61-948: This article is about the surname. For the edible plant, see Cardoon . Cardone is a surname of Italian origin. The name may refer to: Alberto Cardone (1920–1977), Italian film director of spaghetti western films Christopher Cardone (born 1957), American Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Church in the Solomon Islands Giuseppe Cardone (born 1974), Italian football player J. S. Cardone (born 1946), American film director and producer Kathleen Cardone (born 1953). United States District Judge for Texas Nathalie Cardone (born 1967), French actress Raffaele Cardone (born 1934), Italian opera singer and director Vivien Cardone (born 1993), American actress [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with
122-608: A lake or motor launches with up to three people fishing in coastal waters. About 85% of small craft are intended for lake fishing as in the Étang de Thau . Viticulture is the main economic activity of the department due to its rich and varied soils. It was the Greeks who established vineyards in Aude and the Romans who determined the rights of exploitation. The first vines were planted in Minervois in
183-459: A law of AOC was adopted under the leadership of Jean Capus. The INAO was set up as a body to control the application of the new laws. After the Second World War , the vineyards were revitalized and the region saw a mass of viticulture. The wine was produced in large quantities and satisfied a very demanding population. The product was supplied in large quantities at very low prices. In 1970
244-685: A project is under way to build a fast line to Spain as part of the Trans-European Rail network . Finally, Aude is crossed by the Canal du Midi which is a major waterway that allows tourists to pass from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. It comes into the west of Aude at Seuil de Naurouze then joins the Mediterranean at Sète . The people of Aude expressed royalist opinions until
305-502: A soup of cardoon cooked in chicken broth with little meatballs (lamb or, more rarely, beef), sometimes with the further addition of egg (which scrambles in the hot soup – called stracciatella ) or fried chopped liver and heart. The cardoon stalks are considered a delicacy in Spain , particularly in the northerns regions of Navarre and Aragon , where they are grown in large quantities. In Spain, cardoons are typically cooked by first boiling
366-519: Is a department in Southern France , located in the Occitanie region and named after the river Aude . The departmental council also calls it " Cathar Country" ( French : Pays cathare ) after a group of religious dissidents active in the 12th to 14th centuries. Its prefecture is Carcassonne and its subprefectures are Limoux and Narbonne . As of 2019, it had a population of 374,070. Aude
427-588: Is a frequent feminine French given name in Francophone countries, deriving initially from Aude or Oda, a wife of Bertrand, Duke of Aquitaine , and mother of Eudo, brother of Saint Hubertus . Aude was the name of Roland's fiancée in the chansons de geste . Aude is located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Pyrenees Mountains . It is part of the current region of Occitanie . It is surrounded by
488-496: Is a ground wind. It is a dry, somewhat violent wind and cold in winter. In the south-east blows the Autan, locally called the Marin , which is hot and wet and comes from the sea. These regular winds made it possible to install an industrial park of wind turbines , as in the area of Avignonet-Lauragais. The drainage system of Aude is dominated by its river of the same name. The river rises at
549-544: Is adapted to dry climates, native across a circum- Mediterranea area from Morocco and Portugal east to Libya and Greece and north to Croatia and Southern France ; it may also be native on Cyprus , the Canary Islands and Madeira . In France , the frost-tender cardoon only occurs wild in the Mediterranean south ( Gard , Hérault , Aude , Pyrénées-Orientales , Corsica ). It has become an invasive weed in
610-501: Is also tied up with cord, and left so for about three weeks". Cardoons also are common vegetables in northern Africa, often used in Algerian or Tunisian couscous . Cardoon stalks can be covered with small, nearly invisible spines that can cause substantial pain if they become lodged in the skin. Several spineless cultivars have been developed to overcome this. Cardoon requires a long, cool growing season (about five months), and while it
671-461: Is demanding for flora and fauna, as it suffers from the rigours of sea, sun, dryness and floods. Halophile (i.e., salt-loving) plants grow there. The area is also noted for the pink flamingo and the white stilt . Inland to the west, shrub and scrub dominate the landscape of the drylands of the Aude and the Corbières Massif . This landscape is the result of forest clearance, maintained by
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#1732885108712732-431: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Cardoon The cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus / ˈ s ɪ n ər ə k ɑːr ˈ d ʌ n k j ʊ l ə s / ), also called the artichoke thistle , is a thistle in the family Asteraceae . It is a naturally occurring species that also has many cultivated forms , including the globe artichoke . It is native to the Mediterranean region, where it
