfers. The region now known as Madera County was originally the territory of several Native American tribes, notably the Mono , Chukchansi , and Miwok . The Mono inhabited the upper San Joaquin River region, encompassing areas around North Fork and Crane Valley . The Chukchansi tribe lived in what are today
2160-582: The camps to the mill. Expenses at Madera and in the woods now exceed $ 15,000 per month – truly an enterprise of which any area might feel justly proud. Betsy had a unique design, with a small cab that required the engineer to also serve as the fireman. Despite this quirk, Betsy became one of the longest-serving Shay locomotives in the Sierra and remained in service through the 1930s. In the late 1800s, loggers in Nelder Grove cut down many giant sequoias . However,
2232-610: The communities of Oakhurst , Coarsegold , Ahwahnee , and the lower foothills extending to the San Joaquin Valley . Meanwhile, the Miwok were located in the vicinity of Ahwahnee, Wawona , Mariposa , and the Yosemite Valley . Following the California Gold Rush , many Native American communities were displaced, a situation exacerbated by the Mariposa War and institutionalized by the Act for
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2304-494: The company introduced Betsy, an early Shay locomotive . She was the first of her kind to operate in the southern Sierra Nevada and represented a significant advancement in logging techniques and efficiency. The Visalia Weekly Delta reported on the innovation. Logging on the Madera Flume and Trading Company has been greatly facilitated this season by a new narrow-gauge (3-foot) railroad. Cars especially made for this purpose have done away with many [ox] teams in bringing lumber from
2376-446: The company store and received medical care at the company hospital. They accepted all customers, showing no discrimination beyond the ability to pay. The first brothel for the loggers of Madera Sugar Pine Company was called Kamook, located four miles from Sugar Pine . Tipperary was the most popular. Named after the popular song , Tipperary featured a main parlor house and four individual cabins. Accommodations at Kamook were scarce, so
2448-483: The company was its involvement in a landmark 1923 U.S. Supreme Court case where the court confirmed death benefits for non-resident alien dependents, marking a major step in workers' rights and setting a precedent against discrimination in cases of industrial accidents . In 1967, service resumed as the Yosemite Mountain Sugar Pine Railroad , a heritage railway . The railroad is built on
2520-475: The county has a total area of 2,153 square miles (5,580 km ), of which 2,137 square miles (5,530 km ) is land and 16 square miles (41 km ), or 0.8%, is water. Madera County is part of the Madera AVA wine region . Madera County's demographic composition and economic indicators reveal contrasts with both state and national averages. The county's median household income is reported at $ 76,920, which
2592-512: The county is in the 5th Assembly District , represented by Republican Joe Patterson . In the California State Senate , Madera is split between the 8th Senate District , represented by Democrat Angelique Ashby , and the 12th Senate District , represented by Republican Shannon Grove . On November 4, 2008, Madera County voted 73.4% for Proposition 8, which amended the California Constitution to define marriage as
2664-638: The county seat, population 62,000, and Chowchilla, population 19,600. Madera County has three correctional facilities. The first is the Madera County Jail, managed by the elected Sheriff. The second, Valley State Prison , is a state-run prison located in Chowchilla. The third, the Central California Women's Facility , is also in Chowchilla , across from Valley State Prison. Inmates are counted in
2736-546: The county was constructed in 1852 on the east fork of Redwood Creek, north of Oakhurst , in an area currently known as Old Corral. This mill primarily provided lumber to miners and settlers in the Coarsegold and Fresno Flats areas. In 1854, Charles Converse and Bill Chitister purchased the mill and relocated it to Crane Valley, the area now known as Bass Lake . In 1872, the California Lumber Company initiated
2808-490: The county's census population. Madera is a strongly Republican county in presidential and congressional elections. The last Democrat to win a majority in the county was Jimmy Carter in 1976 . Madera is split between the 5th and 13th congressional districts, represented by Tom McClintock ( R – Elk Grove ) and John Duarte ( R – Modesto ), respectively. With respect to the California State Assembly ,
