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72-644: Haas was born in Ludwigshafen am Rhein in Germany . He emigrated to the US in March 1938. He was of Dutch Jews descent. His father fled Germany in the 1930s. Haas grew up in Chicago and sold gearbox parts from his parents' home. He used the proceeds to begin racing sports cars in 1952 and won numerous races driving Ferraris , Porsches , MGs , and Jaguars . He retired from driving in

144-498: A Philhellene the Greek War of Independence , in which he provided a loan of 1.5 million florins from his private funds. In 1817 Ludwig was also involved in the fall of Prime Minister Count Max Josef von Montgelas whose policies he had opposed. He succeeded his father on the throne in 1825. Ludwig's rule was strongly affected by his enthusiasm for the arts and women and by his overreaching royal assertiveness. An enthusiast for

216-484: A bungalow in southern Oggersheim. The Wallfahrtskirche, a railway station, the important Unfallklinik (“casualty hospital”), and several large residential blocks are to be found in Oggersheim. For the last few years, the northern subdistricts of Notwende and Melm have seen a large amount of building activities in their new housing estates. Rheingönheim (ca 7,000 inhabitants), as the southernmost suburb of Ludwigshafen,

288-523: A businessman from Speyer , continued Hornig's plans, which were then turned over to his son-in-law, Philipp Markus Lichtenberger , in 1830. Their activities marked the beginning of the civilian use of the Rheinschanze. The year 1844 was the official birth of Ludwigshafen, when Lichtenberger sold this property to the state of Bavaria (Bayern), and the military title of the fortress was finally removed. The Bavarian king, Ludwig I , set forth plans to rename

360-605: A chassis built by FORCE. He also co-owned a NASCAR Winston Cup Series team with Travis Carter for eight seasons. In 1983, Haas joined with actor Paul Newman to form Newman/Haas Racing , a team in the Championship Auto Racing Teams (CART) Series. The team won its first CART title with Mario Andretti the next year, and the team went on to win three more series championships: Michael Andretti won in 1991, former Formula 1 World champion Nigel Mansell in 1993, and Brazilian Cristiano da Matta in 2002. Following

432-508: A population of 100,000 in 1922, thus gaining " City " status. It prospered until 1929 and the onset of the Great Depression , which brought unemployment, labor trouble, political strife, and the rise of the Nazis . The Nazi party had few followers and votes in working-class-dominated Ludwigshafen, but succeeded in enforcing their policies. Many small houses with gardens were built, especially in

504-503: A practice session for the 1999 race at Twin Ring Motegi , Japan , Haas infamously threw his cigar at Montoya's car owner Chip Ganassi during a confrontation in the garage area. One of the few car owners ever to record victories in F5000, CART, Champcar and IRL, Haas also participated in race promotion. He served on CART's Board of Governors until it folded in 2003, and retired as chairman of

576-681: A second large shopping mall on the southern tip of the city centre (the Walzmühle near Berliner Platz ) with affiliated railway station ( Ludwigshafen-Mitte ). In addition, another shopping mall on the banks of the Rhine, the Rhein-Galerie, was completed in September 2010. Ludwigshafen has enormous importance as an industrial city. The city centre of Ludwigshafen is comparatively small and dominated by post-war buildings. Its northern and southern boundaries are

648-399: A “worker's city”, and created problematic shortages of housing and real estate. The solution was the expansion of the municipal area and the incorporation of the two nearest villages, Friesenheim and Mundenheim, in the years 1892 and 1899. In the area between the city centre and those two suburbs new quarters (“North” and “South”) were built after (then) modern urban development plans. Because

720-550: Is known mainly for its industry ( Woellner ) and its game enclosure Wildpark. Maudach (ca. 7,000 inhabitants), in Ludwigshafen's South-West, is a popular residential area, closely associated with the Maudacher Bruch park. Ruchheim (ca. 6,000 inhabitants), as the westernmost suburb, has long been a small agricultural village, but now it is growing rapidly due to new housing estates. Although Ludwigshafen has no airfield, it

792-512: Is one of the most important suburbs, being much like a town for itself (which it was in the Middle Ages). It is mentioned in the Wormser wall-building ordinance from around 900 as one of the places that shared responsibility for maintaining the city wall of Worms . During the 18th century, Electress Palatine , Elisabeth Auguste used Schloss Oggersheim as her summer palace. Helmut Kohl owned