793-504: Is favorable to the culture of the vine and the olive-trees. Yet, the department has several contrasts in climate: In the north, the Montagne Noire and, in the south, the Pays de Sault, have a mountainous climate with temperatures sometimes very low in winter. In the west, the climate is under Aquitaine influence with heavier precipitation, while in the east the climate is purely Mediterranean. In
854-541: Is made up of forests of oak and beech . The Lauragais is a wooded landscape where grain farming has shaped the hills. There are bodies of water like the Lac de la Ganguise . Finally, the high valley of the Aude, otherwise called the Razès, consists of a riparian forest made of beech, alder , poplar or ash . It includes some peatlands that are very rare in southern France. The landscapes of Aude can be explained by its geology. In
915-681: Is not particularly frost-sensitive, in heavier freezes it may lose its leaves and resprout, or in extended hard freezes, die. It also typically requires substantial growing space per plant, so is not much grown except where it is regionally popular. In cultivation in the United Kingdom , this plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit . Raw cardoon is 94% water, 4% carbohydrates , 1% protein , and has negligible fat (table). A 100 gram reference amount provides 17 calories and moderate amounts (10–19% of
976-626: Is one of the original 83 departments created by the Constituent Assembly during the French Revolution on 4 March 1790. It was created from part of the former province of Languedoc . Administrative divisions were amended by the Act of 28 Pluviôse of Year 8, which created four arrondissements (reduced to three by Premier Raymond Poincaré in 1926) and reduced the number of cantons from 45 to 31. The Aude enjoyed strong wine production whilst at
1037-550: Is strong in the upper valley of the Aude. It has been especially prominent around Limoux since the late nineteenth century; and the Lafarge brick plant there is still booming. Since the 1970s, however, the Aude has seen a rapid decline in its traditional industries such as shoe and hat making. More recent activity is mostly centred around Narbonne , particularly dock facilities and oil depots in Port-la-Nouvelle . From 1889,
1098-464: Is the leading department in France for the number of wind turbines installed. There are 113 in operation. They produce some 91 megawatts , which is the domestic electricity consumption of about 100,000 people. With the proliferation of these machines, the prefecture is seeking to establish with stakeholders a charter of good conduct for wind turbines. Crafts are very well represented in Aude with 14.6% of
1159-460: Is the second-most populous. As of 2019, there are 5 communes with more than 10,000 inhabitants: Hammers and worked tools have been found on the hill of Grazailles at Carcassonne, dating from between 690,000 and 300,000 years ago. Most interesting is the skull of Tautavel Man , discovered in 1971 by Henry de Lumley in the commune of Tautavel in the Pyrénées-Orientales department. It is
1220-636: The Bagaudes , who were brigands or lawless types in central and northern Gaul. Roman authority was restored until 462. In 507, the victory of Clovis I at the battle of Vouillé permitted him to conquer Toulouse and Aquitaine . However, he could not recover the Aude territory, which, thanks to the help of the King of the Ostrogoths , remained in the hands of the Visigoths. His troops defeated Clovis's son in 508. The region
1281-478: The Daily Value ) of folate , magnesium , manganese , and sodium (table). While the flower buds can be eaten much as small (and spiny) artichokes , more often the stems are eaten after being braised in cooking liquid. Cardoon stems are part of Lyonnaise cuisine (e.g. gratin de cardons ). Only the innermost, white stalks are considered edible, and cardoons are therefore usually prepared for sale by protecting
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#17328851087121342-516: The Massif Central . These ancient rocks are over 300 million years old and were deformed by the formation of the Hercynian chain. The Montagne d'Alaric ( Alaric 's Mountain) is an antiform fold in the shape of a vault and made of limestone . Aude is under the influence of a Mediterranean climate. The autumn is characterized by violent and short storms. The summer is often hot and dry, which
1403-663: The pampas of Argentina , and is also considered a weed in Australia and California . The "giant thistle of the Pampas" reported by Charles Darwin has been identified as cardoon. The two main cultivar groups are the cardoon ( Cynara cardunculus Cardoon Group, syn. C. cardunculus var. altilis DC), selected for edible leaf stems, and the artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus Scolymus Group, sometimes distinguished as Cynara scolymus or C. cardunculus var. scolymus (L.) Fiori), selected for larger edible flower buds. They differ from
1464-443: The surname Cardone . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cardone&oldid=998688152 " Categories : Surnames Italian-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description
1525-404: The 1st century. But the grapes and wines were not consumer products or self-sufficient for many years. Cereals and olive trees dominated the fertile plains of Aude. It was at the beginning of the 19th century that the wine industry developed in Aude and the rest of Languedoc-Roussillon. Wine then became a consumer product. Higher output was needed and vineyards replaced cereals on the plains. There
