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132-652: Born at the El Escorial near Madrid , Spain in 1609, he was the son of the King of Spain and Portugal , Philip III and II and Margaret of Austria , sister of Emperor Ferdinand II . His older siblings were King Philip IV and III and the French queen Anne of Austria . As his father wished that he pursue an ecclesiastical career, Ferdinand was elevated to the Primacy of Spain in 1619, becoming Archbishop of Toledo . Shortly afterwards he

264-691: A "peace price" during the many battles of the Spanish Empire with the Ottoman Empire . As part of his active efforts, in 1571 Philip II bought a large portion of the collection of Gonzalo Pérez , one of his advisors. This meant 57 original Greek manuscripts from Sicily, and 112 Latin ones, from Calabria. He also bought 315 original volumes, in Greek and Arabic, from Juan Páez de Castro's personal library. The King charged specific ambassadors with traveling through his empire and neighboring kingdoms searching and buying

396-507: A "red hot spot" ; numerous worker and sports clubs were begun. Already prior to World War I the SPD cornered the majority of the vote and stayed that course during the Weimar Republic . At his visit to the city on May 15, 1926, Hitler was clearly not welcome by everyone, and several people were injured when a man was mistaken for Hitler and attacked. Hitler himself was able to give his speech in

528-544: A center for studies in aid of the Counter-Reformation cause. The building's cornerstone was laid on 23 April 1563. The design and construction were overseen by Juan Bautista de Toledo , who did not live to see the completion of the project. With Toledo's death in 1567, direction passed to his apprentice, Juan de Herrera , under whom the building was completed in 1584, in slightly less than 21 years. To this day, la obra de El Escorial ("the work of El Escorial")

660-601: A connection to the power plant in Lauffen; thus Heilbronn became the first city in the world to enjoy long-distance electric power. With the dissolution of monarchy in the German Reich as a result of World War I, Heilbronn became part of the Free People's State of Württemberg in 1918. After almost a century of economic boom and growth of the local industry Heilbronn's citizenry included many labourers. The city came to be known as

792-500: A copy of every book published inside the empire. During his reign the orders of continuing to search for books for the library were still in place. Arias Montano donated a large number of original Hebrew manuscripts, and Admiral Luis Fajardo brought back the complete Zaydani library captured during his wars with the Sultan Muley Zidán . Heilbronn Heilbronn ( German pronunciation: [haɪlˈbʁɔn] )

924-616: A dual nature: during the 16th and 17th centuries, they were places in which the power of the Spanish monarchy and the ecclesiastical predominance of the Roman Catholic religion in Spain found a common architectural manifestation. El Escorial was both a Spanish royal palace and a monastery. Established with a community of Hieronymite monks, it has become a monastery of the Order of Saint Augustine . It

1056-613: A fact that became front-page news during the missile accident on January 11, 1985. After the INF Treaty was signed in 1987, the missiles were removed. In the 1980s, Heilbronn hosted Heimatttage and Landesgartenschau staged by the State of Baden-Württemberg. In 1998, Heilbronn was connected to the S-Bahn net with Karlsruhe. This further transformed the city centre, and an extension of the S-Bahn towards Öhringen opened on December 10, 2005, marking

1188-1038: A height of 372 meters. Heilbronn is adjacent to the Swabian-Franconian Forest Nature Park and is surrounded by vineyards. Heilbronn and its surroundings are located in the northern part of the larger Stuttgart metropolitan area. The city is the economic center of the Heilbronn-Franken region and is one of fourteen such cities in the Baden-Württemberg master plan of 2002. It also serves Abstatt , Bad Rappenau , Bad Wimpfen , Beilstein , Brackenheim , Cleebronn , Eberstatt , Ellhofen , Eppingen , Flein , Gemmingen , Güglingen , Ilsfeld , Ittlingen , Kirchardt , Lauffen am Neckar , Lehrensteinsfeld , Leingarten , Löwenstein , Massenbachhausen , Neckarwestheim , Nordheim , Obersulm , Pfaffenhofen , Schwaigern , Siegelsbach , Talheim , Untergruppenbach , Weinsberg , Wüstenrot , and Zaberfeld as

1320-743: A manuscript of the Concilios visigóticos (the Visigothic Councils ) from the ninth century. Philip acquired several books from the Library of Granada, that belonged to Isabella I of Castile , including her Libro the Horas of astonishing visual beauty. Other valuable libraries acquired by Philip were the library of Pedro Fajardo , and of Antonio Agustín , one of the largest in Spain at the time. Not all of those books are still in El Escorial, since many ended up in

1452-456: A monastery. Above the center door is a niche where the image of Saint Lawrence has been placed. The Courtyard of the Kings owes its name to the statues of the kings of Judah that adorn the façade of the basilica, located at the east end of the courtyard. Steps of red marble lead to the large, public chapel, past the narthex, which is one of the highlights of the basilica. The basilica has a floor in

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1584-563: A monument to Spain's role as a center of the Christian world. On 2 November 1984, UNESCO declared The Royal Seat of San Lorenzo of El Escorial a World Heritage Site . It is a popular tourist attraction, often visited by daytrippers from Madrid—more than 500,000 visitors come to El Escorial every year. El Escorial is situated at the foot of Mount Abantos in the Sierra de Guadarrama . This austere location, hardly an obvious choice for

1716-477: A pension for the Escorial Library, to ensure that it would still be able to acquire new volumes. Philip III continued his father's policy of protection and enrichment of the library, even though he was not theologically inclined. In addition to continuing the search for, and purchase of, especially valuable and old books, he promulgated a new decree, according to which the library of El Escorial ought to receive

1848-477: A prepared place called a pudridero , or decaying chamber, awaiting interment in the Pantheon of the Kings. With the interment of these remains, all the sepulchres in the pantheon will be filled. No decision has yet been announced as to the final resting place of now-abdicated Juan Carlos, Queen Sofía , Felipe VI , Queen Letizia , and any future monarchs and consorts. There are two pudrideros at El Escorial, one for

1980-554: A regal advocate to rule the city. In addition to the advocate he put a council in place that was headed up by a mayor. Around 1300, the first city hall was erected in the market place and the Kilianskirche (built on the foundation of the Michaelsbasilica) was expanded. The Neckar privilege gave the city the right to modify the flow of the river in 1333, which meant it now had the right to construct dams, harbors and mills. Because of