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864-571: Is the birthplace and death place of the former Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl . In 2012, Ludwigshafen was classified as a global city with ' Sufficiency ' status by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). In antiquity , Celtic and Germanic tribes settled in the Rhine Neckar area. During the 1st century B.C. the Romans conquered the region, and a Roman auxiliary fort

936-530: Is well connected with several airports in the region. There are small airfields near Speyer , Bad Dürkheim and Worms , a medium-sized regional airport in Mannheim, and the Frankfurt International Airport in about an hour's driving distance. Ludwig I of Bavaria Ludwig I or Louis I ( German : Ludwig I. ; 25 August 1786 – 29 February 1868) was King of Bavaria from 1825 until

1008-682: The 1848 revolutions in the German states . When he was crown prince, he was involved in the Napoleonic Wars . As king, he encouraged Bavaria's industrialization, initiating the Ludwig Canal between the rivers Main and the Danube . In 1835, the first German railway was constructed in his domain, between the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg , with his Bavaria joining the Zollverein economic union in 1834. After

1080-660: The Battle of Abensberg on 20 April. With the Treaty of Ried of 8 October 1813 Bavaria left the Confederation of the Rhine and agreed to join the Sixth Coalition against Napoleon in exchange for a guarantee of her continued sovereign and independent status. On 14 October, Bavaria made a formal declaration of war against Napoleonic France . The treaty was passionately backed by Crown Prince Ludwig and by Marshal von Wrede . Already at

1152-466: The Benckiser company (founded by Johann Benckiser), Giulini Brothers, Grünzweig&Hartmann AG, and Knoll AG  [ de ] . With more jobs available, the population of Ludwigshafen increased rapidly. In 1899 the city was governing more than 62,000 residents (compared to 1,500 in 1852). This population explosion looked quite “American” to contemporaries; it determined Ludwigshafen's character as

1224-611: The CART–IndyCar split and the subsequent bankruptcy of CART, Newman/Haas has won in the successor series to CART, the Champ Car World Series , with Sébastien Bourdais in 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007. During his years in CART, Haas became known for his fondness for cigars. Prohibited from smoking in the pitlane, he would chew an unlit cigar during the race, often at both ends. When Michael Andretti and Juan Pablo Montoya collided during

1296-462: The Gartenstadt . Further, similar to Nazi plans in other cities (e.g. Hamburg ), they aimed at creating a "Greater Ludwigshafen" by agglomerating smaller towns and villages in the vicinity. Thus Oggersheim, Oppau, Edigheim , Rheingönheim, and Maudach became suburbs of Ludwigshafen, raising its population to 135,000. The Ludwigshafen synagogue was destroyed in 1938 and its Jewish population of 1,400

1368-537: The German Mediatization of 1803. In 1815, Baden's possession of Manheim and Heidelberg was confirmed and only the left bank territories were given back to Bavaria. Ludwig founded the city of Ludwigshafen there as a Bavarian rival to Mannheim. Ludwig moved the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität from Landshut to Munich in 1826. The king also encouraged Bavaria's industrialization. He initiated

1440-779: The Italian Renaissance , Ludwig patronized the arts and commissioned several neoclassical buildings , especially in Munich . He was an avid collector of arts, amassing paintings from the Early German and Early Dutch periods as well as Graeco-Roman sculptures. All living legitimate agnatic members of the House of Wittelsbach descend from him. Born in the Zweibrücker Hof in Straßburg as Ludwig Karl August von Pfalz-Birkenfeld-Zweibrücken , he

1512-691: The July Revolution of 1830 in France, Ludwig's previous liberal policy became increasingly repressive; in 1844, Ludwig was confronted during the Beer riots in Bavaria . During the revolutions of 1848 the king faced increasing protests and demonstrations by students and the middle classes. On 20 March 1848, he abdicated in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian . Ludwig lived for another twenty years after his abdication and remained influential. An admirer of ancient Greece and

