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43-434: Carinderias are known for their affordability, making them accessible to a wide range of customers, from students and office workers to taxi drivers and construction workers. The low cost of meals is one of the main reasons why carinderias are popular among Filipinos. The concept of the carinderia can be traced back to the early 1800s when it emerged as a native food shop and a convenient stop for travelers. Prior to 1764, there

86-769: A bamboo stick, which makes the handling easier. Sepoy Sepoy ( / ˈ s iː p ɔɪ / ), related to sipahi , is a term denoting professional Indian infantryman , traditionally armed with a musket , in the armies of the Mughal Empire and the Maratha Army . In the 18th century, the French East India Company and its other European counterparts employed locally recruited soldiers within India, mainly consisting of infantry designated as "sepoys". The largest sepoy force, trained along European lines, served

129-621: A crucial role in providing sustenance to travelers and pilgrims along pilgrimage routes. As tourist transportation options emerged, such as the inauguration of the Philippine railway in 1892, towns like Cainta and Taytay became important stops for pilgrims embarking on the trek to the Antipolo town shrine. These towns witnessed an increase in the number of carinderias, offering a diverse menu that often included dishes like curry. The term "carinderia" has been linked by Spanish authority Wenceslao E. Retana to

172-642: A non-English or place adopts the English language or culture; institutional, in which institutions are influenced by those of England or the United Kingdom ; or linguistic , in which a non-English term or name is altered due to the cultural influence of the English language. It can also refer to the influence of English soft power , which includes media, cuisine, popular culture, technology, business practices, laws and political systems. Anglicisation first occurred in

215-499: A variety of vegetable and seafood dishes. Rice, the staple food of Filipinos, is usually included or available as a side dish. Some carinderias may display raw meats, such as chicken neck , chicken livers, chicken gizzards, strips of marinated pork or chicken meat, pork belly or other foods, which the customer can purchase and they will grill the meat over charcoal while the customer waits. They are typically basted in some type of sauce. The raw food are usually displayed and served on

258-563: Is to the military genius of the French that we are indebted for the formation of the Indian army. Our warlike neighbours were the first to introduce into India the system of drilling native troops and converting them into a regularly disciplined force. Their example was copied by us, and the result is what we now behold. Sepoys were also recruited in Portuguese India . The term cipaio (sepoy)

301-675: The Battle of Wandewash in 1760, France continued to maintain a Military Corps of Indian Sepoys ( corps militaire des cipayes de l'Inde ) in Pondicherry until it was disbanded and replaced by a locally recruited gendarmerie in 1898. The 19th century diplomat Sir Justin Sheil commented about the British East India Company copying the French Indian army in raising an army of Indians: It

344-535: The British East India Company . The term "sipahi" (or sometimes "sepoy") continues in use in the modern Indian , Pakistan and Nepalese armies, where it denotes the rank of private . In Persian اسپ (Aspa) means horse and Ispahai is also the word for cavalrymen. The term sepoy is the anglicised -form of the Persian word sepāhī ( سپاهی ), meaning the traditional "infantry soldier" in

387-560: The British Isles , when Celts under the sovereignty of the king of England underwent a process of anglicisation. The Celtic language decline in England was mostly complete by 1000 AD, but continued in Cornwall and other regions until the 18th century. In Scotland , the decline of Scottish Gaelic began during the reign of Malcolm III of Scotland to the point where by the mid-14th century

430-866: The Danish city København ( Copenhagen ), the Russian city of Moskva ( Moscow ), the Swedish city of Göteborg ( Gothenburg ), the Dutch city of Den Haag ( The Hague ), the Spanish city of Sevilla ( Seville ), the Egyptian city of Al-Qāhira ( Cairo ), and the Italian city of Firenze ( Florence ). The Indian city of Kolkata used to be anglicised as Calcutta , until the city chose to change its official name back to Kolkata in 2001. Anglicisation of words and names from indigenous languages occurred across

