Ferdinand I (2 June 1424 – 25 January 1494), also known as Ferrante , was king of Naples from 1458 to 1494.
154-700: Ascanio Maria Sforza Visconti (3 March 1455 – 28 May 1505) was an Italian cardinal of the Catholic Church . Generally known as a skilled diplomat who played a major role in the election of Rodrigo Borgia as Pope Alexander VI , Sforza served as Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church from 1492 until 1505. A member of the House of Sforza , Ascanio Sforza was born in Cremona , Lombardy . His parents were Francesco Sforza , Duke of Milan , and Bianca Maria Visconti . He
308-409: A "privilege of forum" (i.e., exemption from being judged by ecclesiastical tribunals of ordinary rank): only the pope is competent to judge them in matters subject to ecclesiastical jurisdiction (cases that refer to matters that are spiritual or linked with the spiritual, or with regard to infringement of ecclesiastical laws and whatever contains an element of sin, where culpability must be determined and
462-432: A cardinal (see " lay cardinals ", below), but enrolled only in the order of cardinal deacons. For example, in the 16th century, Reginald Pole was a cardinal for 18 years before he was ordained a priest. The 1917 Code of Canon Law mandated that all cardinals, even cardinal deacons, had to be priests, and, in 1962, Pope John XXIII set the norm that all cardinals be consecrated as bishops , even if they are only priests at
616-448: A cardinal died, it would be suspended from the ceiling above his tomb. Some cardinals will still have a galero made, even though it is not officially part of their apparel. To symbolize their bond with the papacy , the pope gives each newly appointed cardinal a gold ring, which is traditionally kissed by Catholics when greeting a cardinal (as with a bishop's episcopal ring). Before the new uniformity imposed by John Paul II, each cardinal
770-480: A generous patron . He issued various social laws that in fact undermined the excessive power of the Barons, favoring small artisans and peasants. This work of modernization and the resistance he put up against them led to the outbreak of the famous revolt , which was subsequently suffocated. Ferrante was forced to prove his worth several times before obtaining the throne of Naples. Not only as governor, but also as
924-620: A lot in this war. Gjergj Kastrioti , nicknamed Skanderbeg, came to help King Ferrante from Albania with numerous ships, 700 horses, and 1000 veteran infantrymen. He was a very famous man at that time for his campaigns against the Turks of Mehmed II , who reciprocated the help of Alfonso the Magnanimous who, years earlier, when the Turks had attacked him in Albania where he ruled, had rescued him. His coming
1078-565: A military man, as he was forced to recapture his own kingdom, against all conspirators, and during his rule, the kingdom was under constant attack from powers such as the Ottoman Empire , France , the Republic of Venice , and the Papal States . It can be said that, in general, almost his entire life was spent in war. Recognized as one of the most powerful political minds of the time, Ferrante
1232-422: A monk with her confessor, went to visit her uncle Prince of Taranto and begged him to keep her queen as he once had her, so much so that the prince moved away from hostilities. John managed to reach the walls of Naples and would have even entered if the prudence of Queen Isabella, who had the whole city armed in the absence of her husband, had not prevented him from entering. Ferrante was initially defeated by
1386-421: A past as a man of arms over the years, was among the advisors of Ferrante, while Marino was accompanied by two leaders of the time: Deifobo dell' Anguillara , who, at the head of an army had previously forced Ferrante's troops to retreat from Venafro to Calvi , and Giacomo da Montagano, known in the chronicles as a very dangerous and ready-handed man, who had dropped into Terra di Lavoro on Christmas Eve to join
1540-417: A potential cardinal must already be at least a priest, but laymen have been cardinals in the past. The selection is entirely up to the pope and tradition is his only guide. As of 25 November 2024, there are 232 serving cardinals , of whom 120 are eligible to vote in a conclave to elect a new pope. There is general disagreement about the origin of the term, but a chief consensus that " cardinalis "
1694-481: A so-called " crown-cardinal ". In early modern times, cardinals often had important roles in secular affairs. In some cases, they took on powerful positions in government. In Henry VIII 's England, his chief minister was for some time Cardinal Wolsey . Cardinal Richelieu 's power was so great that he was for many years effectively the ruler of France. Richelieu's successor was also a cardinal, Jules Mazarin . Guillaume Dubois and André-Hercule de Fleury complete
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#17328631736841848-647: A truce. However, because he foresaw an unhappy end, he decided not to maintain the truce. Skanderbeg, having known this, told him that the next day he would engage him in battle and Skanderbeg, having arrived in Bari, joined Ferrante who had set up his camp in Orsara , in Apulia. The following day they came to arms and the Albanian, animated by the example of their leader and the King, fully defeated
2002-492: Is etymologically from the Latin word cardo (meaning "pivot" or "hinge") was first used in late antiquity to designate a bishop or priest who was incorporated into a church for which he had not originally been ordained. In Rome the first persons to be called cardinals were the deacons of the seven regions of the city at the beginning of the 6th century, when the word began to mean "principal", "eminent", or "superior". The name
2156-527: Is a cape worn over the shoulders, tied at the neck in a bow by narrow strips of cloth in the front, without any 'trim' or piping on it. It is because of the scarlet color of cardinals' vesture that the bird of the same name has become known as such. Eastern Catholic cardinals continue to wear the normal dress appropriate to their liturgical tradition, though some may line their cassocks with scarlet and wear scarlet fascias, or in some cases, wear Eastern-style cassocks entirely of scarlet. In previous times, at
2310-618: Is assigned a titular church upon his creation, which is always a church in the city of Rome . Through the process of opting ( optazione ), a cardinal can raise through the ranks from cardinal deacon to priest, and from cardinal priest to that of cardinal bishop - in which case he obtains one of the suburbicarian sees located around the city of Rome. The only exception is for patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches. Nevertheless, cardinals possess no power of governance nor are they to intervene in any way in matters which pertain to
2464-435: Is still applied, both seriously and as a criticism of the perceived attitudes of some cardinals. Cardinal bishops (cardinals of the episcopal order; Latin : cardinales episcopi ) are the senior order of cardinals. Though in modern times the vast majority of cardinals are also bishops or archbishops , few are "cardinal bishops". For most of the second millennium there were six cardinal bishops, each presiding over one of
2618-420: Is the longest-serving member of the order of cardinal priests is titled cardinal protopriest . He had certain ceremonial duties in the conclave that have effectively ceased because he would generally have already reached age 80, at which cardinals are barred from the conclave. The current cardinal protopriest is Michael Michai Kitbunchu of Thailand . The cardinal deacons ( Latin : cardinales diaconi ) are
2772-617: The Conclave of August 1492 , after having accepted that he would not be able to obtain the papal tiara for himself, Ascanio promised his vote to Rodrigo Borgia, then- Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church . Borgia promised Sforza the office of Vice-Chancellor of the Holy Roman Church, as well as the Palazzo Borgia. In addition he would receive the castle at Nepi, the Bishopric of Eger (which had an annual income of 10,000 ducats), two canonries, and
2926-550: The Diocese of Rome , who were recognized as the cardinal priests, the important priests chosen by the pope to advise him in his duties as Bishop of Rome (the Latin cardo means "hinge"). Certain clerics in many dioceses at the time, not just that of Rome, were said to be the key personnel—the term gradually became exclusive to Rome to indicate those entrusted with electing the Bishop of Rome,