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1584-552: The July Revolution of 1830 in France, Ludwig's previous liberal policy became more and more repressive. The Hambacher Fest in 1832 revealed the discontent of the population caused by high taxes and censorship. In connection with the unrest of May 1832, some 142 political trials were initiated. The seven death sentences that were pronounced were commuted to long-term imprisonment by the king. About 1,000 political trials were to take place during Ludwig's reign. The strict censorship, which he had reinstated after having abolished it in 1825,

1656-492: The Ludwig Canal between the rivers Main and the Danube . In 1835 the first German railway was constructed in his domain, between the cities of Fürth and Nuremberg . Bavaria joined the Zollverein in 1834. As Ludwig had supported the Greek fight of independence his second son Otto was elected king of Greece in 1832. Otto's government was initially run by a three-man regency council made up of Bavarian court officials. After

1728-776: The SCCA Pro Racing Division in 2001. He also chaired the Board of the SCCA for a record four terms until his retirement in 1996. Haas was also a member of the Board of Directors at Road America . Haas also promoted races at the Milwaukee Mile , inducing CART races and NASCAR Busch Series , NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series , and American Speed Association races. He also promoted the Grand Prix of Houston . Overall, Haas's teams have won 11 championships in three decades. IMS called him one of

1800-699: The Stadtteil Süd or “South” quarter. “South” has some of the most attractive residential areas, especially the Parkinsel area. Other sub-quarters of “South” are the Musikantenviertel or the Malerviertel . In a few years, there will be one more highly prized residential area (“ Rheinufer Süd ”) on the Rhine near the Walzmühle on former industrial estates. The Nördliche Innenstadt (ca. 22,000 inhabitants) includes

1872-948: The Walhalla temple , the Befreiungshalle , the Villa Ludwigshöhe , the Pompejanum , the Ludwigstraße , the Bavaria statue , the Ruhmeshalle , the Glyptothek , the Old and the New Pinakothek . His architects Leo von Klenze and Friedrich von Gärtner also strongly influenced the cityscape of modern Athens . Already as crown prince Ludwig collected Early German and Early Dutch paintings, masterpieces of

1944-451: The explosion of 1921 and the flood of 1882. Edigheim (ca. 9,000 inhabitants) had once been a part of Oppau in the South, today ist almost as large as Oppau. The Pfingstweide (ca. 6,000 inhabitants) is Ludwigshafen's northernmost district; it is dominated by tower blocks and is located in close vicinity to Frankenthal. The Gartenstadt (ca. 18,000 inhabitants), west of Mundenheim, is (as

2016-511: The poison gas used on the Western Front . This contributed to Ludwigshafen, on May 27, 1915, being the target of the world's first strategic aerial bombardment. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, killing twelve people and setting the precedent for the age to come. When the war was lost by Germany in 1918, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops, in accordance with the terms of

2088-607: The "most powerful men in the history of auto racing." He was inducted into the SCCA Hall of Fame in 2007. Haas lived in Lake Forest, Illinois with his wife, Bernadette. It was announced on July 7, 2016, that he had died on June 29, 2016, at his home. Ludwigshafen am Rhein Ludwigshafen , officially Ludwigshafen am Rhein ( German pronunciation: [ˈluːtvɪçsˌhaːfn̩ ʔam ˈʁaɪn] ; meaning " Ludwig 's Port upon

2160-693: The 1815 Congress of Vienna , Ludwig advocated a German national policy. Until 1816 the crown prince served as governor-general of the Duchy of Salzburg , whose cession to Austria he strongly opposed. His second son Otto , the later King of Greece, was born there. Between 1816 and 1825, he spent his years in Würzburg . He also made numerous trips to Italy and stayed often in the Villa Malta  [ de ] in Rome, which he later also bought (1827). Ludwig supported generously as

2232-573: The 1970s, Haas entered race teams in various series, including Formula 5000 , the Can-Am Series and the Super Vee series . His Can-Am drivers included Masten Gregory , Peter Revson , Jackie Stewart , Brian Redman , Alan Jones , Patrick Tambay , Jacky Ickx , and David Hobbs . His Super Vee driver, Eddie Miller, won the series title. In 1985, he ran the Haas Lola Formula One team, using

