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80-544: Gateway Casinos & Entertainment Limited is one of the largest casino and entertainment companies in Canada and has grown from 2 facilities with 150 employees to 31 facilities with over 7,000 employees. Starting in 1992, Gateway Casinos has provided operational services for casinos in the Greater Vancouver Regional District of British Columbia. In April 1992, Gateway Casinos acquired two casino operations in

160-426: A denial-of-service attack ) rather than integrity (modifying data) or confidentiality (copying data without changing it). State actors are more likely to keep the attack secret. Sophisticated attacks using valuable exploits are more less likely to be detected or announced – as the perpetrator wants to protect the usefulness of the exploit. Evidence collection is done immediately, prioritizing volatile evidence that

240-592: A Regional Context Statement to "demonstrate to the Metro Vancouver Board how its Official Community Plan Supports the RGS." The five goals of the RGS are to: Regional planning also includes planning and policy-making in agriculture and the food industry. The organization is committed to the goals and strategies in the Regional Food System Strategy, as approved by the board. The goals are to: In 2018,

320-514: A breach are usually a negative externality for the business. Critical infrastructure is that considered most essential—such as healthcare, water supply, transport, and financial services—which has been increasingly governed by cyber-physical systems that depend on network access for their functionality. For years, writers have warned of cataclysmic consequences of cyberattacks that have failed to materialize as of 2023 . These extreme scenarios could still occur, but many experts consider that it

400-460: A casual, yet airy and electric atmosphere. Many locations boasts a multi-season outdoor patio that takes advantage of its world-class setting, spectacular views, and include outdoor fire tables and misters; allowing patrons to take in the unique location elements in comfort and style. In December 2015 Gateway casinos bought Playtime Gaming Inc. expanding their properties with 4 new CGC (community gaming centers) and 2 commercial bingo halls making them

480-533: A change of 7.3% from its 2016 population of 2,463,431 . With a land area of 2,878.93 km (1,111.56 sq mi), it had a population density of 918.0/km (2,377.6/sq mi) in 2021. The Metro Vancouver Regional District is the densest and most populous regional district in British Columbia, and the second-densest and second-most populous census division in Canada behind Toronto . Metro Vancouver technically comprises four separate corporate entities:

560-465: A compelling interest in finding out whether a state is behind the attack. Unlike attacks carried out in person, determining the entity behind a cyberattack is difficult. A further challenge in attribution of cyberattacks is the possibility of a false flag attack , where the actual perpetrator makes it appear that someone else caused the attack. Every stage of the attack may leave artifacts , such as entries in log files, that can be used to help determine

640-484: A data breach, criminals make money by selling data, such as usernames, passwords, social media or customer loyalty account information, debit and credit card numbers, and personal health information (see medical data breach ). This information may be used for a variety of purposes, such as spamming , obtaining products with a victim's loyalty or payment information, prescription drug fraud , insurance fraud , and especially identity theft . Consumer losses from

720-441: A form of warfare are likely to violate the prohibition of aggression. Therefore, they could be prosecuted as a crime of aggression . There is also agreement that cyberattacks are governed by international humanitarian law , and if they target civilian infrastructure, they could be prosecuted as a war crime , crime against humanity , or act of genocide . International courts cannot enforce these laws without sound attribution of

800-644: A hacker is an individual working for themself. However, many cyber threats are teams of well-resourced experts. "Growing revenues for cyber criminals are leading to more and more attacks, increasing professionalism and highly specialized attackers. In addition, unlike other forms of crime, cybercrime can be carried out remotely, and cyber attacks often scale well." Many cyberattacks are caused or enabled by insiders, often employees who bypass security procedures to get their job done more efficiently. Attackers vary widely in their skill and sophistication and well as their determination to attack

880-429: A huge increase in hacked and breached data. The worldwide information security market is forecast to reach $ 170.4 billion in 2022. Over time, computer systems make up an increasing portion of daily life and interactions. While the increasing complexity and connectedness of the systems increases the efficiency, power, and convenience of computer technology, it also renders the systems more vulnerable to attack and worsens

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960-435: A method of crime and warfare , although correctly attributing the attack is difficult and perpetrators are rarely prosecuted. A cyberattack can be defined as any attempt by an individual or organization "using one or more computers and computer systems to steal, expose, change, disable or eliminate information, or to breach computer information systems, computer networks, and computer infrastructures". Definitions differ as to

