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66-596: Carlos Ardila Lülle was born in the city of Bucaramanga , Colombia on July 4, 1930. At fifteen he completed secondary education at the Jesuit run Colegio San Pedro Claver , and moved to Medellín to study civil engineering at the School of Mines at the National University of Colombia , graduating in 1951. He then began work in the soft drink business as a Plant Manager for Gaseosas LUX, entrusted with production and expansion in

132-685: A desired drink to accompany fritters or meat patties. 12 km from San Gil, on the road that leads to Charalá, you will find a town called Valle de San José. People from this region say this is the best Colombian Chorizo, but people from Santa Rosa de Cabal , in the Coffee Zone , will tell you the same. Among the most outstanding and representative artists of the Colombian Santander Department are Segundo Agelvis , Mario Hernández Prada , Carlos Gómez Castro , Martín Quintero , Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo and Pacheco de Suratá . The department

198-436: A good reputation due to its numerous universities, among them: Industrial University of Santander ( Universidad Industrial de Santander ) The Universidad Industrial de Santander is an official institution that offers 95 degrees and a wide range of undergraduate and graduate courses within the health sciences, humanities, sciences, and engineering colleges. Also, it offers seven technological programs in different fields through

264-612: A leader in the textile sector in Antioquia . Majority control of Coltejer was later sold to Mexican business group Kaltex South America S.A. in 2008. In 1994, he founded Leona Brewery, and in 1996 he bought the main Colombia soccer team, Atlético Nacional , making Leona Beer their main sponsor until he later sold the brewery to Bavaria . In 1998, devaluation of the Colombian Peso caused him to lose 38% of his net worth internationally. Ardila

330-580: A leased room or other. An industrial activity developed in Bucaramanga that has gained national recognition is the footwear industry. For this reason, the Footwear Manufacturers' Association (Asoinducals) is located in the city. The footwear sector has a major market nationally and internationally in countries such as Argentina , Brazil , Canada , Ecuador , Italy , some Caribbean islands, United States , Peru , Venezuela and Mexico . There

396-546: A national monument. Stands the Museum of Religious Art, with valuable paintings and ancient liturgical objects, The Basilica of the Lord of Miracles, pilgrimage site, and the Chapel of Corregidor, on the outskirts. Socorro : Located 121 kilometres (75 miles) from Bucaramanga. Cradle of the uprising of the villagers, is located in the province Comunera, northeastern department of Santander. It

462-583: A preparation of viscera and goat blood mixed with white rice, roasted meat, arepa de maize pelado, and tamales . Also popular are caramels and candied items such as celery, lemon, citrón, rice, and pineapple. Most sweets are produced in the Floridablanca neighboring. The oblea , (a large, Holy communion -like wafer), and bocadillo veleño (a type of fudge made from puréed fruit or pressed caramel, or dulce de leche /milk caramel), are examples of treats found in great quantity in Bucaramanga. Nevertheless, one of

528-575: A step back". Soldiers from Santander were valued and respected but also difficult to control as they were, in general, more politically aware than people from other regions and therefore prone to question orders and law. Santander cuisine includes regional specialties and food from the Department's capital city of Bucaramanga and other cities such as Cepita . The most famous dishes are sancocho , oreada (dried cured beef), mute , egg broth, yellow arepa , masato , guarapo , aguapanela , tamale , and

594-401: A variety of shows and cultural work from the different neighborhoods of the city. The city sponsors these cultural activities with private investment. Bucaramanga also features a cultural radio station (Station Cultural Luis Carlos Galán Sarmiento) on 100.7 FM. Typical dishes from Bucaramanga include mute santandereano (a soup made from various grains, vegetables, herbs and meat), fricassee ,

660-401: Is 3.6 people. 16.6% of people of the population are 10 years of age or younger. Of all cohabiting couples in the city, 46.3% were single, 26.7% were married, 5.8% were separated and 4.6% were widowed. 9.2% of the resident population aged over 4 years are from another municipality, and 0.3% from another country. In the city, 39% of people live in houses, while 56.7% live in apartments and 4.3% in

726-424: Is Passion and Bavaria . Bucaramanga has wide hotel infrastructure composed by some of the best hotel chains in the country. Several areas of the city center have important restaurants and nightclubs. Morrorico: Located east of Bucaramanga, the road to Cucuta, you can see a panorama of the city, here is the statue of Sacred Heart , which is visited at Easter time, and the inhabitants and parishioners sector have