3080-674: The Florentines , at the request of the Republic of Venice , to divert them from the help they gave to Francesco Sforza , Duke of Milan ; for which he sent his son Ferrante with six thousand horses and twenty thousand foot soldiers. Alfonso then concluded with the Venetians that he would attack the Florentines and the Venetian the Sforza. Therefore, Ferrante left for Abruzzo and was lovingly received for
3234-739: The Monastery of the Nuns of San Ligoro , where the mass was celebrated with public solemnity and where Alfonso gave the sword in Ferrante's right hand, the flag in his left hand, and placing the ducal circle over his head, ordered everyone to call him Duke of Calabria. The recognition of the rights of succession Ferrante was sealed by the Papal bull Regnans in altissimis issued by Pope Eugene IV in July 1443, and later confirmed in 1451 by Pope Nicholas V . Ferrante in 1444 married
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#17328631736843388-616: The Ordre du Croissant of which John had honored them as Knights. Pope Pius II, with the bull of January 5, 1460, absolved from the oath all those who had taken the Ordre du Croissant from John and undid this Confraternity. The agreement between the Prince of Salerno and the King overturned the war in favor of Ferrante because it opened the way for him to reconquer Calabria, since the lands of the Prince of Salerno from San Severino to Calabria belonged to him, to
3542-560: The Papal conclave, October 1503 , but Giuliano della Rovere ( Julius II ) was elected nearly unanimously. On 23 May 1505, Cardinal Ascanio attended a Secret Consistory in good health, and went hunting after lunch. On his return he felt ill. He took medicine against the plague, but on Wednesday, 28 May, took to his bed with a cold sweat. The fifty-year-old Ascanio died in Rome, in the house in his garden next to S. Girolamo dei Schiavoni , on 28 May 1505. It
3696-610: The Roman Curia , the central administration of the Catholic Church. Cardinals are drawn from a variety of backgrounds, being appointed as cardinals in addition to their existing roles within the Church. Most cardinals are bishops and archbishops leading dioceses and archdioceses around the world – often the most prominent diocese or archdiocese in their country. Others are titular bishops who are current or former officials within
3850-570: The Sacred College refused to accept him into its ranks. Nevertheless, Ascanio entered the episcopate when he was appointed Bishop of Pavia in September 1479, retaining the diocese until his death. In 1484 he represented Ludovico Sforza at the Congress of Cremona . Pope Sixtus IV finally created him cardinal deacon of Ss. Vito e Modesto on 17 March 1484. Ascanio entered Rome on 23 August of
4004-561: The Sacro regio consiglio, judicial authority of the kingdom, was established by Alfonso, he was assigned the position of president. Following the death of his uncle Peter , in April 1439 Ferrante was appointed lieutenant general of the kingdom. On February 17, 1440, King Alfonso, by his own authority, legitimized and declared his son his heir to the throne of Naples, and then, in January 1441, he secured
4158-576: The State of Milan . Therefore, he sent his brother Alessandro Sforza and Roberto Sanseverino , Count of Caiazzo , who was the son of his sister, to the king, both to advise him and also to foster a reconciliation between the king and the barons. The arrival of the Count of Caiazzo greatly raised the fate of the war, because being a relative of the Count of Marsico and San Severino , he negotiated with him to return loyal to
4312-473: The Tour de Bourges . He was freed on 3 January 1502 based on his promise to not leave France without royal permission. He participated in the Papal conclave, September 1503 . He made futile efforts to succeed Alexander VI, fighting against Cardinal della Rovere and Georges d'Amboise , the formal nominee of France. When Pius III (Francesco Piccolomini) died the same month of his coronation, Cardinal Sforza took part in
4466-523: The clergy of the Catholic Church . Cardinals are created by the pope and typically hold the title for life. Collectively, they constitute the College of Cardinals . The most solemn responsibility of the cardinals is to elect a new pope in a conclave , almost always from among themselves (with a few historical exceptions), when the Holy See is vacant . During the period between a pope's death or resignation and
4620-419: The consistory at which the pope named a new cardinal, he would bestow upon him a distinctive wide-brimmed hat called a galero . This custom was discontinued in 1969 and the investiture now takes place with the scarlet biretta . In ecclesiastical heraldry , however, the scarlet galero is still displayed on the cardinal's coat of arms . Cardinals had the right to display the galero in their cathedral, and when
4774-467: The papal tiara , although the crowning has not been celebrated since Pope John Paul I opted for a simpler papal inauguration ceremony in 1978. The current cardinal protodeacon is Dominique Mamberti . * Ceased to be protodeacon upon being raised to the order of cardinal-priest † Was protodeacon at time of death The Cardinal Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church , assisted by the Vice-Camerlengo and
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4928-457: The Angevin side, which the ambitious Sicilian Fusianò was appointed by Ferrante to govern it and with the order to defend it. Seeing the kingdom in disorder, he took advantage of it to become master of the city, even starting to extort the inhabitants of the neighboring villages. However, the appearance of Skanderbeg in the area of Trani was enough for the downfall of such a rogue and he was pardoned by
5082-500: The Angevins and the rebel barons in the battle of Sarno on 7 July 1460. On that occasion, he was saved by the intervention of military troops, "provisioned" and "conscripts", of the city of Cava de' Tirreni , which were headed by the captains Giosuè and Marino Longo. These troops, arrived in Foce di Sarno, descended from the mountain and attacked the Angevins who, surprised and unable to determine
5236-600: The Barons and the Peoples on his side: Lucera immediately opened the doors to him and Luigi Minutolo gave him back the Castle , so did Troia , Foggia , San Severo , Manfredonia and all the Castles of Mount Gargano . Ercole d'Este , who had been made Governor of the Capitanata by Ferrante, seeing all the lands of his jurisdiction rebel, at the behest of his brother Borso went to serve
5390-539: The Catalan barons who had not had fiefs in the kingdom from Alfonso. Although he had overcome this obstacle, Ferrante still did not feel safe, since he did not yet have Callixtus III on his side, even though he had been his teacher and friend of his father before becoming Pope. The following day he sent ambassadors to the Pope to confirm the investiture of the kingdom, through the following letter. Holy Father. In these days in
5544-461: The Count of Capaccio , to the Count of Lauria , or to other followers of his lineage. The prince of Salerno then went with Roberto Orsini to conquer it. He managed to take Cosenza, which was sacked, Scigliano , Martorano, Nicastro , Bisignano , and in a short time almost the whole province returned to the king. Meanwhile, Pope Pius II sent his nephew Antonio Piccolomini to help the king with 1000 horses and 500 foot soldiers, managing to reconquer
5698-525: The Count of Urbino and the other captains. On 28 August 1454 he entered Naples, where he was received under a very rich baldachin with infinite joy by all the citizens. On February 15, 1455, the Roman cardinal Domenico Capranica came to Naples to negotiate and conclude the alliance and general league of princes and potentates of Italy with Alfonso at the request of the Pope . Alfonso, in his name and his son, made
5852-519: The French. Ludovico Sforza having secretly allied himself with King Charles VIII of France , Ascanio betrayed the Pope together with several cardinals and clamoured for his deposition under della Rovere. After the papal triumph over the King, Milan abandoned the French and Ascanio was received once again in the Vatican. He never managed, however, to regain his former influence over the Pope. When Giovanni Borgia ,