1586-456: The Mediterranean basin. At the last census, the population of Aude represented 0.5% of the French population and 14.1% of the population of Languedoc-Roussillon. It is predominantly rural with a density of 48 inhabitants per km , which is slightly less than half the national average. The two main cities, Carcassonne and Narbonne, are medium-sized cities comprising only one third of the inhabitants of
1647-558: The Roc d'Aude and passes through the Matemale and Puyvalador dams on the Capcir plateau at 1500m, then crosses the department from south to north across Axat, Limoux, and Quillan following the upper valley of the Aude. At Carcassonne, the river changes direction toward the Mediterranean Sea to the east, where it empties near Fleury . The most populous commune is Narbonne ; the prefecture Carcassonne
1708-433: The banks of streams and rivers, and even drainage ditches on the sides of roads in rural areas. These plants look little like the cultivated variety found in stores. They have many thin stems with broad broad leaves at their ends. There is a reddish color on the stems, which grow tough, hollow and inedible as they age. The wild ones are picked in the spring and early summer. To use them, the leafy part should be removed, and
1769-449: The cardoon may come from the fourth-century BC Greek writer Theophrastus , under the name κάκτος ( Latin : cactus ), although the exact identity of this plant is uncertain. The cardoon was popular in Greek , Roman , and Persian cuisine , and remained popular in medieval and early modern Europe. It also became common in the vegetable gardens of colonial America , but fell from fashion in
1830-584: The centre, in the Limouxin, Carcassonnais and Razès areas, the climate is known as intermediary with significant exposure to winds. The winds are often present in Aude. It is one of the windiest French departments, with 300 to 350 days of wind per year. This phenomenon is due mostly to the variations in relief north and south which create a kind of corridor. In the north-west blows the Cers , called Tramontane in Provence, which
1891-550: The counties of Carcassonne and Toulouse, Pope Innocent III in 1209 declared a crusade against the Albigensians . The barons of the north united to form an army under the command of Simon de Montfort . Whereas the count of Toulouse Raymond VI received absolution, the Count of Carcassonne confronted the army alone. The city of Carcassonne became the refuge of numerous Cathars. In 1561, religious troubles again arose at Carcassonne in
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1952-563: The crossroads of two Roman roads , the Via Aquitania and the Via Domitia , as well as by the sea near the mouth of the river Aude . Carcassonne became Latin in 30 BC with the creation of numerous grain farms. For almost two centuries, Aude enjoyed peace and strong economic growth. The Visigoths invaded the area in 435 AD at a time when Flavius Aetius , the Roman senator, was busy suppressing
2013-449: The curd relies entirely on this vegetable rennet . This results in cheeses such as the Serra da Estrela and Nisa . The cardoon is also grown as an ornamental plant for its imposing architectural appearance, with very bright silvery-grey foliage and large flowers in selected cultivars. Cardoon has attracted recent attention as a possible source of biodiesel fuel. The oil, extracted from
2074-507: The department. In 2017, the department had 370,260 inhabitants. Two major roads cross the Aude. From west to east the A61 autoroute (Autoroute des Deux Mers) connects Narbonne and Toulouse via Carcassonne . From north to south, following the Mediterranean coast, the A9 autoroute links Montpellier with Spain . The rail network follows the same route as the road network. It is a low speed system, but
2135-544: The departments of Pyrénées-Orientales , Ariège , Haute-Garonne , Tarn , and Hérault , with the Golfe du Lion on the east. The countryside in this department falls into several natural regions : Each natural region of the Aude has its own particular landscape. In the east, lagoons or coastal lakes separate land and sea. These were formed by accumulations of sediments carried down by the rivers Aude, Orb and Hérault . There are many such lakes of brackish water. This environment
2196-783: The east are the wines of Corbieres and La Clape, in the centre are Minervois and Côtes de Malepère, and in the south Limoux wine . In Lauragais grain is predominant, whereas in the Montagne Noire only sheep farming is possible. More recently there has been an increase in cultivation of olive trees for their oil. Port-la-Nouvelle is the biggest fishing port in the department followed by Gruissan . In 1996 there were 127 vessels in Aude including 75 in Port-la-Nouvelle and 52 in Gruissan. These vessels were as follows: Small craft are recreational boats such as dinghies with one man fishing
2257-468: The end of the Bourbon Restoration . In 1830 republican ideas began to develop and made this department a bastion of the left . This growth is symbolized by two men, Armand Barbès and Theophile Marcou. Armand Barbès is a symbol of the struggle for a social democratic Republic. It was in Aude that François Mitterrand had his highest score in the 1981 presidential election with just over 63% of