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792-673: Is a department of Colombia . Santander inherited the name of one of the nine original states of the United States of Colombia . It is located in the central northern part of the country, borders the Magdalena River to the east, Boyacá to the south and southeast, the Norte de Santander Department to the northeast, the Cesar Department to the north, the Bolivar and Antioquia Departments to

858-511: Is a marinated, salted, sun-dried beef ready to grill. It is a classic dish that can be found in many restaurants as a specialty, served with yucca and chili. A traditional dish of the Guane indigenous inhabitants of this region. The head, wings, and legs of these giant ants are removed, leaving the body and bum to be fried and seasoned with salt. Created in the town of Vélez, the Veleño Sandwich

924-416: Is also a big clothing industry. There are a growing number of technological research centers in various topics such as energy , gas, oil , corrosion, asphalt, leather and agro-industrial development tools, among others. The Chimitá Industrial Zone is located in the western area of the plateau near the town of Girón; many companies from different specialties like Terpel have production plants there. Also in

990-571: Is currently in the process of coupling the second phase, which will cover the areas of Piedecuesta , Ciudadela Real de Minas, the Avenue of the Americas (Race 33) and will have trunks at Autosur, Real de Minas and the Americas. Bucaramanga is connected to the mainland by two main routes. The first is the National Route 66 which comes from Barrancabermeja and Cucuta communicates with and then into Venezuela,

1056-459: Is eaten in Bogota with creamy potato, huascas (green herb) and shredded chicken. The wafer is a superfine cookie that is spread with Arequipe (caramel, sweetened milk spread). Over time, other ingredients such as cheese, blackberry, chocolate, etc. have been incorporated. Masato is a fermented drink that is prepared with rice, water, wheat flour, sugar, cloves, and cinnamon. All this together forms

1122-457: Is neither hot nor cold, 22 degrees Celsius being the average temperature. Compared to cities at the same average altitude (such as Cali ), Bucaramanga has much cooler daytime temperatures, owing to the cold wind coming down the eastern peaks; its night temperatures are not cold, owing to the warm air coming from the canyon. These phenomena make the daily thermal oscillation narrower than in other Colombian cities. The municipal flag of Bucaramanga

1188-500: Is prepared with the pulp of ripe Guava and is wrapped in a bijao leaf, giving it a characteristic flavor. It is sometimes paired with goat cheese. A soup prepared with water, potatoes, toast, coriander, and egg (no milk or cream) and enjoyed for breakfast or lunch. There is also a variation called changua or chingua, which is normally prepared with water, potatoes, milk, cream and coriander. Sometimes broth (caldo) and changua comes with chicken or beef. Not to be confused with ajiaco, which

1254-585: Is the shopping center La Florida, a six-storey mall with two pedestrian bridges and one vehicular bridge. A newer shopping center, Megamall, was built in 2007, where the first store of the French multinational retailer Carrefour opened in the city. In the following years, three more shopping centers were built in other areas of the city: Cacique, Parque Caracolí, and De la Cuesta. Another shopping district known as "Cabecera del Llano" includes five major shopping centers: Cabecera Etapa I, Etapa II and Etapa III, as well as

1320-521: Is written. The words Montani Semper Liberi are Latin for "Mountaineers are Always Free". This is also used as the official motto for the U.S. State of West Virginia . According to the data obtained from the 2018 census and information provided by the Metropolitan Area of Bucaramanga, the city has an estimated population of 681,130 inhabitants. Of the total population, 47.5% are men and 52.5% women. The average number of occupants per household

1386-456: The Köppen climate classification , Bucaramanga features a tropical rainforest climate ( Af in Köppen climate classification ), though a noticeably cool version of the climate. The city is slightly too dry for a tropical rainforest climate , as its driest month of December averages just under 67 mm (3 in) of rainfall. Although its altitude is not considered very high, Bucaramanga's climate

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1452-570: The Magdalena River . The village of San Gil was created in 1689, segregated from the Jurisdiction of Vélez. In 1789 the village of Socorro was also segregated from Vélez and they were all put under the mandate of the Province of Tunja , a subdivision of the Viceroyalty of New Granada . On July 9, 1795 the corregimiento of Vélez – San Gil – Socorro was created due to the unsustainability of