473-601: The English-speaking world in former parts of the British Empire . Toponyms in particular have been affected by this process. In the past, the names of people from other language areas were anglicised to a higher extent than today. This was the general rule for names of Latin or (classical) Greek origin. Today, the anglicised name forms are often retained for the more well-known persons, like Aristotle for Aristoteles, and Adrian (or later Hadrian ) for Hadrianus. During

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516-675: The Isle of Man and the Channel Islands . Until the 19th century, most significant period for anglicisation in those regions was the High Middle Ages . Between 1000 and 1300, the British Isles became increasingly anglicised. Firstly, the ruling classes of England, who were of Norman origin after the Norman Conquest of 1066, became anglicised as their separate Norman identity, different from

559-619: The Mughal Empire . In the Ottoman Empire the term sipahi was used to refer to cavalrymen. The term sepoy came into common use in the forces of the British East India Company in the eighteenth century, where it was one of a number of names, such as peons , gentoos , mestees and topasses , used for various categories of native soldier. Initially it referred to Hindu or Muslim soldiers without regular uniforms or discipline. It later generically referred to all native soldiers in

602-543: The Scots language was the dominant national language among the Scottish people . In Wales , however, the Welsh language has continued to be spoken by a large part of the country's population due to language revival measures aimed at countering historical anglicisation measures such as the Welsh not . In the early parts of the 19th century, mostly due to increased immigration from

645-456: The Welsh educational system . English "was perceived as the language of progress, equality, prosperity, mass entertainment and pleasure". This and other administrative reforms resulted in the institutional and cultural dominance of English and marginalisation of Welsh, especially in the more urban south and north-east of Wales. In 2022, the Commission for Welsh-speaking Communities warned that

688-727: The conquest of Wales by Edward I , which involved English and Flemish settlers being "planted" in various newly established settlements in Welsh territory. English settlers in Ireland mostly resided in the Pale , a small area concentrated around Dublin . However, much of the land the English settled was not intensively used or densely populated. The culture of settling English populations in Wales and Ireland remained heavy influenced by that of England. These communities were also socially and culturally segregated from

731-547: The quarter guard and frequently paraded before the men. They formed a rallying point in battle. The oath of fealty by the sepoy was given to the East India Company and included a pledge of faithfulness to the salt that one has eaten. The salary of the sepoys employed by the East India Company, while not substantially greater than that paid by the rulers of Indian states, was usually paid regularly. Advances could be given and family allotments from pay due were permitted when

774-416: The "father and mother" of the sepoys making up the paltan (from "platoon"). There were many family and community ties amongst the troops and numerous instances where family members enlisted in the same battalion or regiment. The izzat ("honour") of the unit was represented by the regimental colours ; the new sepoy having to swear an oath in front of them on enlistment. These colours were stored in honour in

817-466: The Bengal Army however, recruitment was only amongst high caste Brahmin and Rajput communities, mainly from the present day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar regions. Recruitment was undertaken locally by battalions or regiments often from the same community, village and even family. The commanding officer of a battalion became a form of substitute for the village chief or gaon bura . He was the mai-baap or

860-649: The Islands. The upper class in the Channel Islands supported anglicising the Islands, due to the social and economic benefits it would bring. Anglophiles such as John Le Couteur strove to introduce English culture to Jersey . Anglicisation was an essential element in the development of British society and of the development of a unified British polity. Within the British Isles , anglicisation can be defined as influence of English culture in Scotland , Wales , Ireland ,

903-579: The Mughal Empire during the Carnatic Wars and the Bengal War . After which the importance of the local sepoy diminished and were replaced by the "European hired Sepoy". The East India Company initially recruited sepoys from the local communities in the Madras and Bombay Presidencies . The emphasis here favored tall and soldierly recruits, broadly defined as being "of a proper caste and of sufficient size". In