2112-553: A regional economic centre. Heilbronn shares a border with the following cities and towns, all part of Heilbronn County and listed here clockwise from the North: Bad Wimpfen , Neckarsulm , Erlenbach , Weinsberg , Lehrensteinsfeld , Untergruppenbach , Flein , Talheim , Lauffen am Neckar , Nordheim , Leingarten , Schwaigern , Massenbachhausen and Bad Rappenau . The city is divided into nine boroughs : The oldest traces of humans in and around Heilbronn date back to

2244-737: A string of garrisons, and to support the army of King Ferdinand III of Hungary , his brother-in-law the emperor's son and heir, who was leading the Imperial army facing the Swedes in the Thirty Years' War . Since disease delayed his travels, he sent half of his army ahead under the command of the Duke of Feria . However, this army was severely depleted during fighting with the Swedish army of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn . The Spanish requested 4000 cavalry from

2376-676: A stronghold in France as Corbie during the Crossing of the Somme , threatening Paris. In 1637, with Spanish forces concentrated in the fight with the French, a relatively lightly defended Breda , that had been under Spanish control for twelve years, was recaptured by the Dutch after a 3-month siege by the Prince of Orange . The loss of Breda was a blow to Spanish prestige but was of much less strategic significance than

2508-626: A while Heilbronn suffered from the upheavals of the Baden Revolution that its civil guard participated in. During that time the 8th infantry regiment switched sides and joined the revolutionaries until it was subsequently disarmed and force-transferred out of the area. In 1849, the Hoerner Bank , one of the oldest still functioning banks in Germany , was founded in Heilbronn. Heilbronn became part of

2640-467: Is a city in northern Baden-Württemberg , Germany, surrounded by Heilbronn District . From the late Middle Ages on, it developed into an important trading centre. At the beginning of the 19th century, Heilbronn became one of the centres of early industrialisation in Württemberg. Heilbronn's old town was completely destroyed during the air raid of 4 December 1944 and rebuilt in the 1950s. Today Heilbronn

2772-401: Is a historical residence of the king of Spain located in the town of San Lorenzo de El Escorial , 2.06 kilometres (1.28 mi) up the valley (4.1 km [2.5 mi] road distance) from the town of El Escorial and about 45 kilometres (28 mi) northwest of the Spanish capital Madrid . Built between 1563 and 1584 by order of King Philip II (who reigned 1556–1598), El Escorial

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2904-791: Is a proverbial expression for a thing that takes a long time to finish. Since then, El Escorial has been the burial site for most of the Spanish kings of the last five centuries, Bourbons as well as Habsburgs . The Royal Pantheon contains the tombs of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (who ruled Spain as King Charles I), Philip II, Philip III , Philip IV , Charles II , Louis I , Charles III , Charles IV , Ferdinand VII , Isabella II , Alfonso XII , and Alfonso XIII . Two Bourbon kings, Philip V (who reigned from 1700 to 1724 and again from 1724 to 1746) and Ferdinand VI (1746–1759), as well as King Amadeus (1870–1873), are not buried in

3036-406: Is attributed to the shortness of his career and longevity that he wouldn't be as celebrated in contemporary media, although, he was greatly celebrated in historical works in the likes of paintings, poems, and many other historical accounts and biographies which have been preserved. His body was brought to Spain in 1643, and 12,000 requiem Masses were performed in accordance with his last wishes. He

3168-402: Is austere, even forbidding, in its outward appearance, seemingly more like a fortress than a monastery or palace. It takes the form of a gigantic quadrangle, approximately 224 by 153 metres (735 by 502 ft), which encloses a series of intersecting passageways and courtyards. At each of the four corners is a square tower surmounted by a spire, and, near the center of the complex (and taller than

3300-554: Is especially notable. Among the more recent interments is that of Infante Alfonso in October 1992. The younger brother of King Juan Carlos I , he was buried originally in Portugal, after being killed in a still-mysterious 1956 shooting at the family home in Estoril , aged 14. In 1994, King Juan Carlos I signed a decree raising his cousin and close personal friend Carlos, Duke of Calabria to

3432-413: Is for the moment the only queen in the pantheon who has not been mother to a king. That is because her only son, the presumed heir to the throne, died after her but before he could become king. But she was the great-grandmother of Philip V (by her daughter Maria Theresa of Spain ) and she is an ancestor of the king of Spain. The walls of polished Toledo marble are ornamented in gold-plated bronze. All of

3564-686: Is made up of a few thousands of medieval codices . Philip II donated his personal collection of documents to the building, and also undertook the acquisition of the finest libraries and works of Western European Humanism . During Phillip's reign, there was an entire room dedicated to ancient manuscripts, most of them in Latin, many in Greek, but also some in Hebrew, Aramaic , Arabic, Italian, French, and Spanish. There were approximately 1,800 Arabic titles. The first of those books were acquired in 1571 through Juan Paez de Castro . After that many books were obtained as

3696-557: Is now known as the Dachstein hiking disaster . The opening of the Autobahn A 6 from Heilbronn to Mannheim in 1968 was an important economic event. When the A 81 to Würzburg and the A 6 to Nuremberg was completed in 1974 and 1979, respectively, Heilbronn became an important logistical centre in southern Germany. As a result, many large companies opened offices in Heilbronn. When Klingenberg became part of Heilbronn on January 1, 1970,

3828-673: Is the economic centre of the Heilbronn-Franken region . Heilbronn is known for its wine industry and is nicknamed Käthchenstadt , after Heinrich von Kleist 's Das Käthchen von Heilbronn . Heilbronn is located in the northern corner of the Neckar basin at the bottom of the Wartberg (308 m). It occupies both banks of the Neckar, and the highest spot inside city limits is the Schweinsberg with

3960-473: Is the largest Renaissance building in the world. It is one of the Spanish royal sites and functions as a monastery, basilica, royal palace, pantheon, library, museum, university, school, and hospital. El Escorial consists of two architectural complexes of great historical and cultural significance: the royal monastery itself and La Granjilla de La Fresneda , a royal hunting lodge and monastic retreat about five kilometres (3.1 mi) away. These sites have

4092-621: The Battle of the Downs , off the English coast, but it failed to prevent most of the army it was carrying, some 7,000 to 10,500 infantry, from landing at Dunkirk. While Ferdinand frustrated the Prince of Orange's move against Hulst , an Imperial-Spanish army under Count Piccolomini destroyed the main French army in the south at the Battle of Thionville . In 1640, Dutch attacks on Hulst and Bruges were repelled by