1518-564: The 1960s, mostly into neighbouring locations within the metropolitan area. Floridablanca , Girón and Piedecuesta are inextricably linked geographically and commercially with Bucaramanga, and now all form together the Bucaramanga Metropolitan Area with a population of 1,304,288. The city is the base of the Colombian Petroleum Institute (ICP), the research branch of the state oil company Ecopetrol . Girón

1584-613: The Distance Learning Institute. Nowadays, after 71 years of existence, there are nearly 14,000 students registered in undergraduate and graduate programs, as well as a total 22,000 alumni. It proudly stands as the leading higher education institution in the northeastern part of the country and ranks fourth among official universities nationwide. Also, the University has created affiliate branches in Barrancabermeja—home of

1650-607: The Province of Tunja, and local government was established in the village of Socorro. The department's culture descends from a mix of Spanish and Chibcha influences, particularly in the south where the Muisca controlled territory and in the Chicamocha Canyon where the Guane are situated. During the colony and independence war times, people from Santander were especially recognized for their bravery in battle and their policy of "not even

1716-479: The acquisition of other Colombian soft drink companies over the final decades of the twentieth century, bringing these similar companies under the same management at Postobón. After his commercial success with non-alcoholic beverage companies, he began investing in companies directly related to the raw materials of soda, such as the sugar industry, marking the beginning of his Organización Ardila Lülle (OAL). Ardila next moved into textiles and media, and in 1972 acquired

1782-459: The ants only emerging from underground during the months of May and June. A variety of tourism can be performed in Bucaramanga and its neighboring municipalities, such as ecological tourism through its parks, adventure tourism at the Ruitoque Plateau, and Paragliding at the "Voladero the Águilas", at just a 15 minute drive away from the city. The downtown area boasts colonial buildings like

1848-443: The belief that the statue does miracles. Also in this area is planned the construction of a cable car or cable metrocable called to transport the inhabitants of the sector. Palonegro: On the road to the airport of the same name, where you can have a splendid view of the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. in place encuentan whereabouts visited several nightclubs and especially on weekends. ' Chicamocha National Park ' (PANACHI): on

1914-487: The beverage sector, Carlos Ardila Lülle founded and consolidated the Organización Ardila Lülle , today comprising over 80 companies generating more than 40,000 jobs in Colombia, producing goods and services in sectors as diverse as communications, beverages, textiles, and entertainment. Bucaramanga Bucaramanga ( Spanish pronunciation: [bukaɾaˈmaŋɡa] ) is the capital and largest city of

1980-530: The churches of San Laureano, and the Dolores Chapel, among some widely recognised colonial houses such as the house of Simon Bolivar , and the Louis Peru de Lacroix ' house. Other colonial buildings are located in the neighboring municipalities of the city. Bucaramanga's tourism diversity earned it the title of being one of the seven national pride tourism destinations through a voting process convened by Colombia

2046-527: The city and a distribution center for eastern Colombia. Carrefour opened in 2007 the first store at Megamall, merging later with a local supermarket named Mercadefam. The chain now has seven stores in the city. Along with this, there are local small chain stores in Bucaramanga such as Mercomfenalco, Cootracolta, Cajasan, and others. Historically, Bucaramanga has had one of the lowest rates of unemployment among Colombian cities. As of September 2010, according to DANE statistics between July and September 2010,

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2112-672: The city had an unemployment rate of 11.8%, increasing by 3.3% compared to October and December 2009 which showed a rate of 8.5%. Metrolínea is the Integrated Mass Transit System of Bucaramanga. Its construction began in 2006 during the administration of Mayor Honorio Galvis ; its operation is currently in its first phase, which began on 22 December 2009. The six lines inaugurated in this phase are: Avenida del Libertador (Diagonal 15), autocentral, Prospero Finch Avenue (27th Avenue), La Cumbre, Highway Floridablanca Villabel Bucarica and which have 91 stopways. The administration

2178-463: The city is one of the main production plants of Cervecería Bavaria S.A. (Bavaria Brewery). The city is planning to build the Zona Franca de Santander, a customs-free zone located within the metropolitan area of Bucaramanga. Bucaramanga has positioned itself as a city of congresses and events, having infrastructures like Fair and Exhibition Centre - CENFER, many fairs, and exhibitions in all branches of

