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33-574: Cartosat-2D is an Earth observation satellite in a Sun-synchronous orbit (SSO) and the fifth of the Cartosat series of satellites. The satellite is built, launched and maintained by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). Cartosat-2D has a mass of 714 kg. The satellite achieves three-axis stabilization through a combination of reaction wheels , magnetorquers and hydrazine -fuelled reaction control thrusters . Power

66-454: A tracking system . The RF equipment is used to communicate with the satellite. It receives X-band RF signals and performs RF processing. It also produces a demodulated and bit-synchronized data stream from X-band signals. In general, its purpose is to transmit imaging orders and command the satellite through the S-band transmitter feed; receive information and health status from the satellite through

99-719: A satellite manufacturing company in South Korea . DubaiSat-1 was launched on 29 July 2009 into a 680 km altitude Sun-synchronous polar orbit from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan , along with several other satellites on board the Dnepr launch vehicle. DubaiSat-1 observes the earth at a Low Earth orbit (LEO) and generates high-resolution optical images at 2.5 m in panchromatic (black-and-white) and at 5 m in multispectral (colour) bands. These images provide decision makers in

132-488: A satellite to hover over a constant spot on the earth since the orbital period at this altitude is 24 hours. This allows uninterrupted coverage of more than 1/3 of the Earth per satellite, so three satellites, spaced 120° apart, can cover the whole Earth. This type of orbit is mainly used for meteorological satellites . Herman Potočnik explored the idea of using orbiting spacecraft for detailed peaceful and military observation of

165-527: Is a type of satellite that is primarily used to monitor the weather and climate of the Earth . These meteorological satellites, however, see more than clouds and cloud systems. City lights, fires , effects of pollution , auroras , sand and dust storms , snow cover, ice mapping, boundaries of ocean currents , energy flows, etc., are other types of environmental information collected using weather satellites. Weather satellite images helped in monitoring

198-510: Is classified in accordance with ITU Radio Regulations (article 1) as follows: Fixed service (article 1.20) The allocation of radio frequencies is provided according to Article 5 of the ITU Radio Regulations (edition 2012). In order to improve harmonisation in spectrum utilisation, the majority of service-allocations stipulated in this document were incorporated in national Tables of Frequency Allocations and Utilisations which

231-514: Is generated by a pair of solar panels , charging two lithium-ion batteries . The solar panels generate 986 watts of power when in Sun-pointed mode. The satellite is outfitted with an eight-channel GPS receiver for the calculation of instantaneous state vectors and orbital parameters. GPS is also used for GEO-referencing of acquired imaging data. The CartoSat-2D carries a panchromatic camera (PAN) capable of taking black-and-white pictures in

264-586: Is with-in the responsibility of the appropriate national administration. The allocation might be primary, secondary, exclusive, and shared. However, military usage, in bands where there is civil usage, will be in accordance with the ITU Radio Regulations. DubaiSat-1 DubaiSat-1 ( Arabic : دبي سات-1 ) is a remote sensing Earth observation satellite built by the Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre (MBRSC) under an agreement with Satrec Initiative ,

297-802: The Al Maktoum International Airport . The United Nations also used DubaiSat-1 images to monitor relief efforts following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami in Japan . The satellite accommodates two main payloads. The primary payload is the Dubai Medium Aperture Camera (DMAC) , and the secondary and experimental payload, the Space Radiation Monitor (SRM) . The DMAC system is pushbroom imaging system with one panchromatic and four multi-spectral imaging channels. It also consists of an Electro-Optical Subsystem and

330-571: The Cold War prompted the rapid development of Satellite launch systems and camera technology capable of sufficient Earth observation to garner intelligence on enemy military infrastructure and evaluate nuclear posture. Following the U-2 incident in 1960, which highlighted the risks of aerial spying, the U.S. accelerated surveillance satellite programs like CORONA . Satellites largely replaced aircraft overflights for surveillance after 1960. A weather satellite

363-622: The Dubai World Megaproject , Palm Islands and the Al Maktoum International Airport . Many environmental and meteorological events such as vegetation stress, fog , land degradation , sandstorms , desertification and droughts cannot be captured by ground measurements alone, making remote sensing an important tool in environmental monitoring. The sun-synchronous orbit of DubaiSat-1 merges with data from geostationary missions to provide enhancements on existing models. Additionally, due to their low precipitation rates, arid regions are