6006-497: The Illustrious Lord Don Ferrante, his dearest son, and to satisfy your request he entitled him from this moment, and declares him Duke of Calabria, immediate heir and successor of this Kingdom, be happy and swear homage to him from the present day After this, Don Ferrante Duke of Calabria and successor of the kingdom was shouted with great joy and, on March 3, 1443, the king, accompanied by his son and baronage, went to
6160-525: The June 2018 consistory, Pope Francis increased the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to match the expansion in cardinal priests and cardinal deacons in recent decades. He elevated four cardinals to this rank granting their titular churches and deaconries suburbicarian rank pro hac vice (temporarily) and making them equivalent to suburbicarian see titles. At the time of the announcement, all six cardinal bishops of suburbicarian see titles, as well as two of
6314-606: The King, therefore not being punished. Inanto, the gratitude that bound him to the Skanderbeg was not silent in Ferrante's heart and, wanting to give him a sign, he gave him to his own and perpetual heritage Trani, Siponto , and San Giovanni Rotondo , a city in Puglia and therefore opposite Albania. The Cardinal Roverella , Apostolic Legate, who was in Benevento, managed to bring the side of Ferrante Orso Orsini and, after this episode, even
Ascanio Sforza - Misplaced Pages Continue
6468-462: The Latin cardo (hinge), meaning "pivotal" as in "principal" or "chief". The term was applied in this sense as early as the 9th century to the priests of the tituli ( parishes ) of the diocese of Rome . In the year 1563, the Ecumenical Council of Trent, headed by Pope Pius IV , wrote about the importance of selecting good cardinals: "nothing is more necessary to the Church of God than that
6622-458: The Latin word "cardo" meaning a hinge. Here it means a "door", an example of synecdoche, a figure of speech whereby the part refers to the whole. The "door" is the address of the titular church from which the cardinal derives his membership of the Roman clergy, who elect the pope. The Dean of the College of Cardinals in addition to such a titular church also receives the titular bishopric of Ostia ,
6776-457: The Marquis of Cotrone and the Count of Nicastro reconciled with the king. Alfonso , Duke of Calabria, Ferrante's eldest son, who was less than 14 years old, was sent by his father under the protection of Luca Sanseverino to subdue Calabria. The king, on the other hand, managed to defeat his enemies in Capitanata, took Troia, and entirely subdued that province. Some barons, seeing the defeats of
6930-491: The Neapolitan prince was so extravagant and magnificent that, according to Stefano Infessura , If I were to give an account, no one would believe me. It is enough that if the King of France or some similar person should visit, nothing more could be provided. Ferdinand hoped to arrange a marriage between another of King Ferrante's grandsons, Don Luigi d'Aragona, with a member of Pope Innocent's family, Battistina Cibò. The alliance
7084-581: The Pope in the name of the kingdom. The latter found the pope sick and therefore were never admitted to his audience. The advanced age, the many sorrows suffered and moreover the melancholy for having understood that King John II of Aragon would not have conquered the kingdom of Naples led the pope to his death in August 1458, without having achieved his goal. Ferrante, relieved of the Pope's death, immediately sent Francesco II Del Balzo , Duke of Andria , and Antonio d'Alessandro, famous Jurisconsult , to ask for
7238-505: The Pope's son, was stabbed in 1497, Ascanio did not attend the following consistory and was accused of the murder. He was immediately absolved, however, by the Pope. When the French again invaded Italy with the support of the Holy See, Ascanio watched his brother Ludovico Sforza's downfall and imprisonment (1500), unable to act. On 15 June 1500, he was taken to France and imprisoned in Lyon , later at
7392-478: The Pope, in 1461, he wanted Maria, his natural daughter, to marry Antonio Piccolomini nephew of Pius, giving her as a dowry the Duchy of Amalfi , the county of Celano and the office of Great executioner for her husband. The problems, however, were not over yet, in fact Ferrante's rival, John of Anjou, aspired to regain the throne of Naples, lost by his father in the war against Alfonso. In order to increase their power,
7546-509: The Roman Curia (generally the heads of dicasteries and other bodies linked to the Curia). A very small number are priests recognised by the pope for their service to the Church; as canon law requires them to be generally consecrated as bishops before they are made cardinals, but some are granted a papal dispensation. There are no strict criteria for elevation to the College of Cardinals. Since 1917,
7700-639: The Sforza dynasty. A dispute with Cardinal Jean Balue , the French ambassador to the Papal Court, in March 1486 complicated matters. Balue had suggested that Innocent VIII summon René II, Duke of Lorraine to retrieve his rights over the Neapolitan throne – leading to a violent quarrel with Ascanio; to which only the pope could bring a halt. Ascanio was appointed Administrator of the See of Cremona on 28 July 1486 and occupied
7854-561: The Terra di Lavoro. At the same time the Duke of Milan sent a new aid, with which he managed to reconquer many lands in Abruzzo. In the meantime, the king went to Lucera in Apulia, where Duke John lived, and who with a large army, was waiting for the Prince of Taranto. Many cities surrendered to Ferrante, such as San Severo, Dragonara, many lands of Mount Gargano, and finally Sant'Angelo . The king went down to
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#17328631736848008-454: The Vice-Dean, formerly the second longest serving, is also elected. Seniority of the remaining Latin Church cardinal bishops is still by date of appointment to the rank. The current Dean is Giovanni Battista Re and the Vice-Dean is Leonardo Sandri . Cardinal priests ( Latin : cardinales presbyteri ) are the most numerous of the three orders of cardinals in the Catholic Church, ranking above
8162-406: The administration of goods, discipline, or the service of their titular churches. They are allowed to celebrate Mass and hear confessions and lead visits and pilgrimages to their titular churches, in coordination with the staff of the church. They often support their churches monetarily, and many cardinals do keep in contact with the pastoral staffs of their titular churches. The term cardinal is from
8316-521: The agreement and signed the peace and friendship with the Duke of Milan and with the Florentines. As established by his father, Ferrante succeeded him on the throne of Naples in 1458, at the age of 35. When he came to power, he had to face many problems: Charles, Prince of Viana , incited the Neapolitans to acclaim him king, the barons pushed King John of the Crown of Aragon to conquer the kingdom, and after
8470-402: The ambassadors to Rome , Ferrante wanted to anticipate the investiture. After leaving Castel Nuovo he went to the cathedral of the city on horseback, accompanied by the barons of the kingdom, where he was received with applause by Cardinal Rinaldo Piscicello , Archbishop of the city, who, accompanied by the clergy , met with him in front of the church choir and immediately after they went to
8624-593: The appropriate ecclesiastical penalty imposed). The pope either decides the case himself or delegates the decision to a tribunal, usually one of the tribunals or congregations of the Roman Curia. Without such delegation, no ecclesiastical court , even the Roman Rota , is competent to judge a canon law case against a cardinal. Additionally, canon law gives cardinals the faculty of hearing confessions validly and licitly everywhere, whereas other priests and bishops must be granted this faculty and might be restricted in its use by
8778-458: The approval of the parliament of the barons of the kingdom that he had summoned in Benevento and which was then transferred to Naples . Still in parliament, Alfonso, worried about the succession, promoted a petition, in which the barons, knowing they were doing the king a great pleasure, proposed to establish Don Ferrante as his future successor, with the title of Duke of Calabria , usually given to