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946-625: The Philippines were influenced by the presence of British Sepoys . British Sepoys were Indian natives who deserted British General William Draper's fleet around 1764 during the British occupation of Manila . These Sepoys integrated into the local community, marrying Filipina wives and settling in towns in the province of Tondo such as Taytay and Cainta , which were located along the Maytime Pilgrimage route to Antipolo Church . Carinderias played

989-537: The Tagalog word for curry, "kari," which is also the root word for the native dish called Kare-kare. Carinderias offer a wide range of Filipino dishes , including traditional home-cooked meals and popular local favorites. The menu can vary from day to day, depending on the availability of ingredients and the cook's expertise. Common offerings may include adobo (marinated meat stew), sinigang (sour soup), tinola (chicken stew), kare-kare (oxtail stew in peanut sauce), and

1032-419: The Welsh people did not move abroad in search of employment during the early modern era, and thus did not have to learn to speak English. Furthermore, migration patterns created a cultural division of labour, with national migrants tending to work in coalfields or remain in rural villages, while non-national migrants were attracted to coastal towns and cities. This preserved monocultural Welsh communities, ensuring

1075-523: The anglicisation of the Welsh culture and language. Motives for anglicising Wales included securing Protestant England against incursions from Catholic powers in Continental Europe and promoting the power of the Welsh Tudor dynasty in the rest of England. Scholars have argued that industrialisation prevented Wales from being anglicised to the extent of Ireland and Scotland, as the majority of

1118-519: The continued prominence of the Welsh language and customs within them. However, other scholars argue that industrialisation and urbanisation led to economic decline in rural Wales, and given that the country's large towns and cities were anglicised, this led to an overall anglicisation of the nation. The Elementary Education Act 1870 and the Welsh Intermediate Education Act 1889 introduced compulsory English-language education into

1161-434: The decline of French brought about the adoption of more values and social structures from Victorian era England. Eventually, this led to the Channel Islands's culture becoming mostly anglicised, which supplanted the traditional Norman-based culture of the Islands. From 1912, the educational system of the Channel Islands was delivered solely in English, following the norms of the English educational system . Anglicisation

1204-544: The emigration of Anglophones to Welsh-speaking villages and towns was putting the Welsh language at risk. During the 19th and 20th centuries, there was a nationwide effort in the United States to anglicise all immigrants to the US . This was carried out through methods including (but not limited to) mandating the teaching of American English and having all immigrants change their first names to English-sounding names. This movement

1247-404: The equivalent ranks were sowar or "trooper". Following the formation of the French East India Company ( Compagnie des Indes ) in 1719, companies of Indian sepoys ( cipayes ) were raised to augment the French regulars and Swiss mercenary troops available. By 1720 the sepoys in French service numbered about 10,000. Although much reduced in numbers after their decisive defeat in India at

1290-403: The identity of the native Anglo-Saxons , became replaced with a single English national identity . Secondly, English communities in Wales and Ireland emphasised their English identities, which became established through the settlement of various parts of Wales and Ireland between the 11th and 17th centuries under the guidance of successive English kings. In Wales, this primarily occurred during

1333-567: The mid to late 17th century they began to utilize more upgraded forms of muskets and even rockets . These sepoys also operated and mounted artillery pieces and sharpshooter upon war elephants which were also used for transport, hauling artillery and in combat. By the 18th century individual Nawabs employed their own sepoy units as did the European merchant companies established in parts of India. Sepoys became more visible when they gained European arms and fought for various fragmented polities of

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1376-678: The native Irish and Welsh, a distinction which was reinforced by government legislation such as the Statutes of Kilkenny . During the Middle Ages , Wales was gradually conquered by the English. The institutional anglicisation of Wales was finalised with the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 , which fully incorporated Wales into the Kingdom of England . This not only institutionally anglicised Wales, but brought about

1419-657: The rank of private . The same Persian word reached English via another route in the forms of sipahi and spahi . Zipaio , the Basque version of the word, is used by leftist Basque nationalists as an insult for members of the Basque Police , implying that they are not a national police of the Basque region due to their connection with the Spanish government. In Hispanic American countries, especially in Argentina ,