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2304-754: The Cabinet now turned against Ludwig. He had to sign the so-called "March Proclamation" with substantial concessions. On 16 March 1848 it was followed by renewed unrest because Lola Montez had returned to Munich after a short exile. Ludwig had to let her be searched by the police on 17 March, which was the worst humiliation for him. Not willing to rule as a constitutional monarch , Ludwig abdicated on 20 March 1848 in favour of his eldest son, Maximilian . Ludwig lived for another 20 years after his abdication and remained influential, especially as he continued several of his cultural projects. For most of his time in Munich his residence

2376-603: The German Middle Ages, Ludwig ordered the re-erection of several monasteries in Bavaria which had been closed during the German mediatisation . He reorganized the administrative regions of Bavaria in 1837 and re-introduced the old names Upper Bavaria , Lower Bavaria , Franconia , Swabia , Upper Palatinate and Palatinate . He changed his royal titles to Ludwig, King of Bavaria, Duke of Franconia, Duke in Swabia and Count Palatine of

2448-728: The German name for Bavaria today is spelled "Bayern" instead of "Baiern", while the German dialect spoken there has retained its original spelling "Bairisch"—note the I versus the Greek-derived Y . Ludwig was an eccentric and notoriously bad poet. He would write about anything, no matter how trivial, with strings of rhyming couplets. For this, the king was teased by Heinrich Heine who wrote several mocking poems in Ludwig's style. Ironically, Ludwig's Walhalla temple added Heine's bust to its collection in 2009. In private life Ludwig was, in spite of his royal assertiveness, modest and companionable and

2520-547: The Hemshof, “North” and “West” districts. Hemshof and “North” represent the “old town” of Ludwigshafen, they are known for their very high proportion of foreign inhabitants, making them culturally diverse. ”West” (also called Valentin-Bauer-Siedlung ) is located between main station and main cemetery. Friesenheim (ca. 18,000 inhabitants) is located north of Hemshof and is one of the two (the other one being Mundenheim) “mother villages” of Ludwigshafen, because they were responsible for

2592-687: The Hochstraßen (highways on stilts), the Rhine is in the East and the main station is located in the West of downtown Ludwigshafen, at a walking distance of about 15 minutes from the central pedestrian precinct Bismarckstraße that forms, together with the shopping mile Ludwigsstraße , the main North-South Axis, connecting the so-called “North Pole” with the Rathaus Center and the “South Pole” with Berliner Platz,

2664-633: The Italian renaissance, and contemporary art for his museums and galleries. He also placed special emphasis on collecting Greek and Roman sculpture. Through his agents, he managed to acquire such pieces as the Medusa Rondanini , the Barberini Faun , and, in 1813, the figures from the Temple of Aphaea on Aegina . One of his most famous conceptions is the celebrated "Schönheitengalerie" (Gallery of Beauties) , in

2736-405: The Palatinate , one of the larger states within the Holy Roman Empire . The foundation of the new capital of the Kurpfalz, Mannheim, was a decisive influence on the development of the area as a whole. Parallel to the foundation of Mannheim in 1606, a fortress ( die Rheinschanze ) was built by Frederick IV, Elector Palatine on the other side of the Rhine to protect the City of Mannheim, thus forming

2808-459: The Rheinschanze, cut off politically from Mannheim, lost its function as the neighbouring city's military bulwark. In 1808, during the French occupation, Carl Hornig of Mannheim purchased the fortress from the French authorities and turned it into a way station for passing river traffic. Later, the Rheinschanze with its winter-proof harbour basin (created by a flood in 1824) was used as trading post. Hornig died in 1819, but Johann Heinrich Scharpff ,

2880-416: The Rhine , the Arch-Steward of the Empire , and Duke of Berg on the extinction of the Sulzbach line with the death of the elector Charles Theodore . His father assumed the title of King of Bavaria on 1 January 1806. Starting in 1803 Ludwig studied in Landshut where he was taught by Johann Michael Sailer and in Göttingen . On 12 October 1810 he married Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen (1792–1854),

2952-438: The Rhine . His successors kept these titles. Ludwig's plan to reunite the eastern part of the Palatinate with Bavaria could not be realized. The Electoral Palatinate , a former dominion of the Wittelsbach, had disappeared under Napoleon when France first annexed the left bank of the Rhine, including about half of the Palatinate, and then gave what remained on the right bank including, Mannheim and Heidelberg , to Baden during