8932-482: The army of John of Anjou. When Marino's attempt to lead Ferrante to a more sheltered place failed, citing as an excuse not to be seen by the French, camped on the Rocca di Teano. The two began to talk and an altercation arose. Deifobo, stating that he too wanted to reconcile with the sovereign, moved to meet him in order to attack him. However, Ferrante, seeing the dagger that he was hiding in his hand, drew his sword and faced
9086-504: The army of the Duke of Calabria at Tumulo (a place conforming to the name for malaria ), for which the Duke of Urbino and many other captains fell ill; therefore it was necessary for the Duke of Calabria to change camp and lead the army to Pitigliano . On 1 September Ferrante was informed that Foiano had already been taken. When winter came, the war in Tuscany ended. While the Duke of Calabria
9240-504: The barons and cities of the Kingdom and thanks to the concessions of the two previous Popes: Eugene IV and Nicholas V. Ferrante, in this war against Callixtus was able to count on an alliance with the Duke of Milan, not only due the kinship between the two dynasties, but also a bond that existed between them. The pope, always implacable and obstinate, refused any intercession from other rulers; so much so that Ferrante decided to send ambassadors to
9394-524: The behest of the king, on 26 July 1438 the governor de Corella, the bishop Borgia , and the young Ferrante, with their entourage of young Catalan gentlemen, set sail from Barcelona for Italy . Alfonso's purpose was to prepare his only son, albeit illegitimate, for the role of heir to the kingdom he was conquering. The whole company landed in Gaeta on 19 August, where Ferrante was reunited with his father, whom he hardly knew. A strong emotional bond soon developed between father and son, as Alfonso appreciated
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#17328631736849548-464: The breast ). During the Western Schism , many cardinals were created by the contending popes. Beginning with the reign of Pope Martin V , cardinals were created without publishing their names until later, a practice termed creati et reservati in pectore . A cardinal named in pectore is known only to the pope. In the modern era, popes have named cardinals in pectore to protect them or their congregations from political reprisals. If conditions change,
9702-406: The cardinal deacons and below the cardinal bishops. Those who are named cardinal priests today are generally also bishops of important dioceses throughout the world, though some hold Curial positions. In modern times, the term "cardinal priest" is interpreted as meaning a cardinal who is of the order of priests. Originally, however, this referred to certain key priests of important churches of
9856-471: The cardinal's name and coat of arms are still posted in the church, and they are expected to celebrate Mass and preach there if convenient when they are in Rome. While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance , and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the college expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing
10010-405: The case of cardinals, the form used for signatures should be used also when referring to them in English. However, official sources, such as the Catholic News Service , say that the correct form for referring to a cardinal in English is normally as "Cardinal [First name] [Surname]". This is the rule given also in stylebooks not associated with the church. This style is also generally followed on
10164-439: The case since 1378. The term Prince of the Church has historically been applied to cardinals of the Catholic church, and sometimes more broadly to senior members of the church hierarchy. It has been rejected by Pope Francis , who stated to a group of newly created cardinals "He (Jesus) does not call you to become 'princes' of the Church, to 'sit on his right or on his left.' He calls you to serve like Him and with Him." The term
10318-442: The college. Popes can set aside church laws and they have regularly brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120, twice reaching as high as 135 with Pope John Paul II's consistories of February 2001 and October 2003. No more than 120 electors have ever participated in a conclave , but most canon lawyers believe that if their number exceeded 120 they would all participate. Pope Paul VI also increased
10472-417: The crown from Ferrante, and grant it to his own nephew, Pedro Luis de Borja , newly installed as Duke of Spoleto . Calixtus had notices posted in various places in the kingdom, where it was reported that upon Alfonso's death, the Kingdom of Naples had devolved to the Papal state. Calixtus offered amnesty to all those who had sworn loyalty to Ferrante, but he ordered all the clergy, barons, cities and peoples of
10626-452: The crown, but both the Neapolitan people and many barons, remembering the oath and promises made to Alfonso and to Ferrante, who had not only been legitimized by his father, but also declared legitimate successor by the Holy See, proclaimed: "Long live Re Ferrante our legitimate King" as Ferrante then rode through the city. When the Prince of Viana saw this display, he boarded a ship in Naples, abandoning his supporters, and fled to Sicily , with
10780-411: The day they were first made cardinal deacons (thus ranking above cardinal priests who were elevated to the college after them, regardless of order). When not celebrating Mass, but still serving a liturgical function, such as the semiannual Urbi et Orbi papal blessing , some Papal Masses and some events at Ecumenical Councils, cardinal deacons can be recognized by the dalmatics they would don with
10934-432: The death of his brother Alfonso V, but King John refused. On the other hand, King Ferrante, having understood the intention of the barons, immediately sent Turco Cicinello and Antonio d'Alessandro to Spain to pray John not to lack love for his nephew the king, since he could say that the Kingdom of Naples was more his than the kingdoms of the Crown of Aragon. These Ambassadors did not encounter much difficulty in propitiating
11088-429: The decree of 769. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are mainly officials of the Roman Curia holding various posts in the church administration. Their number and influence has varied through the years. While historically predominantly Italian, the group has become much more internationally diverse in later years. While in 1939 about half were Italian, by 1994 the number was reduced to one third. Their influence in
11242-534: The duke. The Duke of Melfi , the Count of Avellino , the Count of Buccino , the Lord of Torremaggiore and the Lord of Santobuono all passed into the pay of John. The Prince of Taranto who was in Bari went as far as Bitonto to meet the duke and took him to Bari, where he was received with a royal apparatus. In the meantime, Marino Marzano was trying to assassinate the king through traps and betrayals. The most important attack
11396-458: The earliest known attempt at an exclusiva (veto) in a papal election. Giovanni Battista Cybo was elected Pope Innocent VIII on 29 August 1484. Sforza became administrator of Novara from 25 October 1484 to 18 April 1485, occupying the post again in May 1505, a few days before his death on 27 May. As a cardinal, Ascanio's main priority was to reconcile Ferdinand I of Naples , known as Ferrante, with
11550-539: The election of his successor, the day-to-day governance of the Holy See is in the hands of the College of Cardinals. The right to participate in a conclave is limited to cardinals who have not reached the age of 80 years by the day the vacancy occurs. In addition, cardinals collectively participate in papal consistories (which generally take place annually), in which matters of importance to the Church are considered and new cardinals may be created. Cardinals of working age are also appointed to roles overseeing dicasteries of
11704-740: The election of the pope has been considered important. They are better informed and connected than the dislocated cardinals but their level of unity has been varied. Under the 1587 decree of Pope Sixtus V , which fixed the maximum size of the College of Cardinals, there were 14 cardinal deacons. Later the number increased. As late as 1939 almost half of the cardinals were members of the Curia. Pius XII reduced this percentage to 24 percent. John XXIII brought it back up to 37 percent but Paul VI brought it down to 27 percent. John Paul II maintained this ratio. As of 2005, there were over 50 churches recognized as cardinalatial deaconries, though there were only 30 cardinals of
