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40-615: Carheil may refer to: Étienne de Carheil (1633–1726), French Jesuit priest who became a missionary to the Iroquois and Huron Indians in the New World Carheil Lake , lake in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada Carheil River , river in the Côte-Nord region of Quebec, Canada Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

80-639: A map in which these sub-domains are in turn divided into ecological regions and subregions, and then into landscape units. (See Saucier, J.-P.; Robitaille, A.; Grondin, P.; Bergeron, J.-F.; Gosselin, J. 1998) All of the bedrock of Quebec north of the foothills of the Laurentian Mountains is the Canadian Shield , one of the oldest and most stable of geological formations in the world, with rocks from 600 million to 4 billion years old. The rocks are hard and mostly acidic. The second largest geological zone

120-449: A maximum depth of 76 metres (249 ft) in its center and average depth of 33.9 metres (111 ft). The lake's name was made official on 5 December 1968. The Commission de toponymie du Québec does not have information about its origin. The commission states that the canton of Carheil, far to the west, is named after the Jesuit missionary Étienne de Carheil (1633-1726). Possibly there

160-474: Is a connection. Carheil Lake is at the head of the Moisie River drainage basin , and drains an area of 328 square kilometres (127 sq mi). It is in an area of rounded hills and flat areas with peat bogs, wetlands and many lakes and small streams. The valleys show the influence of glacial action and contain undifferentiated glacial till and fluvioglacial deposits of sand and gravel. Lac Daviault

200-857: Is an ecotone , or transition from the northern temperate zone to the boreal zone. It extends from the west to the center of Quebec between latitudes 47° and 48°. It also surrounds the Gaspé Peninsula and encompasses the Appalachian hills east of Quebec, the Laurentian foothills north of the Saint Lawrence , and the Lac Saint-Jean lowlands. The sugar maple is at the northern limit of its range here. Typical sites have mixed stands of yellow birch and conifers such as balsam fir, white spruce ( Picea glauca ) and cedar. Fires and outbreaks of spruce budworm are

240-484: Is being added to the lakes, phosphorus tends to accumulate rather than flow away, so the lakes could continue to experience cyanobacterial efflorescence from existing phosphorus. The researchers found that little was known about flow rates, renewal times, levels of oxygen, phosphorus and nitrogen, stratification, phytoplankton and fish populations in Carheil Lake or the other lakes. Almost the only information available

280-567: Is classified a Lake of Concern by Quebec's Ministère de l'Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques. In April 2011 it was reported that water management experts in Sept-Îles were concerned about cyanobacteria , or blue-green algae, that had been found in Carheil Lake. The cause of excessive phosphorus in the lake was discharge from the Fermont treatment plant over a period of forty years. The plant had recently been modernized, reducing

320-494: Is divided into east and west sub-domains based on rainfall and the distribution of eastern white pine ( Pinus strobus ) and red pine ( Pinus resinosa ). The mixed forest sub-zone has one domain, the fir / yellow birch domain. It is slightly less rich in species than the deciduous forest sub-zone. It contains southern species such as yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ) and boreal species such as balsam fir ( Abies balsamea ) and black spruce ( Picea mariana ). This domain

360-411: Is dominated by black spruce, which is often the only species of tree, but is often accompanied by species such as balsam fir. Hardwoods such as white birch, trembling aspen and sometimes balsam poplar also grow in this area. The ground is covered with hypnaceous mosses and ericaceous shrubs. There are few herbaceous species. Fires are the main factor in forest dynamics, and occur more frequently in

400-542: Is forest, with various species of trees and other plants, and these forests are the habitat for diverse fauna. Energy, precipitation and soil are all important factors in determining what can grow. The climate influences the natural disturbances that affect forests: western Quebec has a drier climate than the east, and experiences more fires. For most species these disturbances are not disasters, and some need them to regenerate. The climate in Quebec supports rich deciduous forest in

440-450: Is mainly carpets of moss and ericaceous species. As of 2015 the lake's shoreline appeared to be in excellent natural condition. The surroundings of the lake include cottages and forest shelters. An existing road leads south from Fermont to the lake. A report issued in 2016 on improving Quebec Route 389 between Fire Lake and Fermont proposed as one option to leave the present Route 389 between km 507 and 566, branch northeast and cross