2244-438: The city of Cali . While working there he met his wife, Maria Eugenia Gaviria, a daughter of one of the owners of the company, Antonio Gaviria. With her he had two children, Carlos Julio and Antonio Jose. He also has two daughters, Maria Emma and Maria Eugenia. At Gaseosas LUX, he worked on the development and promotion of new flavors, and in 1954 saw great success in the development of a new soft drink flavored with apples. One of

2310-598: The city of Bucaramanga, Barichara was founded by the Parra family Pradilla to serve the veneration of the Virgin of the Stone. In May 1975 the town received the title of "Cutest little town in Colombia" and by Resolution 005 of 30 June 1975 was declared a National Monument. Attractions in this village of cobblestone streets and wooden balconies include: Santander Department Santander ( Spanish pronunciation: [santanˈdeɾ] )

2376-420: The city. One of the main pillars of culture in Bucaramanga is literature, as in the past there was a local cultural movement that produced a number of writers. In 1995, the administration of Mayor Luis Fernando Peña Cote decided to convert Gabriel Turbay Public Library to hold the newly created Municipal Institute of Culture, assigning the library building to Gabriel Turbay, who has overseen space management for

2442-536: The department of Santander , Colombia . Bucaramanga has the fifth-largest economy by GDP in Colombia , has the lowest unemployment rate and is the ninth most populous city in the country, with a population of 613,400 (2023 projection). Bucaramanga has over 160 parks scattered throughout the city and has been given the nickname "La Ciudad de Los Parques" ("The City of Parks") and "La Ciudad Bonita de Colombia" ("Colombia's Beautiful City"). Bucaramanga has grown rapidly since

2508-577: The dominance and administer justice in the conquered territory. Amerindians were assimilated and subject to the encomienda regime to work in agriculture, manufacturing goods, and mines. These two villages functioned as centers for the Cabildos' territories. In 1636 the Cabildo of Vélez was transferred to a new jurisdiction centered on the village of Girón , comprising from the Sogamoso River , and Río del Oro to

2574-644: The economy such as transport, hotels, restaurants, shops and various services activities such as advertising, design and decoration, modeling, etc. The International Exhibition of Children's Fashion (EIMI) takes place in Bucaramanga. It is the only exhibition specialized in children's clothing in Latin America. The event is organized in the CENFER complex and 40% of the sales generated come from exported products. In recent years, several major shopping centers and commercial buildings have been built in Bucaramanga. An example

2640-434: The exotic culona ants . Usually accompanied by pepitoria and yellow arepa, it can be eaten fried, oven-baked, or dried. Flat corn bread. This dish includes chicharron (pork belly-fat) and cooked peeled corn. When possible, the peeled corn is roasted in clay pots, to provide even more flavor. A soup prepared with a variety of ingredients such as red meat, tripe, beef ribs, grains, potatoes, pasta, corn, and spices. Due to

2706-506: The first expedition through the area in 1529. The area was later invaded c. 1532 by German Ambrosius Ehinger in a quest to find El Dorado . This disrupted or destroyed many of the Amerindian villages. Some ethnic groups like the Yariguíes, Opones, and Carares fought the conquerors until they became extinct. Explorer Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada later went to the area in an effort to appease

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2772-648: The first half of the 20th century. Bucaramanga is located on a plateau in the Cordillera Oriental of the Colombian Andes , and many residents occupy unstable lands descending steeply from the meseta . Westbound of it, the Rio de Oro Canyon is located at an altitude of 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level . Eastbound, the Andean Range rises up in high peaks, reaching almost 3,700 metres (12,100 ft) AMSL in

2838-484: The first in the world with that flavor, it is now marketed as their flagship product, Postobon. Ardila later said he feels a special affection for this achievement as a contribution to the beverage industry. The commercial success with Gaseosas LUX allowed them to gradually acquire shares in the company Postobón, S.A. , which made a popular drink, Kola Champaña. After uniting the two companies, Ardila then became president of Postobón, S.A. in 1968. At this stage he initiated

2904-471: The ingredients included, it has a thick consistency. Pepitoria is prepared with the intestines of a goat or lamb. Served with rice, yuca, and potatoes. The tamale is a dish that is eaten in various parts of Colombia, but in Santander it is prepared with peeled corn dough and filled with beef, chicken or pork, chickpeas, onions, and paprika. It is then wrapped in banana leaf giving it a rectangular shape. This