1040-741: A particular target, as opposed to opportunistically picking one easy to attack. The skill level of the attacker determined which types of attacks they are prepared to mount. The most sophisticated attackers can persist undetected on a hardened system for an extended period of time. Motivations and aims also differ. Depending whether the expected threat is passive espionage, data manipulation, or active hijacking, different mitigation methods may be needed. Software vendors and governments are mainly interested in undisclosed vulnerabilities ( zero-days ), while organized crime groups are more interested in ready-to-use exploit kits based on known vulnerabilities, which are much cheaper. The lack of transparency in

1120-642: A regional district for this western portion of the Lower Mainland named the Regional District of Fraser-Burrard on 29 June 1967. Just under a year later, the regional district was renamed as the Greater Vancouver Regional District (GVRD) on 13 June 1968. In 2007, the GVRD applied to change its official legal name a second time to simply "Metro Vancouver", which was deemed more recognizable at

1200-417: A robust patching system to ensure that all devices are kept up to date. There is little evidence about the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of different cyberattack prevention measures. Although attention to security can reduce the risk of attack, achieving perfect security for a complex system is impossible, and many security measures have unacceptable cost or usability downsides. For example, reducing

1280-418: A service , where hackers sell prepacked software that can be used to cause a cyberattack, is increasingly popular as a lower risk and higher profit activity than traditional hacking. A major form of this is to create a botnet of compromised devices and rent or sell it to another cybercriminal. Different botnets are equipped for different tasks such as DDOS attacks or password cracking. It is also possible to buy

1360-515: A suspicious link or email attachment), especially those that depend on user error. However, too many rules can cause employees to disregard them, negating any security improvement. Some insider attacks can also be prevented using rules and procedures. Technical solutions can prevent many causes of human error that leave data vulnerable to attackers, such as encrypting all sensitive data, preventing employees from using insecure passwords, installing antivirus software to prevent malware, and implementing

1440-409: A system more difficult to attack. Perpetrators of a cyberattack can be criminals, hacktivists , or states. They attempt to find weaknesses in a system, exploit them and create malware to carry out their goals, and deliver it to the targeted system. Once installed, the malware can have a variety of effects depending on its purpose. Detection of cyberattacks is often absent or delayed, especially when

1520-534: Is Vancouver , and Metro Vancouver's administrative offices are located in the city of Burnaby . The MVRD's boundaries match those of the Vancouver census metropolitan area (CMA) as identified by Statistics Canada . The Greater Vancouver Water District and the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District were established in 1924 and 1956 respectively. The Government of British Columbia incorporated

1600-426: Is an effective way to limit the damage. The response is likely to require a wide variety of skills, from technical investigation to legal and public relations. Because of the prevalence of cyberattacks, some companies plan their incident response before any attack is detected, and may designate a computer emergency response team to be prepared to handle incidents. Many attacks are never detected. Of those that are,

1680-477: Is committed to the goals and strategies in the Regional Parks Plan, as approved by the board. The four goals are to: Regional parks are distinct from municipal parks in that they are typically more "wild" and represent unique geographical zones within the region, such as bogs and mature rainforests . Regional economic prosperity is a service of Metro Vancouver organized to advance a shared prosperity in

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1760-468: Is determined by population, and the number of votes allocated to each director further helps proportionally represent the population distribution of the region. Each board director is also an elected official of one of the local authorities, with the exception of the elected representative for Electoral Area A (which has no council). As of 2017, the organization had about 1,500 employees. The current organizational structure shows ten departments reporting to

1840-501: Is fully patched. Nevertheless, fully patched systems are still vulnerable to exploits using zero-day vulnerabilities . The highest risk of attack occurs just after a vulnerability has been publicly disclosed or a patch is released, because attackers can create exploits faster than a patch can be developed and rolled out. Software solutions aim to prevent unauthorized access and detect the intrusion of malicious software. Training users can avoid cyberattacks (for example, not to click on

1920-414: Is installed, its activity varies greatly depending on the attacker's goals. Many attackers try to eavesdrop on a system without affecting it. Although this type of malware can have unexpected side effects , it is often very difficult to detect. Botnets are networks of compromised devices that can be used to send spam or carry out denial-of-service attacks—flooding a system with too many requests for