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4224-632: The Danube in August 1634. In September both armies were able to merge, and camped south of Nördlingen in Swabia . At that time Nördlingen was protected by a small Swedish garrison. Shortly thereafter, the armies of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn also reached Nördlingen, preparing the events for the decisive Battle of Nördlingen . Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand and his cousin Ferdinand then prepared for battle, ignoring

4356-694: The Diocese of Würzburg as villa Helibrunna (together with a Michaelsbasilica ), and in 841, King Louis the German set up court here for a period of time. The name Heilbrunna ( healing well ) hints to a well that is located not far from the basilica. In 1050, a significant settlement of Jews is noted in official documents, and the Codex of the monastery in Hirsau documented Heilbronn's right to hold market days and mint coins, mentioning its harbor and vineyards as well. The name of

4488-474: The Duke of Lerma . Ferdinand was given the religious role out of his two brothers as he was the youngest, and according to royal tradition, pertained to ecclesiastical responsibilities. It was only after his governorship over Catalonia that he would finally be able to achieve the military glory he had long been wanting during his short yet highly intensive military career. He was resoundingly successful and considered by many, including his own brother Philip IV , as

4620-677: The German Empire in 1871 during the unification of Germany . In the 1860s the city's train tracks were extended to Heidelberg via Bad Wimpfen , to Würzburg via Osterburken , and to Crailsheim (and later on to Nuremberg ) via Schwäbisch Hall . In 1880, the Kraichgau line was completed and created an important connection towards Karlsruhe , and by the end of the 19th century, Heilbronn had become an important hub, second in Wuerttemburg to Stuttgart in industrial output. The year 1892 brought

4752-533: The Jewish community was all but eliminated. Starting in 1942 during World War II, the salt mines in and around Heilbronn were used to store art and artifacts from Germany, France, and Italy. Similarly, important producers of the war industry were moved into the mine shafts . The expansion of the shafts was undertaken by labour brigades of the concentration camp branches in Kochendorf and Neckargartach. From Heilbronn all

4884-616: The Old Stone Age (30,000 BC). The fertile Neckar floodplains in the Heilbronn basin aided early settlement by farmers and ranchers. The city limits of present-day Heilbronn contain many sites of Bronze Age finds. Later on, but still before AD, the Celts already mined here for salt from brine. Under Roman Emperor Domitian (AD 81–96) the Romans pushed east away from the Rhine and the outer boundary of

5016-587: The Rococo style. On September 9, 1802, Heilbronn lost its status as an Imperial Free City when the troops of Duke Friedrich I of Württemberg arrived. The duke had conceded the left bank of the Rhine to France during the French Revolutionary Wars but had been compensated with areas on the right bank. This is how Heilbronn and other former Imperial Free Cities became part of Württemberg in 1803. Heilbronn became

5148-643: The Roman Empire was set at the Neckar-Odenwald Limes . A castle in today's borough of Böckingen was part of that limes , and nearby numerous Roman villas and plantations were built. Around AD 150, the Neckar-Odenwald Limes became obsolete when the boundary of the Roman Empire was moved approximately 30 km (19 mi) to the east, where it was subsequently fortified with the construction of

5280-546: The Theresienwiese . Tsar Alexander I of Russia met in Heilbronn with the Baltic Baroness Juliane von Krüdener , who talked him into founding the " Holy Alliance ". Industrialization arrived in 1820. When the first train lines were placed in service in Württemberg, Heilbronn was at the end of the line of the northern branch that connected Heilbronn with Stuttgart and further fueled industrialization. For

5412-624: The Upper Germanic Limes complete with parapet and trenches . Around 260, the Romans surrendered the limes, and the Alamanni became rulers of the Neckar basin. Between the 4th and 7th centuries, the area became part of the Frankish Empire , and the first settlement was built in the general vicinity of the present center of town. In 741, Heilbronn is first mentioned in an official document of

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5544-435: The gout that afflicted him. The gallery was originally called the King's Gallery ( Galería del Rey ) but came to be known as the Hall of Battles ( Sala de Batallas ) for its fresco paintings depicting the most important Spanish military victories. These include a medieval victory over the Moors , as well as several of Philip's campaigns against the French. This chamber consists of twenty-six marble sepulchres containing

5676-433: The sacristy , paintings such as Joseph's Coat by Velázquez , The Last Supper by Titian , and The Adoration of the Sacred Host by Charles II by Claudio Coello are on exhibit. Under the royal chapel of the Basilica is the Royal Pantheon crypt. This is the place of burial for the kings of Spain. It is an octagonal Baroque mausoleum made of marble where all of the Spanish monarchs since Charles I have been buried, with

5808-460: The 1970s, the centre of the city was transformed into a pedestrian zone and the rededication of the city theatre in 1982 closed one of the largest holes left in the inner city from World War II. Pursuant to the NATO Double-Track Decision of 1979, Pershing II intermediate-range nuclear missiles were stationed just uphill of Heilbronn in the Waldheide. This made Heilbronn the only major city in Germany with atomic missiles inside its city limits —

5940-417: The Byzantine and Arab world. Strikingly similar to El Escorial is the layout of the Alcázar of Seville and the design of the Alhambra at Granada , where, as at El Escorial, two courtyards in succession separate the main portal of the complex from a fully enclosed place of worship. The most persuasive theory for the origin of the floor plan is that it is based on descriptions of the Temple of Solomon by

6072-407: The Böckingen train transfer station. As a result of 1,168 bombs dropped that day, 281 residents died. The city was carpet-bombed from the southern quarter all the way to the Kilianskirche in the center of town. The church was burnt out. After a ten-day battle , with the allies advancing over the strategically important Neckar crossings, the war ended for the destroyed city, and it was occupied by

6204-415: The Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand moved his troops almost immediately after the battle to continue to Brussels . At the end of 1634 he entered Brussels with all the glory befitting a Governor-General. Due to the unpopularity of the clergy in Brussels, he downplayed his religious status and instead emphasized his worldly ranks. Ferdinand was a skilled politician and diplomat, and quickly reformed the government and

6336-459: The Cardinal-Infante was even given conflicting orders to send troops to Spain to aid against the 1640 Portuguese uprising . From a young age, the Cardinal-Infante was ever longing for a life as a soldier. He had never shown vocation in religion, rather, as a child, he was interested in guns, horses, and war. He lacked friends growing up, and felt his interests were thrown aside in favor of political movements conducted by his father, Philip III , and