2880-422: The county's economy was heavily reliant on mineral extraction and timber harvesting. Over time, agriculture and ag related industries became the predominant employer and economic force. Madera County became known for gold mining during the California Gold Rush . Madera County, created in 1893 from a portion of Fresno County , encompassed most of the region's productive gold mines. These mines, located primarily at
2952-461: The county. Madera County also hosts important waterways, including parts of the San Joaquin River and several lakes and reservoirs, vital for agriculture, ecosystems, and recreation. The county experiences a range of climates, from arid in the valley to alpine in the higher Sierra Nevada, creating diverse microclimates and environments across the area. According to the U.S. Census Bureau ,
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3024-635: The entire county. It is the local government for all unincorporated areas. Other elected offices include the Sheriff, Tyson Pogue; District Attorney, Sally Orme Moreno; Assessor, Brian Glover (acting); Auditor-Controller, David Richstone; Treasurer-Tax Collector, Tracy Kennedy; and Clerk/Registrar of Voters-Recorder, Rebecca Martinez. The Sheriff's Office and staff provide court protection, jail administration, and coroner service for all of Madera County with its total population of approximately 156,000 residents. The Sheriff provides police patrol and detective services to
3096-441: The first snowfall to ensure that no other structures would be damaged in the blaze. This incident highlights the discrimination and injustice faced by Chinese workers in the logging industry during the early 20th century. Prostitution flourished in the Sierra during the logging days. The San Francisco fire of 1906 left many sex workers without work, so they went to the logging camps. Law enforcement left them be, and they traded at
3168-479: The flume. His flume clamp was patented in 1877. However, despite these innovations, the California Lumber Company encountered financial challenges. Lack of sufficient funds and the 1877 drought significantly affected its operations, resulting in the termination of the company's activities after only three seasons. In 1878, the California Lumber Company underwent a major overhaul and was rebranded as
3240-411: The future, Government, Health and Education and Professional Sectors are forecast to be the fastest growing employment sectors. Madera County is heavily invested in permanent crops, with almonds as the leading commodity, followed by grapes and pistachios . This area also places significant emphasis on cattle ranching and pollination services, particularly for almond cultivation, both ranking among
3312-417: The growth of Fresno Flats and the formation of Madera County . At its peak, the Madera Sugar Pine Company employed over 600 men in its logging operations, another 1,000 in its lumber mill , and produced an annual output of 50 million board feet of lumber. Most of its production was exported beyond California, notably supplying two carloads of "the finest Sugar Pine in the world" for the reconstruction of
3384-480: The industry recovered when a new sawmill in North Fork was built, which used logging trucks and advanced equipment for deeper access into the Sierra National Forest . However, in the early 1990s, tighter government rules reduced forest yields, hurting the mill's profits. This downturn led to the end of Madera County's logging era in February 1994, when the last log was processed. Madera County's employment sectors are
3456-410: The jobs in the Sugar Pine lumber yards. However, these Chinese workers faced significant discrimination and segregation in the workplace and in their daily lives. They were relegated to low-paying jobs as common laborers, were hired and paid through a middleman, and lived in a separate Chinatown apart from the rest of the community. Anti-Chinese sentiment and lack of legal protection also hindered
3528-433: The junction of the Sierra Nevada batholith with pre-Cretaceous schist and slate, stretched from Grub Gulch to Hildreth . Grub Gulch, located near the end of Highway 49 , was a gold rush town renowned for its easily accessible gold. Initially, Grub Gulch was a simple shanty town of tents, but it blossomed into a bustling community in the late 1880s, spurred by successful placer mining in nearby streams. At its peak,
3600-628: The mid-20th century, Madera County's High Sierra regions became prominent for their significant tungsten deposits, leading to extensive mining activities near Mammoth Lakes , Central Camp , and Fish Camp . One notable example, the Strawberry Tungsten Mine, was valued at $ 1 million in 1955 and had the capacity to process 310 metric tons of ore daily by 1981. However, tungsten mining in the Sierra Nevada faced challenges due to harsh winter conditions and intense competition from low-cost tungsten imports from China. These challenges were part of