2000-450: Is less important for some web-based services, it can be the most crucial aspect for industrial systems. In the first six months of 2017, two billion data records were stolen or impacted by cyber attacks, and ransomware payments reached US$ 2 billion , double that in 2016. In 2020, with the increase of remote work as an effect of the COVID-19 global pandemic, cybersecurity statistics reveal

2080-422: Is likely to be erased quickly. Gathering data about the breach can facilitate later litigation or criminal prosecution, but only if the data is gathered according to legal standards and the chain of custody is maintained. Containing the affected system is often a high priority after an attack, and may be enacted by shutoff, isolation, use of a sandbox system to find out more about the adversary patching

2160-427: Is not legally liable for the cost if a vulnerability is used in an attack, which creates an incentive to make cheaper but less secure software. Vulnerabilities vary in their ability to be exploited by malicious actors. The most valuable allow the attacker to inject and run their own code (called malware ), without the user being aware of it. Without a vulnerability enabling access, the attacker cannot gain access to

2240-557: Is provided by four legal entities that operate under the name Metro Vancouver: the GVWD, the GVS&;DD, the MVRD and MVHC. They collectively serve 2.8 million residents in the region and provide 1.5 billion litres (400,000,000 US gal) of water during peak summer days. The GVWD provides tap water to a land area covering more than 2,600 km² with all of the water coming from three sources:

2320-640: Is the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The number of directors of the housing corporation is 13. Metro Vancouver works in collaboration with its members to achieve a shared vision of livability across the generations, as laid out in the Regional Growth Strategy (RGS), which was approved by the board in 2011, replacing the Livable Region Strategic Plan (LRSP). The RGS requires each member local authority to provide

2400-624: Is the detection of systems vulnerable to attack and hardening these systems to make attacks more difficult, but it is only partially effective. Formal risk assessment for compromise of highly complex and interconnected systems is impractical and the related question of how much to spend on security is difficult to answer. Because of the ever changing and uncertain nature of cyber-threats, risk assessment may produce scenarios that are costly or unaffordable to mitigate. As of 2019 , there are no commercially available, widely used active defense systems for protecting systems by intentionally increasing

2480-712: Is unlikely that challenges in inflicting physical damage or spreading terror can be overcome. Smaller-scale cyberattacks, sometimes resulting in interruption of essential services, regularly occur. There is little empirical evidence of economic harm (such as reputational damage ) from breaches except the direct cost for such matters as legal, technical, and public relations recovery efforts. Studies that have attempted to correlate cyberattacks to short-term declines in stock prices have found contradictory results, with some finding modest losses, others finding no effect, and some researchers criticizing these studies on methodological grounds. The effect on stock price may vary depending on

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2560-806: The Capilano reservoir , the Seymour reservoir and the Coquitlam reservoir . Metro Vancouver controls the Cleveland Dam on the Capilano reservoir, which supplies 40 percent of the district's water. The system includes 26 storage tanks, 19 pump stations, and 520 kilometres (320 mi) of water mains . Metro Vancouver operates and maintains the liquid waste facility, which includes managing "the network of trunk sewers, pumping stations and wastewater treatment plants that connect with municipal sewer systems". Throughout operations,

2640-569: The State of Washington and is bisected by the Fraser River . The boundaries of the MVRD match those of the Vancouver CMA. This regional district comprises 23 local authorities as members: 21 municipalities, one electoral area and one treaty First Nation. Electoral Area A comprises all unincorporated land within the regional district boundaries, which totals about 818 square kilometres. Most of

2720-448: The confidentiality, integrity, or availability of its content. The rising dependence on increasingly complex and interconnected computer systems in most domains of life is the main factor that causes vulnerability to cyberattacks, since virtually all computer systems have bugs that can be exploited by attackers. Although it is impossible or impractical to create a perfectly secure system, there are many defense mechanisms that can make

2800-520: The metropolitan area of Greater Vancouver , designated by provincial legislation as one of the 28 regional districts in British Columbia . The organization was known as the Regional District of Fraser–Burrard for nearly one year upon incorporating in 1967, and as the Greater Vancouver Regional District ( GVRD ) from 1968 to 2017. Metro Vancouver borders Whatcom County, Washington , to