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396-527: The MetOp spacecraft of EUMETSAT are all operated at altitudes of about 800 km (500 mi). The Proba-1 , Proba-2 and SMOS spacecraft of European Space Agency are observing the Earth from an altitude of about 700 km (430 mi). The Earth observation satellites of UAE, DubaiSat-1 & DubaiSat-2 are also placed in Low Earth orbits (LEO) orbits and providing satellite imagery of various parts of

429-578: The Payload Management Subsystem . The Electro-Optical Subsystem has a telescope , a focal plane assembly, and a Signal Processing Module. The Payload Management Subsystem consists of the Thermal and Power Module and the Mass storage and Control Module . The Space Radiation Monitor , the secondary and experimental payload, is capable of measuring the total ionizing dose from the charged particles at

462-664: The Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), PSLV-C37 , on 15 February 2017, at 03:58 UTC along with two Indian nanosatellites (INS-1A and INS-1B) and 101 nanosatellites belonging to research facilities in the United States, Kazakhstan , Israel , the Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United Arab Emirates . Earth observation satellite The first occurrence of satellite remote sensing can be dated to

495-524: The Earth. To get global coverage with a low orbit, a polar orbit is used. A low orbit will have an orbital period of roughly 100 minutes and the Earth will rotate around its polar axis about 25° between successive orbits. The ground track moves towards the west 25° each orbit, allowing a different section of the globe to be scanned with each orbit. Most are in Sun-synchronous orbits . A geostationary orbit , at 36,000 km (22,000 mi), allows

528-609: The S-band receiver feed; and download the images through the X-band feed. From the Mission Control Station, MBRSC staff plan and operate the entire space mission , including the configuration and scheduling of resources for both space and ground elements. It also monitors and commands the satellite. The third component of the ground system is the Image Receiving and Processing Station (IRPS) . The IRPS receives and processes

561-540: The UAE as well as MBRSC clients with a valuable tool for a wide range of applications including infrastructure development, urban planning, and environment monitoring and protection. DubaiSat-1 images are also useful for promoting geosciences and remote sensing research in the region, and for supporting different scientific disciplines in private and academic sectors. For example, DubaiSat-1 images have been used, to monitor progress on The World megaproject, Palm Islands , and

594-653: The X-band downlink data in real-time. This includes generation of standard image products and catalogues for integration with system management; for archive management; and for comprehensive user interface to provide easy access to satellite image data. The IRPS is located at MBRSC's ground station in Dubai. It has a direct interface with the main mission control station and it generates schedule requests which includes imaging and download schedules. It also archives image and ancillary data for product generation and distribution. Satellite imagery provides an alternative way of looking at

627-502: The bottom deck with its mounting support bracket. MBRSC's Ground Station is located in Dubai , and is the only ground system supporting the DubaiSat-1 mission. The ground system consists of three main subsystems: The Antenna and RF subsystem consists of a Viasat 11.28 metre antenna system incorporating an S-band transmitter feed, an S-band receiver feed, an X-band receiver feed, and

660-575: The current vegetation state to its long term average. For example, the 2002 oil spill off the northwest coast of Spain was watched carefully by the European ENVISAT , which, though not a weather satellite, flies an instrument (ASAR) which can see changes in the sea surface. Anthropogenic emissions can be monitored by evaluating data of tropospheric NO 2 and SO 2 . These types of satellites are almost always in Sun-synchronous and "frozen" orbits. A Sun-synchronous orbit passes over each spot on

693-495: The discovery of the Earth's Van Allen radiation belts . The TIROS-1 spacecraft, launched on April 1, 1960, as part of NASA's Television Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS) program, sent back the first television footage of weather patterns to be taken from space. In 2008, more than 150 Earth observation satellites were in orbit, recording data with both passive and active sensors and acquiring more than 10 terabits of data daily. By 2021, that total had grown to over 950, with

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726-457: The ground at the same time of day, so that observations from each pass can be more easily compared, since the Sun is in the same spot in each observation. A "frozen" orbit is the closest possible orbit to a circular orbit that is undisturbed by the oblateness of the Earth , gravitational attraction from the Sun and Moon, solar radiation pressure , and air drag . Terrain can be mapped from space with