3672-433: The mill site. Operations resumed the following April with an expanded capacity of 350,000 board feet a day. The sawmill community at Sugar Pine was diverse, with workers from many different nationalities. Social status within the community was based on a person's position with the company, and housing was allocated accordingly. Management lived in the upper canyon, sawmill workers in the lower canyon, and shop workers on
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#17328871196313744-415: The national average, indicating a notable income inequality within the county. In terms of housing, Madera County offers relatively more affordable options compared to the rest of California, with a median gross rent of $ 1,189 against the state's $ 1,870. The homeownership rate in Madera County is 69.0%, which is higher than California's rate of 55.8%. The labor force participation rate in Madera County
3816-471: The national averages. Additionally, nearly half of Madera County's population speaks a language other than English at home, reflecting its multicultural composition. Madera is the Spanish term for wood. The county derives its name from the town of Madera, named when the California Lumber Company built a log flume to carry lumber to the Central Pacific Railroad there in 1876. Madera County
3888-424: The region's first major lumber operation with a steam mill near Nelder Grove . They built a record-setting 65 mi (105 km) long log flume to Madera to float finished lumber to market. Although it ran out of money in 1874, it was restructured and operated at a profit for the next four decades. During the Great Depression , Madera County's lumber industry and logging railroads ceased operations. In 1941,
3960-461: The sex workers set up a tent community called "Happy Camp" two miles away in Fish Camp, California . Business boomed, and the sex workers soon hired carpenters to construct a permanent brothel. Prostitution houses stood for just over twenty years, Tipperary being the first to fall when the logs near Big Creek were depleted and the logging moved on. Happy Camp and Kamook persisted until the 1920s. In
4032-435: The side of the hill. Loggers would live in seasonal camps in the woods, where they would sleep four to a shack and eat in a common cookhouse. Chinese laborers, whose jobs were limited to the flume, drying yard and sawmill, lived in a separate Chinatown area south of the mill. Chinese workers, many of whom had arrived during the California Gold Rush , played a significant role in completing the Madera Flume and filling many of
4104-813: The state, and were beginning to filter northwards here along with other Mexican indigenous agricultural laborers to work in the county's farms. Madera County is mostly covered by the State Center Community College District centered on Fresno City College in Fresno . Other districts with territory within Madera County also include the West Hills Community College District and the Merced Community College District . School districts include: Unified: Secondary: Elementary: The Government of Madera County
4176-416: The top five local agricultural sectors. In 2022, Madera County's overall gross crop production was valued at $ 1.9 billion. The county is renowned for its agricultural prowess, holding state rankings of #1 in fig production, #4 in both almonds and nuts, #4 in grape production (specifically the raisin variety), and #4 in pistachios. In the 1990s Mixtec farmworkers were a large presence in the southern part of
4248-459: The town boasted five saloons, a general store, a post office, and a boarding house. Remarkably, out of the $ 1.35 million worth of gold extracted from Madera County, nearly $ 1 million originated from Grub Gulch. By the 1950s, gold production had significantly dropped, primarily from dredging operations along the Fresno , Chowchilla , and San Joaquin Rivers with almost no production after 1959. In
4320-502: The town on September 9, 1922. The sawmill, lumber yard, and 75 acres (0.30 km ) acres of surrounding forest were destroyed. Madera Sugar Pine immediately announced plans to rebuild and expand. Equipment was ordered, manufactured and shipped from the eastern US by rail, including a modern two-band sawmill. Crews worked throughout the winter to transport and assemble over 500,000 pounds (230,000 kg) of equipment, hauling it over 60 miles (97 km) miles of dirt road from Madera to
4392-457: The trains was largely dictated by the steepness of the railroad grade. Notably, the Shay locomotives were designed to be adaptable, never needing to be turned around; they were always positioned with the front end facing uphill, highlighting their flexibility in handling the rugged terrain. In 1933, the sawmill closed, and the company chose to dismantle the railroad in 1934, marking the end of an era for