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480-672: Is more common in the east. The maple / yellow birch domain covers the slopes and hills that border the southern Laurentian plateau and the Appalachians, and is the most northern domain of the deciduous forest sub-zone. The flora are less diverse and include many boreal species. On representative sites the yellow birch ( Betula alleghaniensis ) is one of the main companions to the sugar maple. American Basswood, American hophornbeam. American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ), northern red oak and eastern hemlock ( Tsuga canadensis ) grow in this area, but are very rare beyond its northern limit. The domain

520-521: Is on the west shore of the south part of the lake. The graphite was found in a structural lineament that runs roughly north-south for about 2 kilometres (1.2 mi). A report by the same company in May 2019 stated that they had drilled 17 holes along the formation for a length of about 1.25 kilometres (0.78 mi) and confirmed eastern and western extensions of the Carheil Graphitic Zone. The lake

560-554: Is south of Fermont and of Quebec Route 389 . It is in the Caniapiscau Regional County Municipality near the western boundary of Labrador . The lake is in the Grenville Province in the southeast of the Canadian Shield plateau, composed of Precambrian rocks, on average 300 metres (980 ft) above sea level. Carheil Lake's elongated shape and orientation indicate a glacial origin. The lake has

600-606: Is the Appalachians , about 230 million years old, softer and less acidic than the shield. The most fertile part of Quebec is on the rocks of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands , which are at least 250 million years old. They are sedimentary, once the beds of ancient seas. Most of the rock is covered with surface deposits from a few centimeters or inches thick to over 60 metres (200 ft). All forests grow on deposits at least 50 centimetres (20 in) thick. The roots penetrate

640-794: Is the boundary between the boreal zone and the Arctic zone. The Low Arctic sub-zone, the only Arctic sub-zone in Quebec, has no trees, continuous permafrost and tundra vegetation. This includes shrubs, herbaceous plants, typically graminoids , mosses and lichens . It includes the tundra arctic shrubs domain and the tundra arctic herbaceous domain. The tundra arctic shrubs domain extends roughly from 58° to 61° north and has continuous permafrost and landscapes shaped by periglaciation . Dwarf willows and birches no more than 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) high grow beside herbaceous plants, mostly graminoids, mosses and lichens. Patches of vegetation similar to this domain can be found on high peaks of southern Quebec on

680-438: Is to the north of the lake, lying to the east and south of the town of Fermont, and draining via Lac Sans Nom into Carheil Lake. Lac de la Rue feeds through Lac Cladonie and Lac Low Ball into the northwest of the lake. Lac Jonquet is to the east of the lake. Lac Moiré to the northeast also drains into the lake, as do other small lakes such as Lac Tupper, Lac Perchard and Lac en Croissant. The Carheil River leaves Carheil Lake from

720-592: The Gaspé Peninsula are mostly conifers. Although the soils of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands are very stony they are also very rich in nutrients. The Committee on the Map of Ecological Regions of the Quebec Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks defined the current classification of bioclimatic domains in Quebec in 1998. These are regions with similar climate and vegetation. There are ten of these domains. Some of

760-408: The Fermont treatment plant was the only known source of phosphorus. Until 2010 wastewater from Fermont was treated only by removal of solids. In 2010 a treatment system was installed with the purpose of removing phosphorus from the effluent, which in theory would reduce the phosphorus concentration from 2.5 to 0.8 milligrams per litre (9.0 × 10 to 2.9 × 10  lb/cu in). Although less phosphorus

800-529: The Maple / bitternut hickory domain, and also has very diverse flora. As well as sugar maple the American basswood ( Tilia americana ), white ash ( Fraxinus americana ), American hophornbeam ( Ostrya virginiana ) and butternut ( Juglans cinerea ) are found in favorable locations, but are less common beyond this area. The western subdomain is drier than the eastern subdomain, and the northern red oak ( Quercus rubra )

