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71-420: Much of the area is covered by heathland and banksia woodland which attracts nectar-feeding birds. Dolphins and whales (depending on the time of year) may be spotted off the coast. The abundant bird life includes white-bellied sea eagles and the eastern ground parrot . The area is used for a number of water-based activities including boating, fishing, swimming, diving and rock pooling. Short walks within

142-670: A few of the Western Australian species native to the Stirling Ranges – B. solandri , B. oreophila , B. brownii and B. montana – survive at high elevations. Studies of the south-western species have found the distribution of Banksia species to be primarily constrained by rainfall. With the exception of B. rosserae , no species tolerates annual rainfall of less than 200 millimetres, despite many species surviving in areas that receive less than 400 millimetres. Banksia species are present throughout

213-418: A few of them ever develop fruit, and in some species a flower spike will set no fruit at all. The fruit of Banksia is a woody follicle embedded in the axis of the inflorescence. In many species, the resulting structure is a massive woody structure commonly called a cone. Each follicle consists of two horizontal valves that tightly enclose the seeds. The follicle opens to release the seed by splitting along

284-501: A few years of infection. In southwest Western Australia, where dieback infestation is widespread, infested areas of Banksia forest typically have less than 30% of the cover of uninfested areas. Plant deaths in such large proportions can have a profound influence on the makeup of plant communities. For example, in southwestern Australia Banksia often occurs as an understorey to forests of jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ), another species highly vulnerable to dieback. Infestation kills both

355-534: A greatly reduced flower spike, whereas Dryandra flower heads emerge from a flat receptable. Furthermore, Isostylis has thick follicles with a woolly coating, whereas Dryandra follicles are thin and hairless; and the involucral, common and floral bracts of Isostylis are unlike those of Dryandra . The Isostylis species are all upright shrubs or trees, with a single trunk. They generally have serrate leaves, although in rare cases B. ilicifolia may have entire leaves . Banksia  subg. Isostylis

426-401: A head; and recently the large genus Dryandra has been found to have arisen from within the ranks of Banksia , and sunk into it as B.  ser. Dryandra . They similarly have capitate flower heads rather than spikes. Banksia flowers are usually a shade of yellow , but orange , red , pink and even violet flowers also occur. The colour of the flowers is determined by the colour of

497-544: A location in Gippsland (region) is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Banksia Banksia is a genus of around 170 species of flowering plants in the family Proteaceae . These Australian wildflowers and popular garden plants are easily recognised by their characteristic flower spikes, and woody fruiting "cones" and heads. Banksias range in size from prostrate woody shrubs to trees up to 30 metres (100 ft) tall. They are found in

568-517: A monospecific taxon containing only B. ilicifolia . Meissner's rank and circumscription of Isostylis was retained by George Bentham in his 1870 arrangement for Flora Australiensis , but Bentham also published a putative variety of B. ilicifolia , B. i.  var. integrifolia , based on specimens collected by Ludwig Preiss near the Swan River in Western Australia . This

639-510: A number of processes including land clearing , frequent burning and disease, and a number of species are rare and endangered . Banksias grow as trees or woody shrubs . Trees of the largest species, B. integrifolia (coast banksia) and B. seminuda (river banksia), often grow over 15 metres tall, some even grow to standing 30 metres tall. Banksia species that grow as shrubs are usually erect, but there are several species that are prostrate, with branches that grow on or below

710-449: A period of years. In some species, old flower parts are lost, revealing the axis; in others, the old flower parts may persist for many years, giving the fruiting structure a hairy appearance. Old flower spikes are commonly referred to as "cones", although they are not technically cones according to the botanical definition of the term: cones only occur in conifers and cycads . Despite the large number of flowers per inflorescence, only

781-458: A role in pollination of Banksia . Various studies have shown mammals and birds to be important pollinators. In 1978, Carpenter observed that some banksias had a stronger odour at night, possibly to attract nocturnal mammal pollinators. Other associated fauna include the larvae of moths (such as the Dryandra Moth ) and weevils , which burrow into the "cones" to eat the seeds and pupate in

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852-777: A severe problem for banksias that are watered, such as in the cut flower industry and urban gardens. Most of species are shrubs, only few of them can be found as trees and they are very popular because of their size, the tallest species are: B. integrifolia having its subspecies B. integrifolia subsp. monticola notable for reaching the biggest size for the genus and it is the most frost tolerant in this genus, B. seminuda , B. littoralis , B. serrata ; species that can grow as small trees or big shrubs: B. grandis , B. prionotes , B. marginata , B. coccinea , B. speciosa and B. menziesii . Due to their size these species are popularly planted in parks, gardens and streets,