6468-413: The Countess of Barcelona was the mother of a king but not the wife of a king. However, some consider the Count of Barcelona to have been de jure king of Spain from 1941 to 1977, which in turn would make him, his mother, Queen Victoria Eugenie, and his wife, the Countess of Barcelona, eligible for interment in the Pantheon of Kings. There has already been one exception to tradition: Elisabeth of Bourbon

6600-410: The David-warrior figure, representing Charles V, and his son, the stolid and solomonically prudent Philip II. Echoing the same theme, a fresco in the center of El Escorial's library, a reminder of Solomon's legendary wisdom, affirms Philip's preoccupation with the great Jewish king, his thoughtful and logical character, and his extraordinary, monumental temple. The Temple of Solomon design, if indeed it

6732-430: The Dutch and French armies. Ferdinand achieved a great victory over the Dutch at the Battle of Kallo . In a letter to his brother the King of Spain shortly afterwards, Ferdinand described the battle as " the greatest victory which your Majesty's arms have achieved since the war in the Low Countries began ". In 1639, Ferdinand managed again to thwart Franco-Dutch plans. The Dutch navy destroyed an important Spanish fleet in

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6864-412: The French in the war after five years of fighting. More dangerous than his military enemies, however, were his enemies at the Spanish court. Numerous rumours and lies floated about, and it was claimed that Ferdinand was planning to become an independent ruler of the Spanish Netherlands with the help of the French King, an enemy of Spain. This rumour was enhanced by another rumour that the French court

6996-649: The Imperial general Albrecht von Wallenstein , but this being denied, the Spanish had to fund the troops on their own. The Cardinal-Infante was able to continue his travels in 1634, collecting in Bavaria the remains of the army of Feria, who had died in January 1634. Meanwhile, Ferdinand of Hungary was able to defeat the Swedish army at Regensburg in July 1634. Ferdinand and his cousin the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand then raced to merge their armies. The Swedish forces of Bernhard of Saxe-Weimar and Gustaf Horn desperately tried to prevent this merger, but were unable to catch up with Ferdinand of Hungary. The Cardinal-Infante crossed

7128-454: The Judeo-Roman historian Flavius Josephus : a portico followed by a courtyard open to the sky, followed by a second portico and a second courtyard, all flanked by arcades and enclosed passageways, leading to the "holy of holies". Statues of David and Solomon on either side of the entrance to the basilica of El Escorial lend further weight to the theory that this is the true origin of the design. A more personal connection can be drawn between

7260-402: The King ( Casa del Rey ), is found behind the presbytery of the basilica. The outbuildings of this palace, of Italian style, are distributed around the Courtyard of the Fountainheads ( Patio de los Mascarones ). Inside the House of the King are the Sala de las Batallas (Hall of Battles), which contains frescoes of the battles of San Quintín and Higueruela, among others. The next building contains

7392-441: The King's neoplatonic views and who also designed the library's shelves. It constituted, along with the basilica, the heart of the entire project, and the project was redrafted several times to accommodate changes in the organization of the library itself. As was usual for Juan de Herrera's work, it was the most advanced of its kind in Europe. It was the first library on the continent that broke with medieval design. Domenico Fontana

7524-409: The King's preferences had been Michelangelo or Titian , but both of these giants were already more than eighty years old and in frail health. Consequently, Philip consulted his foreign ambassadors for recommendations, and the result was a lengthy parade of the lesser European artists of that time, all swanning through the construction site at El Escorial seeking the King's favor. One chapel exhibits

7656-415: The Pantheon of the Kings and the other for the Pantheon of the Princes. These can only be visited by monks from the Monastery. In these rooms, the remains of the deceased are placed in a small leaden urn, which in turn will be placed in the marble sepulchres of the appropriate pantheon after the passage of fifty years, the estimated time necessary for the complete decomposition of the bodies. The interment of

7788-474: The U.S. Army on April 12, 1945. Local NSDAP leader Richard Drauz became a fugitive because of executions of American prisoners of war he had ordered in March 1945. He was eventually arrested, tried, and hanged by the Allies in Landsberg on December 4, 1946. After the war, Emil Beutinger, mayor until 1933, returned to office and began the formidable task of reconstruction that was subsequently continued by his successors Paul Metz and Paul Meyle. Milestones were

7920-517: The Vatican; but around a thousand of them can still be found there. The King actively purchased rare books—often on esoteric, scientific, or theological subjects—from the East. He also collected and preserved over four hundred books prohibited by the Inquisition , which he agreed should not be available for those likely to "misunderstand" them but only to experts. By 1602, the library had a large cartographic collection and over 150 mathematical instruments. Before his death, Philip II left in his last will

8052-501: The Younger , the twelve-year-old illegitimate son of Philip IV and the actress María Calderón . The inauguration of the unpopular bastard was delayed, and the rule of the Spanish Netherlands was taken over by Francisco de Mello, Marquis of Terceira . El Escorial El Escorial , or the Royal Site of San Lorenzo de El Escorial ( Spanish : Monasterio y Sitio de El Escorial en Madrid ), or Monasterio de El Escorial ( Spanish pronunciation: [el eskoˈɾjal] ),

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8184-440: The acceptance of the Augsburg Confession by city council and residents and the Heilbronn Catechism of 1536 is the second oldest catechism in the Protestant Church. In 1538 Heilbronn joined the Schmalkaldic League but by 1546 squabbles between troops of the Schmalkaldic League and those of the Emperor Charles V escalated into battles that were won by the Emperor. As a result, Charles V spent Christmas 1546 in Heilbronn to attend

8316-404: The advice of the more experienced generals, such as the Imperial general Matthias Gallas . Bernhard and Horn also prepared for battle, but they were by now rivals and in disagreement with each other. They also underestimated the numerically superior enemy forces, due to incorrect reports that did not realize the Spanish Army of the late Duke of Feria had joined the Cardinal-Infante and believed that

8448-443: The altar was replaced with a full circular dome over the center of the church, where the four arms of the Greek cross meet. Clearly Juan Bautista de Toledo 's experience with the dome of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome influenced the design of El Escorial's basilica. However, the Roman dome is supported by ranks of tapered Corinthian columns, with their extravagant capitals of acanthus leaves and their elaborately fluted shafts, while

8580-537: The best for El Escorial's library. These ambassadors were coordinated by the head librarian, who had total authority to direct their movements, and who stayed in contact with them through all their travels. Diego Guzmán de Silva was one such ambassador and made one of the most important purchases for the library during his time in Venice: an ancient collection of Greek manuscripts and Latin codices (1569–1577). An inventory prepared in 1576 counted 4,546 volumes, over 2,000 manuscripts, and 2,500 printed books. That same year