2880-637: The Cariboo region of the Central Interior of British Columbia. Also in 2019, Gateway launched its Playtime Casino brand in Ontario with the spectacularly transformed Playtime Casino Hanover opening its doors on April 11th. On July 21, 2021, Gateway announced the expansion of its food and beverage operations. It now includes mobile restaurant service with the launch of two “Match on the Move” food trucks – one operating in

2960-513: The Chief Administrative Officer: Human Resources & Corporate Services; External Relations; Financial Services; Legal Services & Aboriginal Relations; Board & Information Services; Liquid Waste Services; Parks & Housing Services; Planning & Environment; Solid Waste Services; and Water Services. The principal function of Metro Vancouver is to administer resources and services which are common across

3040-541: The Corporate Climate Action Plan, the purpose of which is to, "set out strategies and actions to achieve Metro Vancouver's commitment to corporate carbon neutrality and to adapt [its] corporate infrastructure and activities to the anticipated consequences of climate change ." The strategies of the plan are to: Cyberattack A cyberattack (or cyber attack) occurs when there is an unauthorized action against computer infrastructure that compromises

3120-664: The Fraser, and at Port Mann , beneath the south foot of the Port Mann Bridge . Metro Vancouver owns and manages housing complexes throughout the region via the Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation (MVHC); it also forms policy on homelessness and affordable housing for the region. The MVHC's board-approved goals, as outlined in the Affordable Housing Strategy, are to: The MVHC's sole shareholder

3200-621: The Gateway relocation of the Vancouver casino from the small premises on the second floor of the Mandarin Centre to newly renovated premises in the same building. At this time, Mandarin Centre was the largest casino in British Columbia. In January 1996, Gateway Casinos relocated its operation in New Westminster from the top floor to expanded premises within the hotel. Gateway Casinos ceased operating

3280-643: The Lower Mainland and one operating in Southwestern Ontario. The vision for “Match on the Move” is to bring the MATCH brand of pub tastes to the streets of the communities they operate with the familiarity of the bricks & mortar experience. In 2022, Gateway celebrated the official opening of two new Cascades Casino branded locations. The first on April 21 in North Bay, Ontario and the second on September 29 in Delta, BC.

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3360-569: The Metro Vancouver Regional District (MVRD), the Greater Vancouver Sewerage and Drainage District (GVS&DD), the Greater Vancouver Water District (GVWD) and the Metro Vancouver Housing Corporation (MVHC). Each of these is governed by a board of directors. The board of the MVRD has 40 directors coming from the 23 local authorities who are MVRD members. The number of directors coming from each local authority

3440-611: The Newton Surrey area. In April 2015 Gateway Casinos & Entertainment revealed its plans to build brand new casino located in the Edmonton Arena District. In 2013 Gateway was determined to change the way people experienced a gaming facility. The desire was to create amenities that would attract both a gaming and no-gaming visitor. Their signature MATCH Eatery & Public House restaurant was born out of this vision. With warm woods, and fun red accents, MATCH offers guests with

3520-678: The Vancouver area: a 5,000 square foot facility on the second floor of the Mandarin Centre in Vancouver’s Chinatown and a smaller 4,000 square foot operation on the top floor of the Royal Towers Hotel in New Westminster, BC . In March 1994, Gateway Casinos purchased a third casino, located in Maple Ridge, British Columbia with the intention of relocation in the future, which ultimately became Gateway’s Burnaby Casino. June 1994 saw

3600-417: The addition of these two locations represents an investment of million into each community as well as the creation of hundreds of new jobs. 2023 started with the grand opening of Playtime Casino Wasaga Beach on January 27th. First announced in 2019, the new casino located at 88 Lyon’s Court represents a $ 34.3 million investment in the community of Wasaga Beach and has created 140 new jobs. On April 16, 2023,

3680-417: The area is in the northernmost part of the district, including residential areas and isolated dwellings on Howe Sound between Lions Bay and Horseshoe Bay, on Indian Arm to the north of Deep Cove and Belcarra/Anmore and on the west side of Pitt Lake to the north of Port Coquitlam. Other areas included are Barnston Island on the Fraser River , Passage Island between Bowen Island and West Vancouver, and finally