923-401: A substantial distance from Dryandra , suggesting that similarities between those two groups are indeed superficial. Early in 2007, Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by merging Dryandra into it, and publishing B.  subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons . They foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra

994-637: A wide variety of landscapes: sclerophyll forest, (occasionally) rainforest, shrubland, and some more arid landscapes, though not in Australia's deserts. Heavy producers of nectar , banksias are a vital part of the food chain in the Australian bush. They are an important food source for nectarivorous animals, including birds, bats, rats, possums, stingless bees and a host of invertebrates. Further, they are of economic importance to Australia's nursery and cut flower industries. However, these plants are threatened by

1065-427: A woody axis covered in tightly packed pairs of flowers attached at right angles. A single flower spike generally contains hundreds or even thousands of flowers; the most recorded is around 6000 on inflorescences of B. grandis . Not all Banksia have an elongate flower spike, however: the members of the small Isostylis complex have long been recognised as banksias in which the flower spike has been reduced to

1136-660: Is a subgenus of Banksia . It contains three closely related species, all of which occur only in Southwest Western Australia . Members of subgenus Isostylis have dome-shaped flower heads that are superficially similar to those of B.  ser. Dryandra , but structurally more like reduced versions of the "flower spikes" characteristic of most other Banksia taxa. There are three species of Banksia subg. Isostylis , B. ilicifolia (holly-leaved banksia), B. cuneata (matchstick banksia) and B. oligantha (Wagin banksia). B. ilicifolia

1207-889: Is an active subculture of Banksia enthusiasts who seek out interesting flower variants, breed and propagate cultivars, exchange materials and undertake research into cultivation problems and challenges. The main forum for exchange of information within this group is ASGAP 's Banksia Study Group . With the exception of the nursery industry , Banksia have limited commercial use. Some species, principally B. coccinea (scarlet banksia), B. baxteri , B. hookeriana (Hooker's banksia), B. sceptrum (sceptre banksia), and B. prionotes (acorn banksia), and less commonly B. speciosa (showy banksia), B. menziesii (Menzies' banksia), B. burdettii and B. ashbyi are grown on farms in Western and Southern Australia, as well as Israel and Hawaii, and

1278-436: Is notoriously difficult to treat, although there has been some success with phosphite and phosphorous acid , which are currently used to inoculate wild B. brownii populations. However this is not without potential problems as it alters the soil composition by adding phosphorus . Some evidence suggests that phosphorous acid may inhibit proteoid root formation. Because dieback thrives in moist soil conditions, it can be

1349-587: Is now only native to Australia and New Guinea, there are fossils from New Zealand, between 21 and 25 million years old. Evolutionary scientists Marcell Cardillo and Renae Pratt have proposed a southwest Australian origin for banksias despite their closest relatives being north Queensland rainforest species. Banksias are heavy producers of nectar , making them an important source of food for nectivorous animals, including honeyeaters and small mammals such as rodents, antechinus , honey possums , pygmy possums , gliders and bats . Many of these animals play

1420-579: Is reddish in color with an attractive grain but it is rarely used as it warps badly on drying. It is occasionally used for ornamental purposes in wood turning and cabinet paneling. It has also been used to make keels for small boats . Historically, the wood of certain species such as B. serrata was used for yokes and boat parts. The large "cones" or seed pods of B. grandis are used for woodturning projects. They are also sliced up and sold as drink coasters ; these are generally marketed as souvenirs for international tourists . Woodturners throughout

1491-506: Is the water mould Phytophthora cinnamomi , commonly known as "dieback". Dieback attacks the roots of plants, destroying the structure of the root tissues, "rotting" the root, and preventing the plant from absorbing water and nutrients. Banksia' s proteoid roots , which help it to survive in low-nutrient soils, make it highly susceptible to this disease . All Western Australian species are vulnerable, although most eastern species are fairly resistant. Vulnerable plants typically die within

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1562-408: Is the main centre of biodiversity ; over 90% of all Banksia species occur only there, from Exmouth in the north, south and east to beyond Esperance on the south coast. Eastern Australia has far fewer species, but these include some of best known and most widely distributed species, including B. integrifolia (coast banksia) and B. spinulosa (hairpin banksia). Here they occur from

1633-486: Is widely distributed and relatively common, but the other two species are rare and threatened. Banksia  subg. Isostylis shares with B.  ser. Dryandra the property of having compact, dome-shaped flower heads. Structurally, however, Isostylis flower heads are quite different from those of B.  ser. Dryandra , having more in common with the erect flower spikes of other Banksia taxa. Specifically, Isostylis flower heads have an ovoid axis, suggestive of