8712-585: The best general of the time, as well as the best of his generation. Many contemporary sources consider him as the last great general of the Spanish Empire . Provided below is the list of battles recorded on Misplaced Pages in which the Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand has held command: [REDACTED] Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand [REDACTED] Count Leganés [REDACTED] Ferdinand of Hungary [REDACTED] Matthias Gallas [REDACTED] Ottavio Piccolomini Ferdinand fell ill during battles in 1641 and died on 9 November 1641 in Brussels at age 32. It

8844-436: The city area in recent years include two Neckar bridges, the two shopping centres Stadtgalerie and Klosterhof, the experimenta Science Center and the Bildungscampus. In 2021, the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg decides to locate its new innovation park artificial intelligence in Heilbronn. Ever since the Franks under Chlodwig settled in the Neckar region around 500 the area has been predominantly Christian and when Heilbronn

8976-473: The city became a widespread Jewish surname in many varieties, see Heilprin , Halpern , and Halperin . In 1225, Heilbronn was incorporated into the Hohenstaufen Empire as oppidum Heilecbrunnen . Oppidum signified a city fortified by parapet and trenches . Later during the 13th century, the Teutonic Knights obtained ownership of a large area south of Heilbronn which would remain owned by that order until German Mediatisation in 1805. Starting in 1268,

9108-424: The city during the 15th century enabled it to expand, and many of its historic structures, such as the Kilianskirche (1455–60), trace their origins to that era. Götz von Berlichingen spent three years in "knightly custody" in Heilbronn starting in 1519 and even spent a night in the tower of the bastion. That same year people first took note of the pub owner Jäcklein Rohrbach who with accomplices would later kill

9240-405: The city only lasted several months, the French were only persuaded to leave the surrounding areas in 1693, after a large defensive army had been put into the field and fortifications had been erected. During the 18th century, archives suggest all members of the city council enjoyed some sort of formal education; Schiller and Goethe came to visit; and elaborate buildings were being constructed in

9372-447: The city's community center Harmonie , but the SPD had the majority in Heilbronn over the NSDAP as late as the elections on March 5, 1933. Richard Drauz , who had been born into a respected Heilbronn family, became Heilbronn's NSDAP Kreisleiter (District Leader) in 1932. He was also elected to the Reichstag from 1933 on and pushed hard for the Gleichschaltung of the Heilbronn clubs and press in Nazi Germany . On July 28, 1935,

9504-423: The city's population exceeded 100,000 for the first time; thus Heilbronn attained "major city" ( Großstadt ) status. During the last district reform in the 1970s, Kirchhausen, Biberach, Frankenbach and Horkheim were incorporated into Heilbronn, and the city was reconfirmed as independent city and seat of Heilbronn County. It was also declared seat of the newly formed Franken region, now Heilbronn-Franken. Also during

9636-639: The city. From 1644 through 1647, Heilbronn was again part of the Holy Roman Empire, but then French troops moved in and later those of the Electorate of the Palatinate . The city was not free of occupying forces until four years after the Peace of Westphalia of 1648. But already in the 1670s the city again became the stage for armed manoeuvres, until it was occupied by French troops in 1688. But while that occupation of

9768-740: The completion of the east–west axis of the Baden-Wuerttemburg regional transportation system. In 2013, the north–south axis to Neckarsulm was opened. Heilbronn won the European competition "Entente Florale 2000" on September 9, 2000, in Broughshane, Northern Ireland, and in 2005–06 the city became the first UNICEF children's city in Germany. Late in 2005, Heilbronn was chosen to host the Bundesgartenschau in 2019. More than 2.3 million visitors came to

9900-529: The different cells and rooms of the monks and that the Augustine monks have gradually managed to make their own. Finally, the Royal Library, which is public and exists under a special papal bull of protection. From the beginning, the Royal Library was meant to be a monumental work of art, and its execution was commissioned to prominent architects of the moment: Juan de Toledo and Juan de Herrera , who shared

10032-413: The dome at El Escorial, soaring nearly 100 metres (330 ft) into the air, is supported by four heavy granite piers connected by simple Romanesque arches and decorated by simple Doric pilasters , plain, solid, and largely unprepossessing. It would not be a flight of fancy to interpret St. Peter's as the quintessential expression of Baroque sensuality and the basilica at El Escorial as a statement of

10164-412: The east–west axis intersected by a shorter transept, about three-quarters of the way between the west entrance and the high altar. This plan was modified by Juan de Herrera to that of a Greek cross , a form with all four arms of equal length. Coincident with this shift in approach, the bell towers at the western end of the church were somewhat reduced in size and the small half-dome intended to stand over

10296-539: The enemy forces numbered only 7,000, not 21,000 infantry, compared to 16,000 Swedish infantry. During the battle, almost anything that could go wrong went wrong for the Swedish forces, in large part due to the efforts of the Spanish Infantry, so that the two Ferdinands achieved a great victory. The Swedish army that fled to Heilbronn was only a shadow of its former self. The King of Hungary tried to convince his cousin to stay and to strengthen their hold on Germany, but

10428-466: The ensuing criminal proceedings. It is also Charles V who in 1522 changed the charter of the city and this charter survived almost unscathed until 1803. During the Thirty Years' War the city and surrounding villages suffered badly. After the battle of Wimpfen in 1622, Neckargartach was burnt to the ground. In 1631 Heilbronn was occupied by imperial troops but the same year the Swedes succeeded in conquering

10560-552: The exception of Philip V , Ferdinand VI , and Amadeus of Savoy . The remains of the Count of Barcelona , the father of King Juan Carlos I of Spain , also rest in this pantheon despite the fact that the Count never became king himself. The enclosure is presided over by an altar of veined marble, and the sarcophagi are bronze and marble. There is also the Pantheon of the Princes, where the bodies of

10692-678: The executor of Böckingen. After he had spent some time in the Hohenlohe Plains and collected similarly minded characters around him, he returned to Heilbronn in April 1525 just as the German Peasants' War was getting into full swing. On April 16 the peasants killed many of the nobles in Weinsberg and on April 18 the Heilbronn monastery of the Order of Our Lady of Mt. Carmel was attacked and ransacked. The city opened its gates in response to demands of