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3024-443: The Rhine"), is a city in the German state of Rhineland-Palatinate , on the river Rhine ( Upper Rhine ), opposite Mannheim . With Mannheim, Heidelberg , and the surrounding region, it forms the Rhine Neckar Area . Known primarily as an industrial city, Ludwigshafen is home to BASF , the world's largest chemical producer , and other companies. Among its cultural facilities are the Staatsphilharmonie Rheinland-Pfalz . It

3096-433: The Walzmühle shopping centre and Ludwigshafen (Rhein) Mitte station . The main east–west connections are the Bahnhofsstraße and Kaiser-Wilhelm-Straße . The Pfalzbau, Staatsphilharmonie, Wilhelm-Hack-Museum and the half-destroyed monument Lutherkirche are main features of downtown Ludwigshafen. The Südliche Innenstadt or “southern city centre” (ca. 29,000 inhabitants) includes the real city centre as described above and

3168-405: The administration of Ludwigshafen prior to its independence. Helmut Kohl was born in Friesenheim. Its western district, the Froschlache , boasts four impressive tower blocks. Oppau (ca. 10,000 inhabitants) in the North is dominated by the nearby BASF and had once been a town of its own prior to its incorporation into Ludwigshafen. In its history, it has been afflicted by several catastrophes like

3240-412: The area west of the Rhine annexed by France from 1798 to 1813. The Electorate of the Palatinate was split up. The eastern bank of the Rhine with Mannheim and Heidelberg was given to Baden , while the western bank (including the Ludwigshafen area) was granted to the Kingdom of Bavaria , following the Wars of Liberation (1813–1815), in which the French were expelled. The Rhine had become a frontier and

3312-470: The attitude of Caroline's stepson Ludwig I, who had been a strong opponent of Protestantism in spite of his marriage to a Protestant princess, Therese of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The Ultramontanes' regime only ended due to their demands against the naturalization of Ludwig I's Irish-born mistress Eliza Gilbert (better known by her stage name Lola Montez ). Ludwig resented that move, and the Ultramontanes under Karl von Abel were pushed out. Already in 1844, Ludwig

3384-483: The capital of Rheinland-Pfalz, Mainz , for a while. In the early 1970s, a plan to reform the composition of the German Bundesländer, which would have created a new state around a united Mannheim-Ludwigshafen as capital with more than half a million inhabitants, failed. Nevertheless, further ambitious projects were financed in Ludwigshafen, first of all the 15-floor city hall with its linked-up shopping centre ( Rathaus Center ). The last (up to now) new incorporated suburb

3456-553: The city were literally ruined, which were rebuilt in the architectural style of the 1950s and 1960s. The most important projects were the Hochstraßen (highways on stilts), the revolutionary new main station (then the most modern station in Europe), several tower blocks and a whole new suburb, the satellite quarter Pfingstweide north of Edigheim. The city's economic wealth allowed social benefits and institutions to be introduced. The population number reached its all-time climax in 1970 with more than 180,000 inhabitants, thus surpassing even

3528-720: The civilians to evacuate the city, plus counterfeit ration coupons). Repairs took longer and longer as spare parts became more difficult to find. By December 1944, so much damage had been done to vital utilities that output dropped to nearly zero. Follow-up raids every week ended production permanently. By the end of the war most dwellings had been destroyed or damaged; 1,800 people had died, and 3,000 were injured. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Ludwigshafen in March 1945. The US 12th Armored Division and 94th Infantry Division captured Ludwigshafen against determined German resistance in house-to-house and block-to-block urban combat during 21–24 March 1945. Post-war , Ludwigshafen

3600-454: The construction of both a small palace serving as secondary residence for the Elector, and the famous pilgrimage church, Wallfahrtskirche . For some weeks in 1782, the great German writer and playwright Friedrich Schiller lived in Oggersheim, on flight from his native Württemberg . War returned to the Ludwigshafen area with the armies of the French Revolution . The palace at Oggersheim was burned down, Mannheim besieged several times, and all

3672-479: The daughter of Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Hildburghausen . The wedding was the occasion of the first-ever Oktoberfest . Ludwig strongly rejected the alliance of his father with Napoleon I of France but in spite of his anti-French politics the crown prince had to join the emperor's wars with allied Bavarian troops in 1806. As commander of the 1st Bavarian Division in VII Corps, he served under Marshal François Joseph Lefebvre in 1809. He led his division in action at