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#17328871196314464-478: The turn of the century, the old-growth white pine of the upper Midwest had become depleted. Sugar pine , with its large size and straight grain, became a highly valued substitute for white pine. This led many established lumber interests to push westward into the Sierra Nevada. In 1889, Arthur Hill, a Michigan-born timber magnate, and his associates purchased the assets of the Madera Flume and Trading Company and expanded its operations. Its existing logging railroad
4536-529: The unincorporated areas of the county, which contain approximately 70,000 residents, or 45% of Madera County's total population. The Sheriff's main station and offices are in the City of Madera. There are two Sheriff's substations: Oakhurst, population 3,000, and The Madera Ranchos, population 12,000, both on Highway 41 to Yosemite National Park in the Sierras. The municipal police departments within Madera County are Madera,
4608-468: The valley. Between 1874 and 1877, a 54-mile (87 km) log flume , the longest ever built at that time, was constructed to transport rough-cut lumber from the mountains to Madera in the valley. There, it could be finished and shipped worldwide via the Southern Pacific Railroad . This project involved constructing many high trestles across the variable foothills' terrain and was finished at
4680-451: The wood from these trees had limited commercial potential due to its tendency to break apart when felled and its inferior suitability for construction compared to old-growth sugar pine and ponderosa. Despite this, more than 100 of the largest sequoias in the grove survived clearcutting by 1897. By the late 1890s, the Madera Flume and Trading Company was in decline. The reasons were twofold: the available timber tracts were depleting, and there
4752-485: The year. In 1881, the company constructed the Soquel Mill and connected it to an extended log flume, positioned upstream from the original California Mill. The following year, they established a second mill near Nelder Grove. However, this new mill did not have a nearby water source, necessitating the use of a forest tramway to move the lumber to the flume. By then, the company had the capability to transport 100,000 board feet of finished lumber to Madera daily. In 1889,
4824-536: Was a United States lumber company that operated in the Sierra Nevada region of California during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The company distinguished itself through the use of innovative technologies, including the southern Sierra's first log flume and logging railroad , along with the early adoption of the Steam Donkey engine. Its significant regional impact led to the establishment of towns such as Madera , Fish Camp , and Sugar Pine , as well as
4896-405: Was a decrease in the demand for lumber exports due to a prolonged economic depression . Earlier, the California Lumber Company mills had been permanently closed, and the company itself had declared bankruptcy in 1878. Despite these setbacks, the Madera lumber yard managed to keep running, albeit on a smaller scale, supported by contracted loggers who continued to supply cut logs to the flume. By
4968-500: Was a dialect of the Yokuts language of California, spoken by the Casson. ʔamaˑmaw there šeleˑlaw to the rock šetʰna wild onion maˑxiˑni get wilši she says halaˑxin climb wilši. she says ʔamaˑmaw šeleˑlaw šetʰna maˑxiˑni wilši halaˑxin wilši. there {to the rock} {wild onion} get {she says} climb {she says} This article relating to
5040-411: Was an early model that became a reliable part of the fleet, serving until the early 1930s despite its unique design requiring the engineer to also act as the fireman. Betsy stood out for its durability and became one of the longest-serving Shay locomotives in the Sierra Nevada, even though it had a tendency to derail occasionally. The company's larger locomotives, Engines 4 and 5, were delivered through
5112-538: Was extended to newly secured timber tracts, and the flume to Madera was reconstructed. The scale of the operation was expanded to rival the Fresno Flume and Irrigation Company and Sanger Lumber Company , which had sprung up as competitors. The sugar pine tree became the central symbol for the reincorporated company. It featured in the company's name and logo and became the namesake for the newly constructed company town and state-of-the-art mill. A new earth dam on
5184-499: Was formed in 1893 from Fresno County during a special election held in Fresno on May 16, 1893. Citizens residing in the area that was to become Madera County voted 1,179 to 358 for separation from Fresno County and the establishment of Madera County. The Madera County Sheriff's Department employed the first woman in California to die in the line of duty as a sworn law enforcement officer—Tulare native Lucille Helm (1914–1959). For 15 years,
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