10824-486: The famous Crucifix carved in white marble by Benvenuto Cellini . This statue of Christ is unusual because it was represented fully nude; although for modesty it wears one cloth covering the genitals. Situated next to the main altar of the Basilica, the residence of King Philip II consists of a series of austerely decorated rooms. It features a window from which the king could observe mass from his bed when incapacitated by

10956-459: The fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. Its eleven rooms showcase the tools, cranes and other materials used in the construction of the edifice, as well as reproductions of blueprints and documents related to the project. Constructed at the order of Philip II, a great lover of nature, these constitute an ideal place for repose and meditation. Manuel Azaña , the Socialist who served as

11088-680: The gains made by Ferdinand that year in taking the Dutch towns of Venlo and Roermond in the Meuse valley , effectively cutting Maastricht from the Dutch Republic and, thus, preventing further Dutch attacks on the Spanish Netherlands from the east. In the southern front Ferdinand lost the towns of La Capelle , Landrecies , and Damvillers to the French, but then he forced them to retreat south of Maubeuge . In 1638, Ferdinand's army successfully defended Antwerp , Saint-Omer and Geldern from

11220-472: The garden and city exhibition in 2019, which took place on a former commercial site of about 40 hectares located directly north of the main station. Now a part of the site is being developed into a new Urban district called Neckarbogen, where up to 3,500 people will live and 1,000 people will work in the future. The first buildings of the green and family-friendly quarter have been highly acclaimed and already received several awards. Other major new buildings in

11352-457: The infrastructure thus created, during the 14th century Heilbronn grew attractive to merchants and craftspeople, who now demanded the right to determine their own fate. In 1371, Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor , issued a new charter to the city. Now Heilbronn needed to answer only to the Emperor and as such was an Imperial Free City . Craftspeople and merchants were now represented in its council and

11484-453: The intrigues of our brother-in-law Louis and his relentless minister Richelieu ." – Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand In 1636, Ferdinand disempowered the last Protestant priests in the Spanish Netherlands, and continued his military counter-offensive by capturing Hirson , Le Catelet , and La Capelle , and securing Luxembourg using the usual mixed nationalities typical of the early modern age that included Croatian troops, and reaching as far

11616-526: The invading Franco-Dutch forces, suffering badly from supply problems and greatly depleted by disease and desertion, were forced to withdraw when a Spanish relief force arrived. This allowed Spanish forces under Ferdinand to go on the offensive. The Dutch were driven back and the French retreated. Ferdinand subsequently was able to capture Diest , Goch , Gennep , Limbourg , and Schenkenschanz . "France declared war on me (on me, not on my brother Philip ) and I've since then had to fight against their armies and

11748-464: The kneeling family groups of Charles and Philip, also by Leoni, with help from his son Pompeo . In a shallow niche at the center of the lowest level is the tabernacle, a repository for the physical elements of the communion ceremony, a so-called "House of the Sacrament", designed by Juan de Herrera in jasper and bronze . It was built between 1579 and 1586 by Jacopo da Trezzo . To decorate the reredos ,

11880-602: The last president of the Second Spanish Republic , studied in the monastery's Augustinian -run school and mentions them in his Memorias (Memoirs) and his play El jardín de los frailes (The Garden of the Friars). Students at the school still use it today to study and pass the time. The Escorial has three libraries. One is located behind the Chorus of the basilica. Another, within the monastery itself, used to be distributed to

12012-493: The library has more than 40,000 volumes, located in a great hall 54 metres (177 ft) in length, 9 metres (30 ft) wide, and 10 metres (33 ft) tall, with marble floors and beautifully carved wood shelves. De Herrera and Italian construction engineer Giuseppe Flecha y Gamboa were careful to consider the security of the library's holdings in armarios (large bookcases), as well as their display, safeguards against fire hazards, and use of available natural lighting. This library

12144-409: The library introduced a novel way of arranging the library's bookcases or "book presses". Until then most book presses were combined with desks and stood at right angles to the library's walls. This system was known as the "stall system" and allowed light from the library's windows to illuminate the shelves. Phillip's library began using a "wall system", placing the bookcases along the walls. Currently

12276-419: The library of Diego Hurtado de Mendoza , the most valuable in Spain at the time, was bought. It included 850 codices and over 1,000 printed volumes. At this point, the size of the library was such that Benito Arias Montano had to be specially hired to organize the books and classify them by language, in addition to subject. In the 1580s the Library acquired some of its most unique pieces. Jorge Beteta donated

12408-581: The local Spanish garrisons under the Cardinal-Infante. In the south, after a failed attack on the Spanish fortress of Charlemont in Givet , the French army launched a great offensive upon Arras , the capital of the County of Artois. Ferdinand took the command of the army and attempted unsuccessfully to break the French lines. The city finally surrendered on 9 August. Its capture was the first victory of importance for

12540-456: The magnificent main staircase. The library contains thousands of priceless manuscripts : for example, the collection of the sultan Zidan Abu Maali , who ruled Morocco from 1603 to 1627, is housed here. The main entrance of the El Escorial is the west façade, which has three doors: the middle one leads to the Courtyard of the Kings ( Patio de los Reyes ) and the side ones lead to a school and to

12672-607: The main cloister, decorated with frescoes by Tibaldi and his workshop, in which scenes from the history of the Redemption are represented. In the East gallery, one finds the splendid main staircase with a fresco-decorated vaulted ceiling depicting The glory of the Spanish monarchy , painted by Luca Giordano in 1692. The Palace of the Austrians ( Palacio de los Austrias ), also known as the House of

12804-454: The military. He especially managed to win the support of the Flemings against France. However, his powers were secretly limited, and the leader of his army was instructed to follow Spanish orders instead of Ferdinand's orders if necessary. In 1635, the French attacked Namur , planning to merge with the Dutch near Maastricht but were held off by well prepared defenses. At the siege of Leuven ,

12936-498: The monastery. The floor plan of the building is in the form of a gridiron. The traditional belief is that this design was chosen in honor of Saint Lawrence , who, in the third century AD, was martyred by being roasted to death on a grill. St. Lawrence's feast day is 10 August, the same date as the 1557 Battle of St. Quentin. However, the origin of the building's layout is quite controversial. The grill-like shape, which did not fully emerge until Juan de Herrera eliminated from

13068-522: The order built the Deutschhof there as one of its residences. The church building of the order that was located on the premises was modified and expanded several times: First in 1350 it was expanded ( Gothic ), then it was remodeled in 1719 ( Baroque ), and in 1977, it was consecrated as a cathedral. After the demise of the Staufen dynasty, King Rudolf I returned city status to Heilbronn in 1281 and installed