840-565: The Pekans River and La Rue Lake, then run along the existing road along Carheil Lake and up to the present Route 389. Construction of the road would involve deforestation at the crossing of the Pékans River and De La Rue Lake, and along the northwest shore of Carheil Lake. In September 2012 two men drowned in the lake when their canoe overturned. Neither was wearing a life jacket. A new 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) quad ( all-terrain vehicle ) trail

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880-414: The Quebec Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks. Given the size of this huge province, there is wide variation from the temperate deciduous forests of the southwest to the arctic tundra of the extreme north. Quebec covers more than 1,600,000 square kilometres (620,000 sq mi) of land between 45° and 62° north, with vegetation that varies greatly from south to north. Most of the natural vegetation

920-629: The Shield is mostly acidic, lacking in nutrients such as calcium, stony and with fine particles that are mostly sand. Most of Quebec's coniferous boreal forest grows on the Canadian Shield. The Appalachians form less acidic and more fertile soils, still rocky, but with less sand and more silt. In the Eastern Townships the forests are mostly deciduous, but the forests of the Bas-Saint-Laurent and

960-462: The deposits and draw water and nutrients from them. All these surface deposits in Quebec date to the last glacial period in North America, when ice completely covered Quebec to a depth of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) or more. The Laurentide Ice Sheet began to melt in the south about 15,000 years ago, and steadily retreated north, exposing rocks, sand and silt that had been scraped from the rock when

1000-411: The domains are subdivided into west and east sub-domains due to differences in vegetation caused by differences in precipitation. The domains are: The northern temperate zone has two sub-zones: deciduous forest and mixed forest. The deciduous forest sub-zone contains northern hardwood forests and is dominated by maples ( Acer ). Windthrow is an important element of the forest dynamics. It includes

1040-406: The forest tundra domain. It is the ecotone between the boreal zone and the Arctic zone, and extends roughly from 55° to 58° north. Shrubby heathland with shrubs and lichens has patches of forest in sheltered sites, mainly stunted black spruce less than 3 metres (10 ft) high. There are some areas of permafrost . The tree line, beyond which black spruce, white spruce and tamarack no longer grow,

1080-484: The glaciers had moved south. These loose deposits, or glacial till , are the most abundant type of surface deposit in Quebec. The till has often been reworked by the rivers that carried away the water of the melting ice sheet, or by the ancient lakes or seas that flooded inland before the land rebounded from the weight of the ice cap. The tills drain well due to their stones and abundant sand, but their richness in nutrients depends on their origins. The soil derived from

1120-555: The main types of forest disturbance. The boreal zone has three sub-zones: boreal forest, taiga and tundra forest. The boreal forest sub-zone has fairly dense stands that mostly contain boreal softwood species and light-leaved deciduous trees. It includes the fir / white birch domain and the spruce / moss domain. The fir / white birch domain covers the southern part of the boreal zone. The forests are dominated by stands of fir and white spruce, often mixed with white birch. Yellow birch and red maple ( Acer rubrum ) are found only in

1160-733: The maple / bitternut hickory domain, the maple / basswood domain and the maple / yellow birch domain. The maple / bitternut hickory domain has the mildest climate in Quebec and has very diverse forests. It includes several warm climate species, some at the northern limit of their range such as bitternut hickory ( Carya cordiformis ), shagbark hickory ( Carya ovata ), hackberries ( Celtis ), black maple ( Acer nigrum ), swamp white oak ( Quercus bicolor ), rock elm ( Ulmus thomasii ), pitch pine ( Pinus rigida ) and several shrubs and herbaceous plants. Other species such as sugar maple ( Acer saccharum ), fir and spruce also grow further north. The maple / basswood domain extends north and east of

1200-497: The north of Fermont, supplies the town with drinking water. It had a phosphorus concentration in October of 3.3 micrograms per litre (0.00023 gr/imp gal). A more complete report was issued in April 2015 giving information about the biota. Ecological regions of Quebec The Ecological regions of Quebec are regions with specific types of vegetation and climates as defined by

1240-682: The phosphorus released by 80% to 90%. The lake is a tributary to the large wild river, the Moisie River . There was a lack of funding for a $ 150,000 study of the impact on the Moisie River. The Ministry of Sustainable Development, Environment and Parks (MDDEP) told the OBV Duplessis to evaluate the situation of Carheil Lake, resulting in publication of a study in November 2011. The report noted that Lakes Daviault and Sans-Nom had also been affected with cyanobacterial efflorescence every year since 2005, and