2318-718: The flower buds are also employed in cheesemaking : the pistils of the cardoon flower are used as a vegetable rennet in the making of some cheeses such as the Torta del Casar and the Torta de la Serena cheeses in Spain, or the Queijo de Nisa and Serra da Estrela cheeses in Portugal. Cardoons were also said to have been used by the Romani or "gypsies" and this would make sense as their encampments would often be situated near sources of water. The vegetable
2379-784: The form of a Protestant crisis. Duke Henri I de Montmorency , the Governor of the Languedoc , joined the Reformed side in 1574. On the Catholic side, the Duke Anne de Joyeuse became head of the Catholic League. In September 1632, Henri II de Montmorency fought against the royal troops at the Battle of Castelnaudary and was defeated. He was condemned to death and executed at Toulouse. The present department
2440-523: The high valley of Aude became increasingly important in generating hydroelectric power. Aude was the first department in France to transmit such power, from its plants at Alet-les-Bains and Quillan . Joachim Estrade established the first electricity company in France, the Southern Power Transmission Company (SMTF), in 1901. Its plant at Axat -Saint-Georges supplied the cities of Carcassonne and Narbonne at 20 kilovolts . Today Aude
2501-517: The kingdom of Aquitaine . The first Count of Carcassonne was Oliba from the family of the Counts of Barcelona . He established himself in 819. Razès was another county that was formed by an archbishop of Narbonne who had been chased from his town by the Saracens . He had transferred his episcopal seat to Razès and had procured the honours of the feudal title for the area. Narbonne formed a third county. Thus, in
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2562-549: The late 19th century and is now very uncommon. In Europe, cardoon is still cultivated in France ( Provence , Savoie , Lyonnais ), Spain , and Italy . In the Geneva region, where Huguenot refugees introduced it about 1685, the local cultivar Argenté de Genève ("Cardy") is considered a culinary specialty. "Before cardoons are sent to table, the stalks or ribs are blanched tying them together and wrapping them round with straw, which
2623-493: The leaf stalks from the sunlight for several weeks. This was traditionally done by burying the plant underground, thus, cardoon plantations in Spain are often formed by characteristic earth mounds surrounding each plant, the earth covering the stalks. In modern cultivation, the plant is usually instead wrapped in black plastic film or other opaque material. The flower buds of wild cardoons are still widely collected and used in southern Italy and Sicily . In Spain and Portugal ,
2684-506: The mark of wine from Aude. The rich and varied soil of Aude together with abundant sunshine abounds enables Aude to produce quality wines. Many wines emanate from the department, ranging in quality from table wines to AOCs , passing through vins de pays and VDQS . There are seven main areas of production: These areas produce different wines such as Blanquette de Limoux , Chardonnay and sparkling wine from Limoux, La Clape , Corbières , Fitou , and Cabardès . Industrial activity
2745-489: The market evolved replacing demand for quantity with demand for quality and causing a second wine crisis. Many events, negotiations, and attacks paralyzed the region and the economy. Emile Pouytès and the CRS Joel le Gof died at Montredon-des-Corbières on 4 March 1976 during this crisis. A large change in the Aude viticulture business started with a reorganization of the profession and the wine-growing region. Quality had to become
2806-453: The mid Atlantic states, as well as some farmers' markets in the months of May, June, and July. As suggested above, they become available in the late autumn near Thanksgiving and Christmas. The main root can also be boiled and served cold. The stems are also traditionally served battered and fried at St. Joseph's altars in New Orleans. Cardoons can also be found in their "wild" state, on
2867-465: The national dishes of Spain, the cocido madrileño , a slow-cooking, one-pot, meat and vegetable dish simmered in broth. In Crete , cardoons are eaten raw, with a drizzle of lemon juice, as a meze , and are considered an excellent accompaniment for raki . In the US, it is rarely found in conventional grocery stores but is available in supermarkets that cater to largely Italian and European neighborhoods in
2928-555: The ninth century, the département of Aude consisted of three counties: Carcassonne, Razès and Narbonne. In 880, the County of Razès was united by marriage to that of Carcassonne, never to be separated. In the 13th century, the region saw the development of Catharism : a dualistic Christian sect with similarities to Gnosticism . This religion was very quickly judged as heretical by the Catholic Church . Faced with its growing strength in
2989-474: The oldest-known skull in Europe. It dates from about 450,000 years BC. It is likely that Tautavel Man lived in all of this region. The Romans , led by the consul-general Domitius Ahenobarbus , first occupied the oppidum of Montlaurès in 118 BC, a few kilometres to the north of Narbonne . This became the provincial capital and a very active mercantile port. The position was strategically important since it stood at