3760-522: The attack, without which countermeasures by a state are not legal either. In many countries, cyberattacks are prosecutable under various laws aimed at cybercrime . Attribution of the attack beyond reasonable doubt to the accused is also a major challenge in criminal proceedings. In 2021, United Nations member states began negotiating a draft cybercrime treaty . Many jurisdictions have data breach notification laws that require organizations to notify people whose personal data has been compromised in

3840-441: The attacker's goals and identity. In the aftermath of an attack, investigators often begin by saving as many artifacts as they can find, and then try to determine the attacker. Law enforcement agencies may investigate cyber incidents although the hackers responsible are rarely caught. Most states agree that cyberattacks are regulated under the laws governing the use of force in international law , and therefore cyberattacks as

3920-422: The average time to discovery is 197 days. Some systems can detect and flag anomalies that may indicate an attack, using such technology as antivirus , firewall , or an intrusion detection system . Once suspicious activity is suspected, investigators look for indicators of attack and indicators of compromise . Discovery is quicker and more likely if the attack targets information availability (for example with

4000-739: The casino in Maple Ridge in November 1996. The new operation was opened on the second floor of the parkade across from the now Grand Villa Casino in Burnaby, British Columbia. November 1999 saw the Gateway acquisition of the Palace Casino (now Starlight Casino) in Edmonton, Alberta where an extensive renovation which more than doubled the size of the facility, was substantially completed in October 2001. The year 2002

4080-456: The company was the victim of a cyberattack , which resulted in the closure of its casinos and most of their associated restaurants and other facilities in Ontario. As of May 2, casinos were being re-opened. Western Canada Eastern Canada Greater Vancouver Regional District The Metro Vancouver Regional District ( MVRD ), or simply Metro Vancouver , is a Canadian political subdivision and corporate entity representing

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4160-401: The company's contractual obligations. After the breach is fully contained, the company can then work on restoring all systems to operational. Maintaining a backup and having tested incident response procedures are used to improve recovery. Attributing a cyberattack is difficult, and of limited interest to companies that are targeted by cyberattacks. In contrast, secret services often have

4240-404: The complexity and functionality of the system is effective at reducing the attack surface . Disconnecting systems from the internet is one truly effective measure against attacks, but it is rarely feasible. In some jurisdictions, there are legal requirements for protecting against attacks. The cyber kill chain is the process by which perpetrators carry out cyberattacks. After the malware

4320-402: The complexity or variability of systems to make it harder to attack. The cyber resilience approach, on the other hand, assumes that breaches will occur and focuses on protecting essential functionality even if parts are compromised, using approaches such as micro-segmentation , zero trust , and business continuity planning . The majority of attacks can be prevented by ensuring all software

4400-468: The consequences of an attack, should one occur. Despite developers' goal of delivering a product that works entirely as intended, virtually all software and hardware contains bugs. If a bug creates a security risk, it is called a vulnerability . Patches are often released to fix identified vulnerabilities, but those that remain unknown ( zero days ) as well as those that have not been patched are still liable for exploitation. The software vendor

4480-488: The district of Mission , located to the east, although often linked to Vancouver in promotions and tourism, are part of a separate regional district, the Fraser Valley Regional District . As a census division in the 2021 Canadian census conducted by Statistics Canada , the Metro Vancouver Regional District had a population of 2,642,825 living in 1,043,319 of its 1,104,532 total private dwellings,

4560-545: The environment with respect to air quality, improve visual air quality and minimize the region's contribution to climate change . The organization is committed to the goals and strategies in the Integrated Air Quality and Greenhouse Gas Management Plan, as approved by the board. The three goals are to: The parks department of Metro Vancouver oversees the development and maintenance of 23 regional parks, as well as various nature reserves and greenways. The organization

4640-763: The goals and strategies in the Integrated Solid Waste and Resource Management plan, as approved by the board. The four goals are to: One initiative of the organization was the Ashcroft Manor Ranch Mega- Landfill Proposal in Ashcroft, British Columbia , in the Thompson Country of the British Columbia Interior , as there is no more room in the Lower Mainland for Metro Vancouver's garbage. A similar project nearby adjacent to