1704-512: The Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook 's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean . Cook landed on Australian soil for the first time on 29 April 1770, at a place that he later named Botany Bay in recognition of "the great quantity of plants Mr Banks and Dr Solander found in this place". Over the next seven weeks, Banks and Solander collected thousands of plant specimens, including

1775-538: The Avon Wheatbelt biogeographic region; while B. oligantha occurs slightly further south, in the vicinity of Wagin . Ecologically, B.  subg. Isostylis is similar to other Banksia s. As with other Banksia taxa, all three species have proteoid roots , roots with dense clusters of short lateral rootlets that form a mat in the soil just below the leaf litter. These roots are particularly efficient at absorbing nutrients from nutrient-poor soils, such as

1846-816: The Banksia Environmental Foundation was created to support and recognise people and organizations that make a positive contribution to the environment. The Foundation launched the annual Banksia Environmental Awards in the same year. Announced in June 2023, the exoplanet WASP-19b was named "Banksia" in the third NameExoWorlds competition. The approved name was proposed by a team from Brandon Park Primary School in Wheelers Hill ( Melbourne , Australia), led by scientist Lance Kelly and teacher David Maierhofer, after various types of Banksia plants. Banksia subg. Isostylis Banksia subg. Isostylis

1917-623: The Eyre Peninsula in South Australia right around the east coast up to Cape York in Queensland . The vast majority of Banksia are found in sandy or gravelly soils, though some populations of B. marginata (silver banksia) and B. spinulosa do occur on soil that is heavier and more clay-like. B. seminuda is exceptional for its preference for rich loams along watercourses. Most occur in heathlands or low woodlands ; of

1988-718: The High Rainfall Zone where relictual species are most common, whereas the others are restricted to the Transitional Rainfall Zone , where more recently evolved species are most common. Species of B.  subg. Isostylis occur only in Western Australia 's South West Botanical Province . B. ilicifolia is widespread within 70 kilometres of the coast from Mount Lesueur in the north, south to Cape Leeuwin and east to Albany . The other two species occur further inland, and have quite limited distributions. B. cuneata occurs Brookton and Bruce Rock in

2059-712: The cultivar Banksia 'Giant Candles' . Banksia species are primarily propagated by seed in the home garden as cuttings can be difficult to strike. However, commercial nurserymen extensively utilize the latter method (indeed, cultivars by nature must be vegetatively propagated by cuttings or grafting). Over time, dwarf cultivars and prostrate species are becoming more popular as urban gardens grow ever smaller. These include miniature forms under 50 cm high of B. spinulosa and B. media , as well as prostrate species such as B. petiolaris and B. blechnifolia . Banksias possibly require more maintenance than other Australian natives, though are fairly hardy if

2130-463: The perianth parts and often the style . The style is much longer than the perianth, and is initially trapped by the upper perianth parts. These are gradually released over a period of days, either from top to bottom or from bottom to top. When the styles and perianth parts are different colours, the visual effect is of a colour change sweeping along the spike. This can be most spectacular in B. prionotes (acorn banksia) and related species, as

2201-547: The phosphorus -deficient native soils of Australia . They lack a lignotuber , so shrubs are killed by bushfire; mature trees of B. ilicifolia have a limited ability to resprout from epicormic buds on the trunk. But like all Banksia s they release their aerial seed bank following a bushfire. This adaptation, known as serotiny , ensures the rapid regeneration of populations killed by fire. B. cuneata and B. oligantha have been declared rare under both Western Australia 's Wildlife Conservation Act 1950 , and

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2272-471: The Forsters had collected during Cook's second voyage. However Linnaeus incorrectly attributed the Forsters' specimens to the genus Passerina , and therefore considered the name Banksia available for use. By the time Joseph Gaertner corrected Banks' error in 1788, Banksia L.f. was widely known and accepted, so Gaertner renamed Banksia J.R.Forst, & G.Forst to Pimelea , a name previously chosen for

2343-583: The analysis of the other. Thus their analysis yielded no information about the circumscription and placement of Isostylis , and their arrangement maintained Isostylis as a subgenus. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement was not accepted by George, and was largely discarded by him in his 1999 arrangement . The placement and circumscription of B.  subg. Isostylis was unaffected and can be summarised as follows: Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for

2414-485: The appearance of aged Banksia "cones", with follicles for eyes and other facial features. There is some contention over which species actually provided the inspiration for the "Banksia men": the drawings most resemble the old cones of B. aemula or B. serrata , but B. attenuata (slender banksia) has also been cited, as this was the species that Gibbs saw as a child in Western Australia. In 1989,

2485-403: The branches in irregular spirals, but in some species they are crowded together in whorls . Many species have differing juvenile and adult leaves (e.g., Banksia integrifolia has large serrated juvenile leaves). The flowers are arranged in flower spikes or capitate flower heads. The character most commonly associated with Banksia is the flower spike, an elongated inflorescence consisting of