11858-484: The enemy army, and Piccinino and John of Anjou were forced to flee. In this battle, four thousand enemies fell, and a thousand others remained prisoners with twenty-five flags and the victors, rich in the spoils of the vanquished, celebrated the triumph for 8 days. When Ferrante returned to Naples, the inhabitants welcomed him with lively cheers and renewed the sacrament of fidelity. In the Terra di Bari only Trani remained on
12012-509: The events of the peninsula in order not to disturb the political balance given by the Treaty of Lodi , to affirm the hegemony of the Kingdom of Naples over the other Italian states and to tighten through its diplomats and marriages of his numerous legitimate and natural children, a dense network of alliances and relationships with Italian and foreign sovereigns, earned him the fame and the nickname of "Judge of Italy", in addition to being recognized as
12166-450: The evil government of shepherds who are negligent and forgetful of their office." The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the kings of France , reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and France, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal,
12320-404: The extent of the attack, were forced to retreat, giving King Ferrante the possibility of opening up through Nola , the escape to Naples. Fortunately for him, that battle did not have a decisive outcome, indeed the sovereign obtained further aid from the Duke of Milan Francesco Sforza. The Duke of Milan entered the war in aid of Ferrante also for fear of the claims that the Duke of Orleans had on
12474-405: The fact that it does not have a pompon or tassel on the top as do the birettas of other prelates. Until the 1460s, it was customary for cardinals to wear a violet or blue cape unless granted the privilege of wearing red when acting on papal business. His normal-wear cassock is black but has scarlet piping and a scarlet fascia (sash). Occasionally, a cardinal wears a scarlet ferraiolo which
12628-631: The first revolts in Apulia and Abruzzo, Ferrante received the notice that the Duke John with twenty-two galleys and four large ships had appeared in the marina di Sessa , between the mouth of the Garigliano and the Volturno . The Duke John was received by the Prince of Rossano and immediately pushed his army to the port of Naples , invading a large part of Terra di Lavoro . He then went to Capitanata where he found
12782-415: The first-born of the king of Naples. Then Onorato Caetani, with the consent of all, kneeling before the king, begged him to create as Duke of Calabria and his future successor Don Ferrante, and the King with a cheerful face made him answer these words by the secretary: The Most Serene Majesty of the King thanks you infinitely Distinguished, Respectable and Magnificent Barons for the petition made in favor of
12936-491: The fortress well. After this, the people continued to shout: "Long live the King Don Ferrando". Pope Callixtus III however, was ill-disposed towards Ferrante; in a papal bull of 12 July, he declared the throne of Naples vacant, not recognizing the succession of Ferrante, because he was the son of a Moorish servant and therefore neither the legitimate nor natural son of Alfonso V of Aragon. In fact, Calixtus aimed to usurp
13090-531: The fruits of the sovereign's economic strategy with the introduction of the art of silk and printing, politics of promotion and cultural attraction, the severe exercise of power through the repression of the conspiracy of the barons led the Kingdom of Naples, with intellectuals of the caliber of Pontano , Panormita , and others, to participate as a protagonist in Humanism and the Renaissance . At that time it possessed
13244-587: The greatest turbulence and strength of strong pain, I have written to Your Holiness, giving you news of the death of the glorious memory of the King my Father. Now turned a little in me, leaving aside the tears, I advise Your Holiness that the day before he passed from this life, my Father ordered me that before anything else I should prefer the grace and esteem of Your Holiness. and his Mother Church, claiming that those who opposed and opposed would always be harmed. I cannot forget that since my childhood Your Holiness has been given to me as if by Heaven to guide me and so by
13398-498: The heiress Isabella of Taranto , daughter of Tristan of Clermont and Catherine of Taranto , designated heir of Prince Giovanni Antonio Orsini Del Balzo of Taranto , his maternal uncle, who had no children. Isabella was also the niece of Queen Mary of Enghien who, having married Ladislaus I of Anjou , had therefore been queen of Naples, Sicily and the Kingdom of Jerusalem from 1406 to 1414. In June 1452 King Alfonso declared war on
13552-406: The holy Roman pontiff apply that solicitude which by the duty of his office he owes the universal Church in a very special way by associating with himself as cardinals the most select persons only, and appoint to each church most eminently upright and competent shepherds; and this the more so, because our Lord Jesus Christ will require at his hands the blood of the sheep of Christ that perish through
13706-485: The investiture of the new Pope and to render him obedience. Accepted the audience, Pope Pius II did not want to neglect the interests of the Church: the investiture was granted him, but with many conditions: Ferrante had to pay the unpaid taxes, perpetually help the Pope with every request, return Benevento to the Church and Terracina , and other conditions agreed in the name of the Pope by Bernardo , Bishop of Spoleto and in
13860-471: The king, as even though he wanted to conquer Naples, he did not have the necessary military forces. However, they had great difficulty in settling another plague, because Queen Maria , who was the wife of King Alfonso V, died in Catalonia and left her dowries, amounting to four hundred thousand ducats, to the heir John II. King John claimed that the money should be taken from the treasury that Alfonso had left to
14014-511: The king, managing in the end to convince him. The count gladly accepted the privileges that the king offered him, including the concession of the city of Salerno with the title of Prince, to be able to mint coins, and many other privileges. The Count of Marsico, who from that moment was called Prince of Salerno, immediately sent a messenger to Pope Pius II for the acquittal of the oath he had made to Duke John when he made him his Knight. From this episode many other barons followed his example, rejecting
14168-439: The kingdom of Naples and the ambassadors agreed to give it to him in ten years. Meanwhile, seeing his plan fail, the prince of Taranto attempted another enterprise with the help of the barons and above all of Marino Marzano, who hated Ferrante mortally because the rumor had spread that the king had committed incest with his Eleonora Marino's sister and wife. They decided to call in 1459 John , Duke of Anjou, son of King René , who
14322-506: The kingdom, under pain of excommunication , not to obey Ferrante or continue to swear loyalty to him. Ferrante then called the barons and the people to the General Parliament , who swore loyalty to him, without any rancor. To oppose Pope's plan, in the presence of the nuncio , he wrote a response to the papal bull, stating that he was legitimate king by the grace of God , for the benefit of his father King Alfonso, by acclamation of
14476-540: The latter's refusal, they resorted to John of Anjou , son of René, who claimed the kingdom of Naples. The Pope demanded, moreover, that the kingdom be devolved to his Holy See . Ferrante had to overcome all these powerful enemies to keep the kingdom strong. Charles, Prince of Viana, the son of King John II of Aragon, claimed that the illegitimate status of Ferrante precluded his ascension to king. While in Naples, through numerous Catalan and Sicilian barons, he conspired to gain
14630-535: The list of the four great cardinals to have ruled France. In Portugal, due to a succession crisis, one cardinal, Henry of Portugal , was crowned king, the only example of a cardinal-king (although John II Casimir Vasa was a cardinal from 1646 until he resigned in 1647, later being elected and crowned King of Poland, in 1648 and 1649, respectively). While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordat (usually earning either its primate or