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3744-410: The early 1960s in order to focus more on team ownership and other racing-related businesses. In 1967, he became the exclusive American importer for Lola Cars and helped the company attain national prominence in the racing world. His own company, Carl A. Haas Auto Imports, was founded in Lincolnshire, Illinois in 1960, and is involved in racing distribution deals, notably for Hewland gearboxes. During

3816-486: The formerly rotten Hemshof quarter has been restored. In 2008, a fire broke out in a building where many ethnic Turks lived. 9 people died, all of them Turks and 5 of them children. It was believed to be an arsonist attack, however this was found to be not true. One of the most annoying faults of Ludwigshafen – at least for many of the city's inhabitants - was its comparative lack of high-quality shopping possibilities. It has attempted to repair this deficiency by creating

3888-480: The ground was marshy and too low to be protected from Rhine floods, all the new houses were built on raised ground, sometimes as high as 5 metres above the original ground. Visitors can see the original ground level in many backyards of Ludwigshafen, which are sometimes two floors below street level. During World War I (1914–1918), Ludwigshafen's industrial plants played a key role in Germany's war economy, producing chemical ingredients for munitions, as well as much of

3960-465: The industry had prospered, people had accepted it. Besides that, the concrete constructions that had been so modern after the war and had a formative influence on today's cityscape were increasingly considered as obsolete. In recent years, many efforts have been made to enhance Ludwigshafen's image in the media. The city administration has cut down its deficit by cutting down social payments and maintenance, pollution has been (not least by BASF) restricted,

4032-414: The loss of working places and general economic trends, such as the oil crises, further worsened Ludwigshafen's financial situation at the end of the 20th century. The negative aspects of industrial success became obvious when examinations revealed the bad state of air and the Rhine due to pollution . There had always been some stench or dirt all over the city, caused by BASF and other plants, and as long as

4104-429: The name “garden city” suggests) a very green suburb, dominated by flat roofed houses and some tower blocks. Its sub-districts are Niederfeld , Hochfeld and Ernst-Reuter-Siedlung . Mundenheim (ca. 13,000 inhabitants) is a very old suburb, it boasts its own railway station, an extensive industrial area near the harbour. A sub-district is the Herderviertel in Mundenheim's North. Oggersheim (ca. 23,000 inhabitants)

4176-443: The nucleus of the City of Ludwigshafen itself. In the 17th century, the region was devastated and depopulated during the Thirty Years' War , and also in King Louis XIV of France ’s wars of conquest in the later part of the century. It was only in the 18th century, that the settlements around the Rheinschanze began to prosper, profiting from the proximity of the capital Mannheim. Oggersheim in particular gained some importance, after

4248-465: The peace agreement. The French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French garrison. The economic recovery of the 1920s was marred by one of the worst industrial explosions in history when, on Sept. 21, 1921, a BASF storage silo in Oppau blew up, killing more than 500 people, injuring a further 2,000, and destroying countless buildings. Despite this setback, Ludwigshafen reached

4320-425: The presence of the Blessed Sacrament at Corpus Christi processions and church services. The policy, which had been in place when Bavaria was still almost purely Catholic before 1803, had been discontinued after the inclusion of large Protestant areas. Catholic disturbances during the funeral of the Protestant Queen Caroline of Baden in 1841 caused a scandal. This treatment of his beloved stepmother permanently softened

4392-527: The settlement after himself and to start construction of an urban area as a Bavarian rival to Mannheim on the opposite bank. During the failed German revolution of 1848 rebels captured Ludwigshafen, but they were bombarded from Mannheim (rumours said the Mannheimers didn't aim at the revolutionaries, but on the rival harbour's infrastructure), and Prussian troops quickly expelled the revolutionaries. On December 27, 1852, King Maximilian II granted Ludwigshafen am Rhein political freedom and as on November 8, 1859,

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4464-432: The settlement gained city status. At its founding Ludwigshafen was still a very modest settlement with just 1,500 inhabitants. Real growth began with industrialization , and gained enormous momentum in Ludwigshafen due to its ideal transport facilities. In addition to its excellent position and harbor facilities on the Rhine, a railway connecting Ludwigshafen with the Saar coalfields was completed in 1849. The year 1865