3050-446: The population involved. Some 5,400 businesses operating in 250 craft professions achieved in the late 1990s an annual turnover of 3 billion francs (400 million Euros). The inhabitants of Aude are known as Audois . The 1990 census confirmed a growth in population since the 1960s with about 700 people more per year. This growth is explained by the return of pensioners aged over 60 years to their place of origin and to immigration from
3111-510: The raising of livestock. The flora is varied and characterized by many species of orchids . The Sault countryside is dominated by beech groves and fir plantations up to the mountains. These forests are known for their mushrooms , and have a rich flora and fauna, including the Pyrenean lily , the euproctis moth and horsetail of the woods. To the north and west, the Black Mountain country
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#17328851087123172-427: The same time the grain farmers of Lauragais faced great difficulties. However, the department suffered from overproduction and a slump in sales of wine. In 1907 the crisis produced a winemakers' revolt . This led to the establishment of many Winemaking cooperatives in Aude from 1909. Gules, a cross of Toulouse Or within a bordure embattled argent. Aude is an agricultural area dominated by vineyards. In
3233-506: The seeds of the cardoon, and called artichoke oil , is similar to safflower and sunflower oil in composition and use. Cardoon is the feedstock for the first biorefinery in the world converting the installations of a petrochemical plant in Porto Torres , Sardinia , providing biomass and oils for the building blocks of bioplastics . Aude Aude ( French: [od] ohd ; Occitan: [ˈawðe] )
3294-513: The south, there are sedimentary rocks folded during the formation of the Pyrenees. To the north and centre of Aude, the sedimentary rocks are less folded. At the extreme east, near the Mediterranean, the rocks are carved by normal collapse faults which are due to the opening of the Golfe du Lion. In the north, the Black Mountain and Minervois consist of schist and marble , forming the southern edge of
3355-611: The stalks to soften them, and then adding simple sauces such as almond sauce or small amounts of jamón ; they are sometimes combined with clams , artichokes , or beans as well. Because of their seasonality (from November to February), cardoons are a staple of the Christmas dinner in Navarre and the surrounding regions; for the same reason, cardoons are often sold as vegetable preserves, usually in water or brine , so that they can be eaten all year round. Cardoons are an ingredient in one of
3416-456: The stems cleaned of "stringy" fibers. This cleansing will stain the hands black, and so many people didn't want to prepare them (Source: Sicilian grandmothers born in Italy in the 1890's). Cardoon is one of the herbs used to flavour Amaro liqueur, which may be called Cardamaro . Cardoons are used as a vegetarian source of enzymes for cheese production. In Portugal , traditional coagulation of
3477-440: The wild plant in being larger (up to 2 m tall), much less spiny, and with thicker leaf stems and larger flowers, all characteristics selected by humans for greater crop yield and easier harvest and processing. Wild and cultivated cardoons and artichokes are very similar genetically, and are fully interfertile, but have only very limited ability to form hybrids with other species in the genus Cynara . The earliest description of
3538-447: Was an initial period of prosperity to 1850 before phylloxera appeared towards 1870. At the end of the 19th century, Aude experienced a second period of prosperity but there was a wine crisis triggered in 1901 because of over-production, fraud, and slumping sales. It reached its peak during the winemakers revolt in 1907. The wine growers regrouped themselves into winemaking cooperatives to prevent fraud and deception. In 1919 then in 1935,
3599-493: Was domesticated in ancient times and still occurs as a wild plant. The wild cardoon is a stout herbaceous perennial plant growing 0.8 to 1.5 m (31 to 59 in) tall, with deeply lobed and heavily spined green to grey-green tomentose (hairy or downy) leaves up to 50 cm (20 in) long, with yellow spines up to 3.5 cm long. The flowers are violet-purple, produced in a large, globose , massively spined capitulum up to 6 cm (2 in) in diameter. It
3660-475: Was free for the picking, and could account for the widespread use of the plant. That part is speculative. Cardoon leaf stalks, which look like giant celery stalks, can be served steamed or braised, and have an artichoke-like flavor with a hint of bitterness. They are harvested in winter and spring, being best just before the plant flowers. In the Abruzzo region of Italy, Christmas lunch is traditionally started with
3721-467: Was part of Septimania , so called because it was composed of seven bishoprics that the Visigoth kings had established there: Elne , Agde , Narbonne , Lodève , Béziers , Maguelonne , and Nîmes . Septimania covered the Aude but also the whole region of Languedoc-Roussillon. In 817, Louis le Débonnaire detached Carcassès and Razès from Septimania to reunite them with the marquisate of Toulouse and
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