4720-516: The largest casino company in British Columbia. In December 2016, Gateway casinos purchased 11 Casinos from OLG in Ontario ranging from Thunder Bay to London with rights to build in Kenora and North Bay hereby now employing 6000+ people and making its way into the Ontario market. In March 2018, Gateway was selected as the service provider for OLG's Central Gaming Bundle, which includes management of Casino Rama and slot operations at Georgian Downs , and

4800-450: The malware attempts to spy on the system while remaining undiscovered. If it is discovered, the targeted organization may attempt to collect evidence about the attack, remove malware from its systems, and close the vulnerability that enabled the attack. Cyberattacks can cause a variety of harms to targeted individuals, organizations, and governments, including significant financial losses and identity theft . They are usually illegal both as

4880-470: The market causes problems, such as buyers being unable to guarantee that the zero-day vulnerability was not sold to another party. Both buyers and sellers advertise on the dark web and use cryptocurrency for untraceable transactions. Because of the difficulty in writing and maintaining software that can attack a wide variety of systems, criminals found they could make more money by renting out their exploits rather than using them directly. Cybercrime as

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4960-559: The metropolitan area. The Metro Vancouver Board has defined its strategic priorities for 2015 through 2018 in its Board Strategic Plan. The organization categorizes its work into action areas as described in the following subsections. However, 84% of the organization's budget is spent in three of those areas – the three utilities (water, liquid waste, solid waste). Metro Vancouver's commitments and its members' commitments to each action area are outlined in eight board-approved management plans as referenced below. Metro Vancouver's tap water

5040-642: The negative effects of cyberattacks helps organizations ensure that their prevention strategies are cost-effective. One paper classifies the harm caused by cyberattacks in several domains: Thousands of data records are stolen from individuals every day. According to a 2020 estimate, 55 percent of data breaches were caused by organized crime , 10 percent by system administrators , 10 percent by end users such as customers or employees, and 10 percent by states or state-affiliated actors. Opportunistic criminals may cause data breaches—often using malware or social engineering attacks , but they will typically move on if

5120-506: The official legal name of the regional district, the GVRD moved in 2016 to change its name to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The regional district was therefore formally renamed a second time by the Government of British Columbia on 30 January 2017 to the Metro Vancouver Regional District. The Metro Vancouver Regional District (MVRD) is located east of the Strait of Georgia and north of

5200-477: The organization is committed to protecting public health and the environment, and recovering as much resources (energy, nutrients, etc.) as possible out of the waste stream. The liquid waste utility is committed to the goals and strategies in the Integrated Liquid Waste and Resource Management plan, as approved by the board. The three goals are to: Metro Vancouver's solid waste utility is committed to

5280-485: The organization's board also adopted the Ecological Health Framework, which encapsulates Metro Vancouver’s collective efforts around ecological health and provides guiding principles, goals, and strategies to help achieve the vision of a "beautiful, healthy, and resilient environment for current and future generations." The goals are: The organization runs programs and set policy to protect public health and

5360-565: The region. The service is structured around three functions: fostering collaboration, conducting regional data collection and research, and attracting investment. Metro Vancouver undertakes support functions that underpin the rest of its service areas. In these areas, the organization commits to "contribute to the effective and efficient performance of our regional roles through leadership and collaboration with our members and other stakeholders." There are eight strategic directions guiding work in this area: The organization's board has also adopted

5440-708: The rights to build a new casino in Collingwood or Wasaga Beach . Wasaga Beach was selected as the site of the proposed new casino in April 2019. At the beginning of 2019 Gateway acquired Chances Casino Kamloops. The acquisition made Gateway the sole gaming provider in Kamloops, as the operator of both Cascades Casino Kamloops and Chances Kamloops. In the spring, Gateway followed with the acquisition of Chances Signal Point in Williams Lake. This allowed Gateway to expand its footprint into

5520-490: The security is above average. More organized criminals have more resources and are more focused in their targeting of particular data . Both of them sell the information they obtain for financial gain. Another source of data breaches are politically motivated hackers , for example Anonymous , that target particular objectives. State-sponsored hackers target either citizens of their country or foreign entities, for such purposes as political repression and espionage . After