2970-577: The institute, which has meant the movement of areas of the library to use the administrative area of the Municipal Institute of Culture. The creation of the Municipal Institute of Culture was conceived in order to expand the possibilities for sponsoring culture in the metropolitan area. But as culture has not traditionally played a leading role in local government, colleges do not receive sufficient funding and incentives to fulfill their purposes. The Institute provides library services, art workshops, and

3036-426: The largest in Latin America. In these shopping centers, there are several movie theaters of major companies such as Cine Colombia, Cine Royal and Cinemark , clothing stores like Adidas , Levi's , and national brands such as Arturo Calle, restaurants and cafes as Presto, El Corral, McDonald's , Crêpes & Waffles, Juan Valdez . One of the largest hypermarket chains in Colombia, Exito, has five stores throughout

3102-579: The more recognized Cabecera Etapa IV and the shopping center "La Quinta" or V Etapa. The Acropolis Shopping Center is located in an area known as Ciudadela Real de Minas, while the San Andresito commercial center and the traditional and renovated (2005) Cañaveral shopping center are located in the southern sector of the city along with the El Cacique shopping center, opened in November 2012 and considered one of

3168-415: The most exotic foods in this Colombian city is undoubtedly the “ hormigas culonas ”, or “big-butt ants”, which have made Bucaramanga famous nationally and internationally; the speciality has even been exported to Tokyo and London. These ants have a naturally high protein content, and their consumption among local peoples dates from well before the colonial era. This delicacy is only available seasonally, due to

3234-582: The most important businessmen in Colombia, Claudia Florez and Ivan Garzón. Colombian artist Oscar Rodríguez Naranjo came back from France during the Second World War and settled in Bucaramanga. Rodríguez Naranjo taught at the art school while he made a number of paintings that would build up his reputation in Colombia. In 1941 he became the Director of the Academia de Bellas Artes in Bucaramanga. The city has

3300-539: The most important oil refinery in the country—El Socorro and Málaga. Recently it has extended its services to Barranquilla and Bogotá through the offer of its Graduate Programs. Bucaramanga's culture has several expressions, from the visual arts such as painting, sculpture, photography, and recently also in experimental demonstrations that incorporate new technology for artistic communication, such as video. Throughout Bucaramanga's history, it has hosted many cultural offerings in various areas, causing arts groups to form within

3366-432: The national economic sectors are performed there annually. The city also has a polyfunctional center for events and shows, which gives a space for performing great shows, puzzle games, sports, and business. A number of meeting rooms and conferences allow Bucaramanga to hold conventions for entrepreneurs around the country. The trade fairs, as well as direct benefits to the respective sector, have benefits in other areas of

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3432-462: The nationwide radio company Radio Cadena Nacional ( RCN ). He acquired the record company Sonolux in 1973, and in 1978, he added a television channel under the RCN platform called RCN TV. This would develop into a prominent premium channel in 1998, and branch off in 2008 with a news channel called Nuestra Tele Noticias 24 Horas (NTN24). In 1978, he also acquired textile company Coltejer , which has remained

3498-674: The old airport Gómez Niño located in the Ciudadela Real de Minas. The airport currently operates under the administration of the Palonegro consortium Colombo-Korean SAS East Airports Group. There are daily flights from most major cities in Colombia, as well as international flights from the city of Panama . In 2009, Palonegro International Airport was ranked among Colombia's most important airports. Many important Colombian people are from Bucaramanga, such as Luis Carlos Galán , presidential candidate murdered in 1989, Carlos Ardila Lülle , one of

3564-481: The place locally known as "Paramo de Berlin". The city is located at 7°08′N 73°08′W  /  7.133°N 73.133°W  / 7.133; -73.133 . The official metropolitan area includes the municipalities of: Girón , Piedecuesta and Floridablanca , but Lebrija is home to Bucaramanga's airport and is commonly considered part of greater Bucaramanga. Despite recent urbanization, all four neighboring municipalities contain extensive rural areas. Under

3630-502: The region, mainly due to what is known as the La Rosita ravine. Until 1778, Bucaramanga was considered an indigenous town and it was in 1779 when it began to be called a Parish. The name it took was the Parish of Our Lady of Chiquinquira and San Laureano de la Real de Minas de Bucaramanga. The city attracted a core of German merchants and adventurers in the 1860s and 1870s (the most famous of whom