14784-508: The local bishop. Ferdinand I of Naples The only son, albeit illegitimate, of Alfonso the Magnanimous , he was one of the most influential and feared monarchs in Europe at the time and an important figure of the Italian Renaissance . In his thirty years of reign, he brought peace and prosperity to Naples. Its foreign and diplomatic policy aimed at assuming the task of regulating
14938-413: The lowest-ranking cardinals. Cardinals elevated to the diaconal order are either officials of the Roman Curia or priests elevated after their 80th birthday, chosen mainly for the honor of it (since those over 80 are not able to vote in a conclave). While bishops with diocesan responsibilities are created cardinal priests, it is generally not so for cardinal deacons. Cardinal deacons derive originally from
15092-500: The maximum size of the college at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome. The cardinal who
15246-493: The metropolitan of the capital city the cardinal's hat), almost no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a patriarch : the notable exception is the Patriarch of Lisbon who, by Pope Clement XII 's 1737 bull Inter praecipuas apostolici ministerii , is accorded the right to be elevated to the rank of cardinal in the consistory following his appointment. In 1059, Pope Nicholas II gave cardinals
15400-657: The most powerful navy in the western part of the Mediterranean . Ferdinand was born on 2 June 1424 in Valencia . His mother, Gueraldona Carlino, was probably a woman of Neapolitan origin who in December 1423 had accompanied Alfonso on his return to Spain , where she later married a certain Gaspar Reverdit of Barcelona. In order to ensure a good future for his illegitimate son, his father Alfonso had called him to Naples . At
15554-642: The name of the King by Antonio d'Alessandro. All this was confirmed by the bull of Pius II, on November 2, 1458. After the Bull of Investiture, two more were sent: in the first the Pontiff advised Ferrante to send him a Cardinal Legate for the coronation and in the second he revoked the Bull Callixtus III had made against the King. Ferrante was solemnly crowned on February 4, 1459, in the Cathedral of Barletta and to thank
15708-530: The need to staff church offices. In November 1970 in Ingravescentem aetatem , Pope Paul VI established that electors would be under the age of eighty years. When it took effect on 1 January 1971, it deprived 25 cardinals of the right to participate in a conclave. In October 1975 in Romano Pontifici eligendo , he set the maximum number of electors at 120, while establishing no limit on the overall size of
15862-469: The number of cardinal bishops by assigning that rank, in 1965, to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches when named cardinals. In 2018, Pope Francis expanded the cardinal bishops of Roman title, because this had not been done despite recent decades' expansion in the two lower orders of cardinals, besides having all six such cardinals being over the age limit for a conclave. Each cardinal
16016-457: The office of Prior of a convent in the diocese of Calahorra which was held by Borgia. Borgia was elected to the papal throne partly due to Ascanio's persuasive manner, becoming Alexander VI . He appointed Ascanio his Vice-Chancellor as he had promised, making him the virtual prime minister of the Holy See . Sforza resigned his deaconry of S. Vito e Modesto on 26 August 1492 and opted for it again on 31 January 1495 and occupied it until his death. He
16170-495: The order of deacons. Cardinal deacons have long enjoyed the right to "opt for the order of cardinal priests" ( optazione ) after they have been cardinal deacons for 10 years. They may on such elevation take a vacant " title " (a church allotted to a cardinal priest as the church in Rome with which he is associated) or their diaconal church may be temporarily elevated to a cardinal priest's "title" for that occasion. When elevated to cardinal priests, they take their precedence according to
16324-490: The other prelates of the office known as the Apostolic Camera, has functions that in essence are limited to a period of sede vacante of the papacy. He is to collate information about the financial situation of all administrations dependent on the Holy See and present the results to the College of Cardinals, as they gather for the papal conclave . Until 1918, any cleric, even one only in minor orders , could be created
16478-401: The pope makes the appointment public. The cardinal in question then ranks in precedence with those made cardinals at the time of his in pectore appointment. If a pope dies before revealing the identity of an in pectore cardinal, the person's status as cardinal expires. The last pope known to have named a cardinal in pectore is Pope John Paul II , who named four, including one whose identity
16632-411: The pope. While the cardinalate has long been expanded beyond the Roman pastoral clergy and Roman Curia , every cardinal priest has a titular church in Rome, though they may be bishops or archbishops elsewhere, just as cardinal bishops were given one of the suburbicarian dioceses around Rome. Pope Paul VI abolished all administrative rights cardinals had with regard to their titular churches, though
16786-550: The post until his death. He also became Administrator of the See of Pesaro in 1487 until May 1491. In 1490 Sforza commissioned Bramante and Giovanni Antonio Amadeo to construct the Chiostro Grande ("large cloister") and the chapterhouse at Chiaravalle. In his effort to ally Naples with Milan , he received Ferdinand of Capua, Ferrante's grandson, in his palace in Trastevere in May 1492. The banquet organised in honour of
16940-445: The practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome. The term cardinal at one time applied to any priest permanently assigned or incardinated to a church, or specifically to the senior priest of an important church, based on
17094-635: The primary suburbicarian see. Cardinals governing a particular church retain that church. In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo") and decreed that their secular rank would equate to prince, making them second only to the pope and crowned monarchs. In accordance with tradition, they sign by placing the title "Cardinal" (abbreviated Card. ) after their personal name and before their surname as, for instance, "John Card(inal) Doe" or, in Latin , "Ioannes Card(inalis) Doe". Some writers, such as James-Charles Noonan, hold that, in
17248-452: The princes of Taranto and Marino Marzano, prince of Rossano , asked the King to return Antonio Centelles, Marquis of Crotone , Giosia Acquaviva, Duke of Atri , and Giulio Antonio Acquaviva , Count of Conversano , their relatives, to his state. Despite some initial refusals, the King wanted to please them. These united barons decided to urge King John of Aragon to come and conquer the kingdom that belonged to him by legitimate succession after
17402-523: The privilege of wearing the red hat by Pope Innocent IV in 1244. In cities other than Rome, the name cardinal began to be applied to certain churchmen as a mark of honour. The earliest example of this occurs in a letter sent by Pope Zacharias in 747 to Pippin the Younger , ruler of the Franks , in which Zacharias applied the title to the priests of Paris to distinguish them from country clergy. This meaning of
17556-478: The provision and commandment of the Father, and by the will of God I was handed over to Your Holiness and I want to be his until death. Therefore, I very humbly pray to Your Holiness that, by corresponding to this love, you accept me for your son, indeed confirm me in your grace, so that from this moment your Beatitude desires neither more obedience nor more inclined devotion from me. From Naples on 1 July After having sent
17710-448: The result that there continued to be only six cardinal bishops. Since 1962, the cardinal bishops have only a titular relationship with the suburbicarian sees, each of which is governed by a separate ordinary . Until 1961, membership in the order of cardinal bishops was achieved through precedence in the College of Cardinals . When a suburbicarian see fell vacant, the most senior cardinal by precedence could exercise his option to claim
17864-482: The right of option and be promoted to the rank of cardinal-priest. No cardinal who was not a bishop has participated in a papal conclave since the 1962 rule change. A cardinal who is not a bishop is entitled to wear and use the episcopal vestments and other pontificalia (episcopal regalia: mitre , crozier , zucchetto , pectoral cross , and ring). He has both actual and honorary precedence over archbishops, and bishops who are not cardinals. However, he cannot perform