5600-660: The software used to create a botnet and bots that load the purchaser's malware onto a botnet's devices. DDOS as a service using botnets retained under the control of the seller is also common, and may be the first cybercrime as a service product, and can also be committed by SMS flooding on the cellular network. Malware and ransomware as a service have made it possible for individuals without technical ability to carry out cyberattacks. Targets of cyberattacks range from individuals to corporations and government entities. Many cyberattacks are foiled or unsuccessful, but those that succeed can have devastating consequences. Understanding

5680-557: The south, the Fraser Valley Regional District to the east, the Squamish-Lillooet Regional District to the north, and the Nanaimo Regional District and Cowichan Valley Regional District across the Strait of Georgia to the west. The MVRD is under the direction of 23 local authorities and delivers regional services, sets policy and acts as a political forum. The regional district's most populous city

5760-431: The system to handle at once, causing it to become unusable. Attackers may also use computers to mine cryptocurrencies , such as Bitcoin , for their own profit. Ransomware is software used to encrypt or destroy data; attackers demand payment for the restoration of the targeted system. The advent of cryptocurrency enabling anonymous transactions has led to a dramatic increase in ransomware demands. The stereotype of

5840-442: The system. The Vulnerability Model (VM) identifies attack patterns, threats, and valuable assets, which can be physical or intangible. It addresses security concerns like confidentiality, integrity, availability, and accountability within business, application, or infrastructure contexts. A system's architecture and design decisions play a major role in determining how safe it can be. The traditional approach to improving security

5920-408: The time. British Columbia's Minister of Community Services denied the application due to the absence of the term "regional district" within the proposed new name, though it was suggested that the GVRD could brand itself under the unofficial name of Metro Vancouver. After nine years, with growing public recognition of Metro Vancouver, the overall success of the brand, and confusion between the brand and

6000-529: The town of Cache Creek, British Columbia has almost reached capacity. Environmental concerns about the area's sensitive shrub–steppe climate and ecology are strong, while Highland Valley Copper , near Logan Lake , has offered the use of its mine-pit instead. Other MVRD landfill locations serving the regional district in the past have been in the Fraser Mills area, between the Trans-Canada Highway and

6080-451: The type of attack. Some experts have argued that the evidence suggests there is not enough direct costs or reputational damage from breaches to sufficiently incentivize their prevention. Government websites and services are among those affected by cyberattacks. Some experts hypothesize that cyberattacks weaken societal trust or trust in the government, but as of 2023 this notion has only limited evidence. Responding quickly to attacks

6160-480: The type of compromise required – for example, requiring the system to produce unexpected responses or cause injury or property damage. Some definitions exclude attacks carried out by non-state actors and others require the target to be a state. Keeping a system secure relies on maintaining the CIA triad : confidentiality (no unauthorized access), integrity (no unauthorized modification), and availability. Although availability

6240-533: The urban communities of the University of British Columbia and the University Endowment Lands , in which 98% of the population of Electoral Area A lives. There are also seventeen Indian reserves within the geographical area that are not subject to governance by local authorities or the regional district; they have a combined population of 7,550 (2006). The cities of Abbotsford and Chilliwack and

6320-606: The vulnerability, and rebuilding . Once the exact way that the system was compromised is identified, there is typically only one or two technical vulnerabilities that need to be addressed in order to contain the breach and prevent it from reoccurring. A penetration test can then verify that the fix is working as expected. If malware is involved, the organization must investigate and close all infiltration and exfiltration vectors, as well as locate and remove all malware from its systems. Containment can compromise investigation, and some tactics (such as shutting down servers) can violate

6400-1211: Was pivotal for Gateway due to the acquisition of the Baccarat Casino in Edmonton, Alberta, in June and the August purchase of the Lake City Casinos in Penticton, Kelowna, Kamloops and Vernon. In May 2005 Gateway Casinos opened the Cascades Casino in the heart of Langley, British Columbia which brought about a new era of gaming for the company, boasting over 60,000 square feet of gaming space, 77-room hotel and more than 25,000 square feet of convention space operated by Coast Hotels & Resorts Limited. The Starlight Casino and Grand Villa Casino were opened in 2007 and 2008 respectively and are currently operating as Gateway Casinos & Entertainment Limited’s flagship properties. In 2011 Gateway Casinos & Entertainment Limited purchased three existing Community Gaming Centres located in Squamish, Mission and

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