3696-523: The road that leads to Bogotá at the maximum height of the Cordillera Oriental in the municipality of ARATOCA, offers an exceptional view of the mighty river canyon Chicamocha, is equally Chicamocha National Park, from where you can appreciate at its best canons of rivers Chicamocha and Suarez. Giron: : Located 9 km of Bucaramanga. Founded in 1631, the gold mines were important during the colonial era of tremendous architectural heritage, which made it

3762-528: The second the Ruta Nacional 45A that comes from Bogotá and San Alberto comes up this road connects with the Colombian Caribbean region and major cities across the Ruta Nacional 45 . The international airport serving Bucaramanga is Palonegro International Airport , located on the hill of Palonegro, west of the metropolitan area and close to the town of Lebrija . The airport opened in 1974, replacing

3828-506: The tribes. The colonization process in the area was started by Martín Galeano who founded the village of Vélez on July 3, 1539 and Pedro de Ursúa and Ortún Velázquez de Velasco founded the village of Pamplona (now part of the Norte de Santander Department ) in 1549. Once the Amerindian tribes were dominated, the Spanish organized the territory based on Cabildos (councils) to maintain

3894-465: The west. Its capital is the city of Bucaramanga . Prior to the arrival of the Spaniards , the territory now known as Santander was inhabited by Amerindian ethnic groups: Muisca , Chitareros , Laches , Yariguí , Opón , Carare and Guanes . Their political and social structure was based on cacicazgos , a federation of tribes led by a cacique , with different social classes. Their main activity

3960-511: Was Geo von Lengerke ) and tensions between the newcomers and local merchants flared in 1879, when the event named "La Culebra Pico de Oro" ("The Gold Beak Snake") occurred. With the political reorganization of 1886, Bucaramanga replaced Socorro as the departmental capital. The region (although not the city itself) was devastated by the civil war of 1899–1902—commonly known as the Thousand Days War —causing Bucaramanga to grow only modestly in

4026-406: Was designed by the historian Gustavo Gómez Mejía. Made of two green stripes with a yellow one in the middle. In the center, there's a blue disk, surrounded by a red circle. In the middle of the blue disk, there's a white star. In the red circle the following legend: "Below the azure of its sky and defended by the generous blood of its sons, Bucaramanga is opened to the four horizons of the motherland"

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4092-738: Was distinguished in Colombia by the National Government with the Grand Cross award Order of Boyaca , for services to the Colombian military, and the Order of Democracy of Simón Bolívar. He was chosen as "The Entrepreneur of the Twentieth Century" by a group of eleven business school deans in Colombia, and received commendations from King of Spain Juan Carlos I including honorary Spanish citizenship. He

4158-482: Was founded in 1681 and 1711 he was awarded the title of "Very Noble and Loyal Villa". In 1781 Manuela Beltrán broke the edict that raised taxes and contributions, which led to the revolt of the Communards. In the main square stand monuments to José Antonio Galán , leader of the uprising, and Antonia Santos. Other attractions are the house of culture and the cathedral. Barichara : Located 118 km (73 mi) from

4224-579: Was listed as one of the richest men in Latin America, and appeared on several occasions in Forbes magazine, with his capital assets estimated at over 1 billion dollars. On August 13, 2021 he died from natural causes in the city of Cali, Colombia. Today, Organización Ardila Lülle is industrially one of the most important conglomerates in Colombia along with Alejandro Santo Domingo 's Grupo Empresarial Bavaria S.A. , and Luis Carlos Sarmiento Angulo 's Grupo Aval Acciones y Valores . After positioning his company in

4290-509: Was planting maize , beans , yuca , arracacha , cotton , agave , tobacco , tomato , pineapple and guava , among others. Their agricultural skills were sufficiently developed to take advantage of the different mountainous terrains. The Guanes utilized terraces and an artificial system of irrigation . They had a knowledge of arts and crafts based on ovens to produce ceramics . They had cotton to make clothing and accessories such as hats and bags. Spanish conqueror Antonio de Lebrija led

4356-415: Was the first and most significant town founded by Spanish colonialists in the region, and Bucaramanga (founded on 22 December 1622) did not overtake Girón in population or economic significance until the early 19th century. Bucaramanga was born as an indigenous town since the economic activity that occurred for the first time in the area was the extraction of gold from the alluvial deposits that predominated in

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