18018-539: The right to elect the Bishop of Rome in the papal bull In nomine Domini . For a time this power was assigned exclusively to the cardinal bishops, but in 1179 the Third Lateran Council restored the right to the whole body of cardinals. In 1586, Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70: six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Pope John XXIII exceeded that limit citing
18172-440: The rite he then called the castellan Arnaldo Sanz, and said to him: "Open", and he replied: "Are you King Don Ferrante thirsty, son of the happy memory of King Don Alfonso?" The King replied: "I am that." The Castellano then asked the barons if the new king was Don Alfonso's son and they all said yes. The Castellano then, in front of all the people, handed the keys of the castle to Ferrante, who returned them to him and ordered to keep
18326-414: The sacrament of ordination or other rites reserved solely to bishops. At various times, there have been cardinals who had only received first tonsure and minor orders but not yet been ordained as deacons or priests. Though clerics , they were inaccurately called " lay cardinals ". Teodolfo Mertel was among the last of the lay cardinals. When he died in 1899 he was the last surviving cardinal who
18480-505: The same year. Pope Sixtus had died on 12 August, and the Conclave to elect his successor was about to begin. Cardinal Ascanio's formal ceremony of investiture had not taken place, and some cardinals voiced objections to his participation in the forthcoming conclave . Due to Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia ’s intervention, however, Ascanio was received with full cardinalitial rights. Ascanio was given an important assignment by his brother Ludovico, who at
18634-472: The see and be promoted to the order of cardinal bishops. Pope John XXIII abolished that privilege on 10 March 1961 and made the right to promote someone to the order of cardinal bishops the sole prerogative of the pope. In 1965, Pope Paul VI decreed in his motu proprio Ad purpuratorum Patrum Collegium that patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches who were named cardinals (i.e. "cardinal patriarchs") would also be cardinal bishops, ranking after
18788-415: The seven suburbicarian sees around Rome: Ostia , Albano , Porto and Santa Rufina , Palestrina , Sabina and Mentana , Frascati , and Velletri . Velletri was united with Ostia from 1150 until 1914, when Pope Pius X separated them again, but decreed that whichever cardinal bishop became Dean of the College of Cardinals would keep the suburbicarian see he already held, adding to it that of Ostia, with
18942-468: The seven deacons in the Papal Household who supervised the Church's works in the 14 districts of Rome during the early Middle Ages , when church administration was effectively the government of Rome and provided all social services . They came to be called "cardinal deacons" by the late eighth century, and they were granted active rights in papal elections and made eligible for the election as pope by
19096-471: The simple white mitre (so called mitra simplex ). The cardinal protodeacon is the senior cardinal deacon in order of appointment to the College of Cardinals. If he is a cardinal elector and participates in a conclave, he announces a new pope's election and name from the central balcony of St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City . The protodeacon also bestows the pallium on the new pope and crowns him with
19250-433: The six Roman rite cardinal bishops of the suburbicarian sees. ( Latin Church patriarchs who become cardinals are cardinal priests , not cardinal bishops: for example Angelo Scola was made Patriarch of Venice in 2002 and cardinal priest of Santi XII Apostoli in 2003.) Those of cardinal patriarch rank continue to hold their patriarchal see and are not assigned any Roman title (suburbicarian see or title or deaconry). At
19404-570: The stairs of the high altar, where kneeling, the Te Deum was sung. The cardinal blessed the new sovereign with a pontifical blessing and proclaimed him King of Naples . After the coronation the trumpets began to sound, while the people shouted: "Long live the King Ferrante". He then rode, accompanied with great magnificence by the baronage and the people towards the seven offices of the Kingdom, then returned to Castel Nuovo. Finding it closed, according to
19558-527: The three cardinal patriarchs, were non-electors as they had reached the age of 80. Pope Francis created another cardinal bishop in the same way on 1 May 2020, bringing the number of Latin Church cardinal bishops to eleven. The Dean of the College of Cardinals , the highest ranking cardinal, was formerly the longest serving cardinal bishop, but since 1965 is elected by the Latin Church cardinal bishops from among their number, subject to papal approval. Likewise
19712-519: The time of appointment. As a consequence of these two changes, canon 351 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law requires that a cardinal be at least in the order of priesthood at his appointment, and that those who are not already bishops must receive episcopal consecration. Several cardinals near to or over the age of 80 when appointed have obtained dispensation from the rule of having to be a bishop. These were all appointed cardinal-deacons, but Roberto Tucci and Albert Vanhoye lived long enough to exercise
19866-572: The time was Duke of Bari and Regent of Milan. Ascanio and Cardinal Giovanni d'Aragona were to present a formal letter to the Cardinals in Congregation, advising them that Milan opposed the election of Cardinals Barbo, Costa, Cibò, and Savelli. Cibò and Savelli were followers of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere and his pro-French policy. Unfortunately the letter from Duke Ludovico, sent on 26 August, did not reach their hands in time, otherwise it would have been
20020-429: The two conspirators alone, as the count and Coreglia were held at bay from Montagano. The King got the better of them, and before his troops arrived, he managed to wound them and put them to flight. In the excitement of the battle, the dagger that had fallen from Anguillara's hand was picked up by a soldier of Ferrante and it was discovered that he was poisoned, since, having touched a dog, he instantly fell dead. This event
20174-420: The underground church of that famous sanctuary ; he found a great deal of silver and gold, not only what had been donated for the great devotion to the sanctuary; but also what had been brought by priests from the nearby lands. Having noted it, he took it, promising after the victory to return everything; and with that silver he immediately had that coin called "Li Coronati di S. Angelo" struck, which benefited him
20328-416: The websites of the Holy See and episcopal conferences . Oriental patriarchs who are created cardinals customarily use "Sanctae Ecclesiae Cardinalis" as their full title, probably because they do not belong to the Roman clergy. The [First name] Cardinal [Surname] order is used in the Latin proclamation of the election of a new pope by the cardinal protodeacon, if the new pope is a cardinal, as has been
20482-455: The whole kingdom. The Duke's army stopped at the Abbey of San Galgano , a very convenient place to have food from land and sea to survive. Then the Florentines (whose governor was Cosimo de' Medici ) raised the flags of King Charles VII , King of France, and urged that King René restart the enterprise for the reconquest of the Kingdom of Naples. At this time the plague began to spread in the camp of
20636-470: The word spread rapidly, and from the 9th century various episcopal cities had a special class among the clergy known as cardinals. The use of the title was reserved for the cardinals of Rome in 1567 by Pius V . In 1059 (five years after the East-West Schism ), the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees . In the 12th century
20790-484: The young man's acute intelligence and courage, while Ferrante showed complete reverence for his parent. Alfonso, on 9 September 1438, created Ferrante a knight on the Maddaloni field where René of Anjou-Valois , challenged to battle, did not appear. In Naples he had as teachers Valla , Panormita , Borgia, and Gabriele Altilio, who taught him for many years. He also had as tutor Paris de Puteo who taught him law . When