13200-468: The original conception the six interior towers of the façade, was not unique to El Escorial. Other buildings had been constructed with churches or chapels fronting on interior courtyards: King's College, Cambridge , dating from 1441, is one such example; the old Ospedale Maggiore , Milan 's first hospital, begun in 1456 by Antonio Filarete , is another grid-like building with interior courtyards. In fact, palaces of this approximate design were commonplace in

13332-497: The others, and the closest to the origin, which was God in the Basilica: theology, geometry, and mathematics. The visitor must leave the noisy world behind and walk through the halls of knowledge in a specific, comprehensible order from concreteness to abstraction before being able to reach God and understand His message, a notion quite in line with both Charles I and Philip II's hermeticist view of religion. During Philip II's reign,

13464-555: The pantheon is King Alfonso XIII , removed there from the Church of Santa Maria in Monserrato , Rome in 1980. The remains of Alfonso XIII's wife, Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg were interred in the pantheon in 2011. The remains of Alfonso XIII's third son Infante Juan, Count of Barcelona , (d. 1993) and daughter-in-law Princess María de las Mercedes of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (d. 2000); (the father and mother of King Juan Carlos I ), lie at

13596-576: The peasants and consequently more churches and municipal institutions were robbed the next day. For about a month Heilbronn remained under the control of rebellious peasants. And even though Johann Lachmann , later a church reformer, had attempted to mediate, the peasants did not leave the city until one of their armies was defeated on May 12, 1525, in Böblingen . Their leader Rohrbach was executed on May 21, 1525, in Neckargartach and his home town of Böckingen

13728-451: The port was opened in a canal off the Neckar, and 1936 saw the Autobahn between Heilbronn and Stuttgart completed. Economy and infrastructure were booming in Württemberg, and Heilbronn was at the logistic centre of it all. As the result of a district reform on October 1, 1938, Heilbronn became the seat of the newly created Heilbronn County and regained independent city status. At the same time

13860-516: The previously independent communities of Böckingen, Sontheim, and Neckargartach were annexed, and with 72,000 residents Heilbronn then was the second largest city in Württemberg. The port turned into an important transfer station on the Neckar and one of the ten largest interior ports in the country. On November 10, 1938, the Heilbronn synagogue was destroyed during the Kristallnacht . Soon thereafter

13992-479: The profane subjects—such as history, geography, and botany—are located in the part closest to the entrance. The library corridors branch out into different sections just to re-converge in the end, and as they advance towards the basilica, the subjects are the more abstract forms—such as poetry, grammar, and mathematics. The subjects closest to the basilica are those the King conceived as being the most abstract distillations of

14124-462: The queens who did not have a crowned succession and the princes and princesses were laid to rest. This part was built in the nineteenth century. Next to the basilica, to the south, is the Courtyard of the Evangelists. This is a gardened patio in whose center rises a magnificent pavilion, by Juan de Herrera , in which one can find sculptures of the Evangelists. Around the courtyard are the galleries of

14256-501: The rededication of historic city hall in 1953 and the reopening of the community centre, Harmonie . Heilbronn was part of Württemberg-Baden until 1952, after which it became part of Baden-Württemberg . After 1951, US troops were permanently stationed in Heilbronn. They used barracks built prior to World War II and added some structures of their own. On April 15, 1954, during the Easter holiday 13 people from Heilbronn went missing in what

14388-581: The remains of Queen Victoria Eugenie and the Count and Countess of Barcelona in the Royal Pantheon will each constitute an exception to tradition. First, Victoria Eugenie, although the wife of a king, was never the mother of a king in the strict sense. Secondly, the Count of Barcelona never reigned as king, although he was head of the Spanish royal family between the renunciation of his father's rights on 14 January 1941 and his renunciation of his own rights in favour of his son Juan Carlos I on 14 May 1977. Thirdly,

14520-526: The remains of the kings and queens regnant (the only queen regnant since Philip II being Isabella II ) of the Habsburg and Bourbon dynasties, from Charles I to the present, except for Philip V and his son Ferdinand VI . The sepulchres also contain the remains of royal consorts who were parents of monarchs. The only king consort is Francis of Asis de Bourbon , husband of Queen Isabella II and father of Alfonso XII . The most recent monarch interred in

14652-647: The rest), rise the pointed belfries and round dome of the basilica. Philip's instructions to Juan Bautista de Toledo were simple and clear, directing that the architects should produce "simplicity in the construction, severity in the whole, nobility without arrogance, majesty without ostentation." Aside from its explicit purposes, the complex is also an enormous storehouse of art. In it are displayed masterworks by Titian , Tintoretto , Benvenuto Cellini , El Greco , Velázquez , Rogier van der Weyden , Paolo Veronese , Bernini , Alonso Cano , José de Ribera , Claudio Coello , and others. Giambattista Castello designed

14784-473: The rooms of Philip II and of the Infanta Isabella Clara Eugenia . Another outbuilding is that of Alcoba del Rey , housing the bed in which Philip II died. The basilica of San Lorenzo el Real, the central building in the El Escorial complex, was originally designed, like most of the late Gothic cathedrals of Western Europe, to take the form of a Latin cross . As such, it has a long nave on

14916-518: The seat of an Oberamt (district), and the four Imperial Free villages became separate communities within the district. In 1806 the Duchy of Württemberg became the Kingdom of Württemberg . In 1815, Heilbronn again became a staging area for major armies ahead of the campaign against Napoleon , and 10,000 troops paraded in front of Emperor Franz of Austria and more than one hundred German princes and generals in

15048-465: The shape of a Greek cross and an enormous dome, inspired by St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, above the crossing. The naves are covered over by barrel vaults decorated with frescoes by Luca Giordano . The main altarpiece is 30 metres (98 ft) high and divided into compartments of different sizes where are found bronze sculptures, and canvases by Pellegrino Tibaldi , Federico Zuccari , and Leone Leoni . In

15180-532: The site of a royal palace, was chosen by King Philip II of Spain , and it was he who ordained the building of a grand edifice here to commemorate the 1557 Spanish victory at the Battle of St. Quentin in Picardy against King Henry II of France . Philip also intended the complex to serve as a necropolis for the interment of the remains of his parents, Charles I and Isabella of Portugal , himself, and his descendants. In addition, Philip envisioned El Escorial as