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1280-592: The south of the domain. In more marginal areas black spruce ( Picea mariana ), jack pine ( Pinus banksiana ) and tamarack ( Larix laricina ) often grow beside paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ) and trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ). Spruce budworm is the main type of forest disturbance, attacking the balsam fir. Fire is also a significant factor. The western part of the domain is drier and has more frequent fires, resulting in more stands of species such as trembling aspen, white birch and jack pine. The spruce / moss domain extends to around 52° north. The forest

1320-626: The southeast. The river is a tributary of the Aux Pékans River , in turn a tributary of the Moisie River . It is estimated that the outflow from the lake is about 23 cubic metres per second (810 cu ft/s). The average annual temperature in the region is −5 °C (23 °F). The warmest month is July, when the average temperature is 12 °C (54 °F), and the coldest is January, with −21 °C (−6 °F). There are scattered areas of permafrost. A measurement of lake temperature in late July 2011 gave 16 °C (61 °F) near

1360-800: The southern regions, and further north become progressively harsher. In the Saint Lawrence Lowlands there are graduations of climate from southwest to northeast. Changes in elevation can have similar effects to changes in latitude, with plants adapted to cooler conditions found higher up. Within a given bioclimatic domain the types of vegetation depend on soil, terrain features such as hilltops, slopes and valley floors, and disturbances such as fires, insect infestations and logging. The Quebec Ministry of Forests, Wildlife and Parks divides Quebec into three vegetation zones: northern temperate, boreal and Arctic, which correspond to Quebec's major climate subdivisions, and divides these into sub-zones, which in turn are divided into domains and sub-domains. The ministry publishes

1400-517: The surface, falling to 5 °C (41 °F) at the lowest levels. A map of the Ecological regions of Quebec shows the Carheil Lake rising to the south of Fermont just west of the Spruce/lichen domain of the boreal zone. It is in the eastern spruce/moss domain of the boreal zone. The Carheil watershed is characterized by coniferous trees that are tolerant of prolonged contact with water. Even in

1440-457: The title Carheil . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carheil&oldid=917141214 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Carheil Lake Carheil Lake

1480-422: The undergrowth, shrubs and herbaceous species are all tolerant of extreme moisture conditions, such as willow shrubs, heathers , bog-myrtle and grey alder . Black spruce stands replace the fir-white birch found at lower latitudes. Several broad leaved and coniferous tree species coexist with black spruce, such as yellow birch , trembling aspen , balsam poplar , balsam fir and tamarack . The undergrowth

1520-508: The west, which has fewer fir trees than the east. The taiga sub-zone contains one domain, the spruce-lichen domain, and extends from the 52° to 55° north. It differs from the spruce-moss forest mainly by the more sparse forest cover. Black spruce, which is adapted to the harsh climate with low precipitation, grows in a carpet of lichens. Balsam fir and jack pine are found at the northern limit of their range. Fires can destroy huge areas in this domain. The tundra sub-zone contain one domain,

1560-596: Was built in 2015 from Fermont to the lake by the Club VTT du Grand Nord . In 2017 Metals Australia announced initial exploration results at their 4,450 hectares (11,000 acres) Lac Rainy Est graphite project, important in providing an input to lithium-ion battery manufacturing. The press release noted that a high grade deposit at Carheil Lake, less than 200 metres (660 ft) from the Lac Rainy project area, had yielded samples of 35.49% Cg and 40.67% Cg. The Carheil Lake deposit

1600-602: Was on the water quality in 1996 at the mouth of the Moisie River, 350 kilometres (220 mi) downstream. To fill the gap, OBV Duplessis was conducting an ecosystem study of the three lakes. The 2011 report covered hydrodynamic and physicochemical aspects, and a second report on biological aspects was planned for 2012 subject to funding availability. Phosphorus concentration was 7.1 micrograms per litre (0.00050 gr/imp gal) in July and 4.9 micrograms per litre (0.00034 gr/imp gal) in October. By comparison, Lake Perchard, to

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