1462-476: The rest of the British Isles, the town of St Helier in the Channel Islands became a predominantly English-speaking place, though bilingualism was still common. This created a divided linguistic geography, as the people of the countryside continued to use forms of Norman French , and many did not even know English. English became seen in the Channel Islands as "the language of commercial success and moral and intellectual achievement". The growth of English and

1505-424: The service of the European powers in India. Close to ninety-six percent of the British East India Company's army of 300,000 men were native to India and these sepoys played a crucial role in securing the subcontinent for the company. The earliest sepoys used matchlock muskets and operated bulky and inefficient cannons to a limited extent during the reigns of Babur Akbar when archery and fighting from horseback

1548-436: The troops served abroad. There was a commissariat and regular rations were provided. Weapons, clothing and ammunition were provided centrally, in contrast to the soldiers of local kings whose pay was often in arrears. In addition local rulers usually expected their sepoys to arm themselves and to sustain themselves through plunder. This combination of factors led to the development of a sense of shared honour and ethos amongst

1591-528: The well drilled and disciplined Indian soldiery who formed the key to the success of European feats of arms in India and abroad. Following the Indian Rebellion of 1857 the surviving East India Company regiments were merged into a new Indian Army under the direct control of the British Crown. The designation of "sepoy" was retained for Indian soldiers below the rank of lance naik , except in cavalry where

1634-427: The word cipayo has historically been used as a pejorative colloquial expression referring to individuals considered as serving foreign interests, as opposed to serving their own country. Anglicisation Anglicisation or Anglicization is a form of cultural assimilation whereby something non-English becomes assimilated into or influenced by the culture of England . It can be sociocultural, in which

1677-514: Was also applied by the Portuguese to African soldiers in Angola , Mozambique and Portuguese Guinea , plus African rural police officers. Cipaios from Angola provided part of the garrison of Goa during the final years of Portuguese rule of that Indian territory. The title of "sepoy" is still retained in the modern Nepalese Army , Indian Army and Pakistan Army . In each of these it designates

1720-706: Was known as Americanization and is considered a subset of Anglicization due to English being the dominant language in the United States. Linguistic anglicisation is the practice of modifying foreign words, names, and phrases to make them easier to spell, pronounce or understand in English . The term commonly refers to the respelling of foreign words, often to a more drastic degree than that implied in, for example, romanisation . Non-English words may be anglicised by changing their form and/or pronunciation to something more familiar to English speakers. Some foreign place names are commonly anglicised in English. Examples include

1763-541: Was more common. By the time of Aurangzeb the Mughal armies had advanced significantly and utilized a wider range of weapons to win battles. During the Carnatic Wars and Anglo-Mysore Wars the sepoys of the Mughal Empire employed more advanced types of musket, as well as blunderbuss and rocket weapons. A Sipahi or a sepoy was an infantryman armed with a musket in the army of the Mughal Empire . The earliest sepoys were armed with daggers, talwars and matchlocks . By

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1806-649: Was no specific Filipino term to describe a commercial establishment selling cooked food. However, with the growth of busy crossroads, carinderias developed into a quick food service option for locals and travelers in need of sustenance. Over time, carinderias have adapted and evolved to meet the needs and preferences of Filipinos. Today, variations of carinderias can be found, including traveling carinderias and high-class carinderias, each offering its own unique dining experience and menu options. According to Filipino food historian Felice Prudente-Sta. Maria, carinderias and "karihans" (a term used interchangeably with carinderias) in

1849-435: Was supported by the British government , and it was suggested that anglicisation would not only encourage loyalty and congeniality between the Channel Islands and Britain, but also provide economic prosperity and improved "general happiness". During the 19th century, there was concern over the practise of sending young Channel Islanders to France for education, as they might have brought back French culture and viewpoints back to

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