759-488: The ground in his 1928 book, The Problem of Space Travel . He described how the special conditions of space could be useful for scientific experiments. The book described geostationary satellites (first put forward by Konstantin Tsiolkovsky ) and discussed communication between them and the ground using radio, but fell short of the idea of using satellites for mass broadcasting and as telecommunications relays. The onset of

792-461: The largest number of satellites operated by US-based company Planet Labs . Most Earth observation satellites carry instruments that should be operated at a relatively low altitude. Most orbit at altitudes above 500 to 600 kilometers (310 to 370 mi). Lower orbits have significant air-drag , which makes frequent orbit reboost maneuvers necessary. The Earth observation satellites ERS-1, ERS-2 and Envisat of European Space Agency as well as

825-459: The launch of the first artificial satellite, Sputnik 1 , by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. Sputnik 1 sent back radio signals, which scientists used to study the ionosphere . The United States Army Ballistic Missile Agency launched the first American satellite, Explorer 1 , for NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory on January 31, 1958. The information sent back from its radiation detector led to

858-529: The orbits of satellites. The instrument utilizes four p-type Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effects Transistors (MOSFETs) . These devices measure the current-voltage characteristics of the satellite. Subsequent analysis will allow measurements of the amount of cumulative ionizing dose, and of the total ionizing dose of the devices. DubaiSat-1 has a hexagonal body with three deployable solar panels . The frame includes spacecraft adaptors, six longerons , rails, an inner ring that provides rigidity and stability of

891-455: The satellite's camera, inner rods and three decks. Three spacecraft adaptors connect with shear brackets and mechanically couple the satellite and separation adaptor of the launch vehicle, the Dnepr rocket. Each one of the spacecraft adaptors has separation sensors to monitor the separation condition between the satellite and the launch vehicle. The umbilical connector attaches on the lower surface of

924-716: The use of satellites, such as Radarsat-1 and TerraSAR-X . According to the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), Earth exploration-satellite service (also: Earth exploration-satellite radiocommunication service ) is – according to Article 1.51 of the ITU Radio Regulations (RR) – defined as: A radiocommunication service between earth stations and one or more space stations , which may include links between space stations, in which: This service may also include feeder links necessary for its operation. This radiocommunication service

957-407: The visible region of electromagnetic spectrum . It also carries a High-Resolution Multi-Spectral (HRMX) radiometer which is a type of optical imager. The satellite has a spatial resolution of 0.6 metres. CartoSat-2D is also capable of capturing minute long video of a fixed spot as well, Event Monitoring camera (EvM) for frequent high-resolution land observation of selected areas. It was launched by

990-478: The volcanic ash cloud from Mount St. Helens and activity from other volcanoes such as Mount Etna . Smoke from fires in the western United States such as Colorado and Utah have also been monitored. Other environmental satellites can assist environmental monitoring by detecting changes in the Earth's vegetation, atmospheric trace gas content, sea state, ocean color, and ice fields. By monitoring vegetation changes over time, droughts can be monitored by comparing

1023-531: The world's agricultural resources. Multispectral images contribute by monitoring land use, generating vegetation indices, and monitoring water quality . Satellite images are useful tools to assist disaster relief teams to determine how to tackle rescue and recovery efforts in the wake of catastrophic natural, or even man-made, events. In the aftermath of the tsunami in Japan on March 11, 2011 , MBRSC applied DubaiSat-1 to help disaster relief teams determine and manage

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1056-594: The world's major source of atmospheric dust that affects local, regional and global climate . Dust and sand storms create potentially hazardous air quality for humans, and adversely affect climate on regional and worldwide scales. Remote sensing is a demonstrably valuable tool for detecting, mapping and forecasting such events. However, arid and semi arid regions have their own specific and unique characteristics and vulnerabilities that require special attention when adapting existing remote sensing tools efficiently. Satellite imaging helps monitor and improve management of

1089-528: The world. It can add significant incremental data useful in a wide range of applications. The high-resolution spatial images can complement the existing geographic information system databases too. DubaiSat-1 images support infrastructure development in the UAE and the Persian Gulf region. These images assist decision makers involved in urban and rural planning , transportation , utilities and mapping . Some images were also useful for monitoring progress on

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