20944-468: Was Andrea Sansovino. Ascanio's lifelong focus on public affairs distracted his attention from being a patron of the arts. However, he was the one to introduce Josquin des Prez , the most famous musician of the Renaissance , to the papal court in 1486. He also commissioned the Liber musices of Florentius de Faxolis . Strenuous and hard-skinned as a politician, Ascanio preferred gambling rather than studying. He
21098-444: Was also given to the senior priest in each of the "title" churches (the parish churches) of Rome and to the bishops of the seven sees surrounding the city. By the 8th century the Roman cardinals constituted a privileged class among the Roman clergy. They took part in the administration of the Church of Rome and in the papal liturgy. By decree of a synod of 769 , only a cardinal was eligible to become Bishop of Rome. Cardinals were granted
21252-486: Was also the brother of two Milanese dukes, Galeazzo Maria Sforza (1466–1476) and Ludovico Sforza (1494–1499), and the uncle of a third, Gian Galeazzo Sforza (1476–1494). Ascanio was a student of Francesco Filelfo , a courtier of Duke Francesco Sforza, who introduced him to government and literature. Other cardinals of the family were Guido Ascanio Sforza di Santa Fiora (1534), Alessandro Sforza (1565), Francesco Sforza (1583) and Federico Sforza (1645). Aged 10 he
21406-526: Was delayed. In September 1473, Ascanio's niece Caterina, the daughter of Duke Galeazzo Maria, was married to the nephew of Pope Sixtus IV, Girolamo Riario (the brother of Cardinal Pietro Riario ). Girolamo was one of the leading members of the Pazzi Conspiracy against the life of Lorenzo the Magnificent of Florence. Hoping to pacify Milan, Sixtus IV attempted to create Ascanio a cardinal in 1477 but
21560-422: Was gifted with great courage and remarkable political skills. Completely Italianized, he surrounded himself with numerous artists and humanists , completed the paternal building works in the city of Naples , and erected new impressive buildings that still adorn it today. The skills of Ferrante and his diplomats, skilled in weaving alliances in order to achieve Neapolitan hegemony in the system of Italian states,
21714-403: Was given a ring, the central piece of which was a gem, usually a sapphire, with the pope's stemma engraved on the inside. There is now no gemstone, and the pope chooses the image on the outside: under Pope Benedict XVI it was a modern depiction of the crucifixion of Jesus, with Mary and John to each side. The ring includes the pope's coat of arms on the inside. Cardinals have in canon law
21868-483: Was hoped to put some distance between Innocent and the French. At the same time, Ferdinand of Capua was seeking to obtain the investiture of Naples from the Pope, thereby solidifying his family's hold on the Kingdom, to the prejudice of René II, Duke of Lorraine , the French claimant. On 4 June 1492, Pope Innocent issued a bull, determining that King Ferrante would be succeeded by his son Alfonso, and Alfonso by Ferdinand. The French were checked. The Milanese were happy. In
22022-536: Was named commendatory abbot of Chiaravalle . While still an adolescent, Ascanio was promised the red hat of a cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church by Guillaume d'Estouteville , who wanted to gain Galeazzo Maria Sforza's support for his candidacy for the papal throne in 1471. However, it was in fact Francesco della Rovere ( Sixtus IV ) who won the papal election, and Ascanio's promotion to cardinal
22176-552: Was named Administrator of the diocese of Elne , a suffragan of the diocese of Narbonne in France, in January 1494; on 20 January 1495 Caesare Borgia was appointed Bishop of Elne, and Sforza relinquished the administratorship in May 1495. The friendship between Ascanio and Alexander VI came to an end when the French invaded Italy in September 1494. Aware of Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere ’s machinations against him, Alexander decided to resist
22330-495: Was named administrator of the Metropolitan See of Eger on 31 August 1492, retaining that position until June 1496. In order to strengthen the relationship between his family and the papal house, Ascanio arranged the marriage of Giovanni Sforza, his cousin and governor of Pesaro , to Lucrezia Borgia , the Pope's illegitimate daughter, in 1493. The marriage was annulled in 1497, on grounds of non-consummation. Cardinal Sforza
22484-418: Was never revealed. When in choir dress , a Latin Church cardinal wears scarlet garments—the blood-like red symbolizes a cardinal's willingness to die for his faith. Excluding the rochet — which is always white—the scarlet garments include the cassock , mozzetta , and biretta (over the usual scarlet zucchetto ). The biretta of a cardinal is distinctive not merely for its scarlet color, but also for
22638-501: Was not at least ordained a priest. With the revision of the Code of Canon Law promulgated in 1917 by Pope Benedict XV , only those who are already priests or bishops may be appointed cardinals. Since the time of Pope John XXIII a priest who is appointed a cardinal must be consecrated a bishop, unless he obtains a dispensation. In addition to the named cardinals, the pope may name secret cardinals or cardinals in pectore (Latin for in
22792-663: Was not disappointment, however, that killed Cardinal Ascanio, but the plague ( pestis inguinaria ). He was buried that same evening, with no cardinal and neither Master of Ceremonies being present due to the plague. Julius II commissioned the erection of the Cardinal's tomb in the Cappella Maggiore of Santa Maria del Popolo , with a revealing inscription in which Pope Julius declared himself "mindful of [Ascanio's] most honourable virtues" and "forgetful of [past] contentions" ("virtutum memor honestissimarum, contentionum oblitus"). The artist
22946-500: Was so effective that he made his enemies wary of attacking him. Ferrante went to meet Skanderbeg, welcomed him in celebration, and for several days gave him a grateful rest in Bari. Skanderbeg then had his soldiers gathered and raised their spirits by inspiring him with gratitude for the Aragonese and rekindling in them the love of glory. Jacopo Piccinino , who commanded the allied army and observed its discomfort, demanded and obtained
23100-510: Was staying in his camp for the Tuscan enterprise against the Florentines, Alfonso negotiated peace and signed a league with the Republic of Venice and Siena . On April 9, peace was declared between Doge Francesco Foscari for the Venetian and Duke Francesco Sforza. Ferrante was ordered by Alfonso to leave Tuscany taking the road towards Abruzzo, and when he reached the borders of the Kingdom, he fired
23254-487: Was still in Genoa , to convince him to undertake the enterprise of conquering the throne of Naples. The latter, having received the embassy of the invitation from Marco della Ratta, immediately had galleys and ships armed. On the other hand, the Prince of Taranto, who as Grand Constable of the kingdom controlled the entire army, recruited commanders who depended on him and bribed them to embrace his cause. While trying to suppress
23408-669: Was the Torricella bite: Marino Marzano deceived the Catalan Gregorio Coreglia, who had been Ferrante's tutor, confiding in him that he wanted to make peace with the sovereign and ask for his grace. Having reported this message to the king, it was decided that the two should meet in a small church located in the place called Torricella near Teano on 29 May 1460 and it was set as a condition that each could bring two companions. Therefore, Ferrante brought with him Coreglia himself and Giovanni Ventimiglia, Count of Montesarchio , who, with
23562-532: Was then represented in the first, top left, of the six bas-reliefs impressed on the bronze door after the Arc de Triomphe in Castel Nuovo . The whole Principato Citra , Basilicata , and Calabria up to Cosenza raised the Angevin flags, and the rest of Calabria was rebelled by the Marquis of Crotone. It is said that at that point Queen Isabella of Chiaramonte, wife of Ferrante, seeing her desperate husband, disguised as
23716-416: Was undoubtedly Machiavellian , but also clear-sighted and intelligent, with haughty spirit and unflinching courage. His political morals were typical of his era and he remained dedicated to his love for Milan and for his family. Cardinal (Catholic Church) A cardinal ( Latin : Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis ; lit. ' cardinal of the Holy Roman Church ' ) is a senior member of
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