4536-438: The south pavilion of his Nymphenburg Palace in Munich. A collection of 36 portraits of the beautiful women painted between 1827 and 1850 mostly by Joseph Karl Stieler . Also after his abdication, Ludwig remained an important and lavish sponsor for the arts. This caused several conflicts with his son and successor Maximilian. Finally, Ludwig financed his projects from his own resources. Because of King Ludwig's philhellenism ,

4608-440: Was Ruchheim in 1974. But then a process began that accelerated during the 1980s and 1990s and caused the financial near-collapse of Ludwigshafen. The enormous maintenance costs of the buildings and institutions introduced during the "fat time", new tax regulations that cut down the trade tax profits from the local industries, and thousands of dismissals in BASF were the main causes for the city's crisis. Loss of population due to

4680-486: Was an important date in the history of independent Ludwigshafen. After several discussions, BASF decided to move its factories from Mannheim to the Hemshof district, which belonged to Ludwigshafen. From then on, the city's rapid growth and wealth were linked to BASF's success and its expansion into becoming one of the world's most important chemical companies. Ludwigshafen also became home to several other rapidly growing chemical companies, including Friedrich Raschig GmbH,

4752-409: Was confronted with the Beer riots in Bavaria . During the revolutions of 1848 the king faced increasing protests and demonstrations by the students and the middle classes. The king had ordered to close the university in February, and on 4 March, a large crowd assaulted the Armory to storm the Munich Residenz . Ludwig's brother Prince Karl managed to appease the protesters, but the royal family and

4824-420: Was constructed near the present suburb of Rheingönheim. The Middle Ages saw the foundation of some of Ludwigshafen's future suburbs, including Oggersheim , Maudach, Oppau , and Mundenheim. Most of the area, however, remained swampland, with its development hindered by seasonal flooding of the Rhine. The Rhine Neckar region was part of the territory of the Prince-elector of the Kurpfalz , or Electorate of

4896-463: Was deported in 1940. During the Oil Campaign of World War II , the Allies conducted bombing of Ludwigshafen and Oppau . Thirteen thousand Allied bombers hit the city in 121 separate raids during the war, of which 56 succeeded in hitting the IG Farben plant. Those 56 raids dropped 53,000 bombs each containing 250 to 4,000 pounds of high explosives, plus 2.5 million 4-pound magnesium incendiary bombs (the bombers also dropped millions of leaflets warning

4968-415: Was opposed by large sectors of the population. In 1837 the Ultramontanes backed by the Roman Catholic Church gained control of the Bavarian parliament and began a campaign of changes to the constitution, such as removing civil rights that had earlier been granted to Protestants, as well as enforcing political censorship. On 14 August 1838, the King issued an order for all members of the military to kneel in

5040-575: Was part of the French occupation zone, becoming part of the newly founded Bundesland (state) of Rheinland-Pfalz and thus part of the Federal Republic of Germany . Reconstruction of the devastated city and revival of the economy was supported by the Allies, especially by American aid. In 1948, the "Pasadena Shares Committee" sent packages of blankets, clothing, food, and medicines to help the residents of post-war Ludwigshafen. Many friendships started to form, so that in 1956, Ludwigshafen am Rhein and Pasadena , California became sister cities. Large parts of

5112-419: Was the neo-Gothic Wittelsbacher Palais , once built for his successor and unloved by Ludwig. He died at Nice in 1868 and was buried in St. Boniface's Abbey, Munich , which he had ordered to be built. As admirer of ancient Greece and the Italian Renaissance , Ludwig patronized the arts as principal of many neoclassical buildings, especially in Munich , and as fanatic collector. Among others he commissioned

5184-562: Was the son of Count Palatine Maximilian Joseph of Zweibrücken (later Maximilian I Joseph of Bavaria ) by his first wife Princess Augusta Wilhelmine of Hesse-Darmstadt . At the time of his birth, his father was an officer in the French Army stationed at Strasbourg . Ludwig was the godson and namesake of Louis XVI of France . On 1 April 1795 his father succeeded Ludwig's uncle, Charles II , as duke of Zweibrücken , and on 16 February 1799 became Elector of Bavaria and Count Palatine of

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