15312-549: The stark rigidity and grim purposefulness of the Inquisition , the two sides of the Counter-Reformation . The most richly decorated part of the church is the area surrounding the high altar. Behind the altar is a three-tiered reredos , or altar screen, made of red granite and jasper , nearly 28 metres (92 ft) tall, adorned with gilded bronze statuary by Leone Leoni , and three sets of religious paintings commissioned by Philip II. To either side are gilded life-size bronzes of

15444-486: The status of a Spanish infante , making him eligible for interment in the Pantheon of the Princes. Upon his death in October 2015, his funeral was held at El Escorial and his body placed in the pudridero , awaiting future interment in the pantheon. Thirty-seven of the sixty available niches are filled. Consists of works of the German , Flemish , Venetian , Lombard , Ligurian and more Italian and Spanish schools from

15576-494: The villages of Böckingen, Flein , Frankenbach and Neckargartach became part of Heilbronn's territory. As an Imperial Free City Heilbronn was threatened by the ambitious House of Württemberg . A relationship with the Holy Roman Emperor and a treaty with the Electorate of the Palatinate in effect from 1417 to 1622 strengthened Heilbronn's position and kept the House of Württemberg at bay. The political stability enjoyed by

15708-473: The way to Neckarelz numerous subterraneous complexes, some of them gigantic, were constructed ; on November 20, 1942, the Heilbronn Bureau of Labour had 8,000 forced labourers registered in its district. In 1940 allied air raids began, and the city and its surrounding area were hit about 20 times with minor damage. On September 10, 1944, a raid by the allies targeted the city specifically, in particular

15840-410: The wood used in El Escorial comes from the ancient forests of Sagua La Grande , on the so-called Golden Coast of Cuba. The pantheon's name in Spanish is Panteón de Infantes . Completed in 1888, this group of nine burial chapels is the final resting place of princes, princesses, and consorts other than the parents of monarchs. With floors and ceiling of white marble, the tomb of Prince John of Austria

15972-531: Was a Renaissance statement of power, majesty, prowess, and intellectual world leadership, designed for both the preservation of the old (binding multiple cultural histories into a single Catholic Spanish culture) and discovery of the new (imprinted by that culture). The vault of the library's ceiling is decorated with frescoes, painted by Pellegrino Tibaldi , depicting the seven liberal arts : grammar , rhetoric , dialectic , music , arithmetic , geometry , and astronomy . This arrangement of parallel book cases

16104-604: Was also a boarding school: the Real Colegio de Alfonso XII. Philip II engaged the Spanish architect Juan Bautista de Toledo to be his collaborator in the building of the complex at El Escorial. Toledo had spent the greater part of his career in Rome, where he had worked on St. Peter's Basilica , and in Naples serving the king's viceroy, whose recommendation brought him to the king's attention. Philip appointed him architect-royal in 1559, and, together, they designed El Escorial as

16236-632: Was buried in the Panteón de Infantes. Disputes about his successor as the Governor-General of the Spanish Netherlands destroyed the alliance between the Emperor in Vienna and the Spanish in Madrid. The Emperor (by now the Cardinal-Infante's old comrade in arms, Ferdinand III) favored his brother Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria , a militarily unfortunate but otherwise capable ruler. Madrid favored John of Austria

16368-650: Was created Cardinal . The style Cardinal-Infante was a combination of his dignity as Cardinal and his station as a royal Prince ( Infante in Spanish) of Spain. In 1630 the Cardinal Infante's aunt Isabella Clara Eugenia planned to make him her successor as governor of the Spanish Netherlands . To move to the Netherlands in a style befitting a governor, a strong army had to accompany him. Travel by ship from Spain

16500-424: Was first mentioned in an official document in 741 Christian Michaelsbasilica, present day's Kilianskirche , was mentioned along with the city. The Teutonic Knights constructed its church from the 13th century and both churches were continually expanded. They were joined later by other churches and cloisters in the city. Around 1050 an important Jewish community was mentioned that had settled in what became known as

16632-431: Was initiated by Philip II and was called the "wall system". The fire of 1671, which engulfed the library, destroyed about 5,280 handwritten codices , but the printed collections were saved. The printed collection of the library is made up of more than 600 incunabulas , 10,608 books from the 16th century, 2,179 books from the 17th century, and an increasing number of books from the 18th century. The manuscript collection

16764-499: Was inspired by Herrera's design, after a visit, for his design of the Vatican Library . Philip was involved in every part of the design process of the library. The Royal Library, like everything else in El Escorial, forms part of a larger symbolic structure and has symbolic meaning. It links the monastery and the seminary across the principal axis of the building, symbolizing the union of the spiritual and physical world. The books on

16896-456: Was not an option as it would expose him to risk of battle with the Dutch navy in the then ongoing Eighty Years' War , so in 1633, he went to Genoa , having quit his governorship of Catalonia where he had been trained. He met with an army from Milan for a planned march through the famous Spanish Way across Lombardy , Tyrol , and Swabia , and then following the Rhine to the Netherlands. Ferdinand also planned to secure this supply route with

17028-555: Was partially burnt to the ground in punishment. In 1528, the replacement of the mayor by Hans Riesser , a Protestant, brought on the previously delayed Reformation and through the efforts of Reformer Lachmann schools and healthcare were also reorganized. In 1529 the Kilianskirche (church tower of the Kilianskirche) was completed. It was the first important religious building of the Renaissance in Germany. The year 1530 brought about

17160-474: Was planning to marry Ferdinand to Anne Marie Louise d'Orléans, Duchess of Montpensier , the (eldest) daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans , the French king's brother. The former claim was untrue however his sister Anne of Austria did suggest a marriage between Ferdinand and Anne Marie Louise, the greatest heiress in Europe. Making matters worse, the Spanish empire was under intense pressure militarily and financially;

17292-477: Was the basis for El Escorial, was extensively modified to accommodate the additional functions Philip II intended the building to serve. Besides being a monastery, El Escorial is also a pantheon, a basilica, a convent, a school, a library, and a royal palace. All these functional demands resulted in a doubling of the building's size from the time of its original conception. Built primarily from locally quarried gray granite, square and sparsely ornamented, El Escorial

17424-563: Was thought that death was caused by exhaustion combined with ill health. Reports talk about a stomach ulcer , but rumors also claimed that he was poisoned . Before his death, he had an illegitimate daughter, Marie Anne de la Croix, born in Brussels in 1641 and died a nun in Madrid in 1715. The Cardinal-Infante would leave behind quite a legacy which was unfortunately never exceeded. The Spanish Netherlands would only begin its decline not long after his death. Despite his great military successes, it

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