2556-402: The eastern species, B. integrifolia and B. marginata occur in forests; many south-western species such as B. grandis , B. sphaerocarpa , B. sessilis , B. nobilis and B. dallanneyi grow as understorey plants in jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata ), wandoo ( E. wandoo ) and karri ( E. diversicolor ) forests , with B. seminuda being one of

2627-406: The federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 . Threats include loss of habitat, Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback, and grazing on seedlings by feral rabbits . None of the B.  subg. Isostylis species are popular in cultivation. The two rare species are virtually unknown in cultivation. B. ilicifolia is better known, but its usefulness as an amenity plant

2698-439: The first group are known as 'seeders' and the second group as 'sprouters'. Infrequent bushfires at expected intervals pose no threat, and are in fact beneficial for regeneration of banksia populations. However, too frequent bushfires can seriously reduce or even eliminate populations from certain areas, by killing seedlings and young plants before they reach fruiting age. Many fires near urban areas are caused by arson, and thus

2769-449: The first specimens of Dryandra ( now Banksia) sessilis (Parrotbush) and D. ( now Banksia) pellaeifolia . Upon Menzies' return to England, he turned his specimens over to Banks; as with most other specimens in Banks' library, they remained undescribed for many years. Robert Brown gave a lecture, naming the new genus Dryandra in 1809, however Joseph Knight published

2840-452: The first specimens of a new genus that would later be named Banksia in Banks' honour. Four species were present in this first collection: B. serrata (Saw Banksia), B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia), B. ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia) and B. robur (Swamp Banksia). In June the ship was careened at Endeavour River , where specimens of B. dentata (Tropical Banksia) were collected. The genus Banksia

2911-422: The flower heads harvested for the cut flower trade . Eastern species, such as B. ericifolia , B. robur and B. plagiocarpa , are sometimes cultivated for this purpose. The nectar is also sought by beekeepers , not for the quality of the dark-coloured honey , which is often poor, but because the trees provide an abundant and reliable source of nectar at times when other sources provide little. Banksia wood

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2982-495: The follicles; and birds such as cockatoos , who break off the "cones" to eat both the seeds and the insect larvae. A number of Banksia species are considered rare or endangered. These include B. brownii (feather-leaved banksia), B. cuneata (matchstick banksia), B. goodii (Good's banksia), B. oligantha (Wagin banksia), B. tricuspis (pine banksia), and B. verticillata (granite banksia). Banksia plants are naturally adapted to

3053-413: The forest trees in suitable habitat. Most species do not grow well near the coast , notable exceptions being the southern Western Australian species B. speciosa , B. praemorsa and B. repens . Only a few species, such as B. rosserae and B. elderiana (swordfish banksia), occur in arid areas. Most of the eastern Australian species survive in uplands , but only

3124-426: The frequency is often much higher than fires would have been prior to human habitation. Furthermore, residents who live in areas near bushland may pressure local councils to burn areas near homes more frequently, to reduce fuel-load in the bush and thus reduce ferocity of future fires. Unfortunately there are often discrepancies in agreed frequency between these groups and conservation groups. Another threat to Banksia

3195-484: The genus by Banks and Solander. The first specimens of a Dryandra were collected by Archibald Menzies , surgeon and naturalist to the Vancouver Expedition . At the request of Joseph Banks , Menzies collected natural history specimens wherever possible during the voyage. During September and October 1791, while the expedition were anchored at King George Sound , he collected numerous plant specimens, including

3266-643: The genus into subgenus Banksia and subgenus Spathulatae . All but one of the living Banksia species are endemic to Australia. The exception is B. dentata (tropical banksia), which occurs throughout northern Australia, and on islands to the north including New Guinea and the Aru Islands . An extinct species, B. novae-zelandiae , was found in New Zealand . The other species occur in two distinct geographical regions: southwest Western Australia and eastern Australia. Southwest Western Australia

3337-612: The genus into two subgenera—subgenus Isostylis (containing B. ilicifolia , B. oligantha and B. cuneata ) and subgenus Banksia (containing all other species except those he considered dryandras)—in his 1981 monograph and 1999 treatment for the Flora of Australia series. He held that flower morphology was the key to relationships in the genus. Austin Mast and Kevin Thiele published the official merging of Dryandra within Banksia in 2007, recalibrating

3408-577: The jarrah overstorey and the original Banksia understorey, and over time these may be replaced by a more open woodland consisting of an overstorey of the resistant marri ( Corymbia calophylla ), and an understorey of the somewhat resistant Banksia sessilis (parrot bush). A number of species of Banksia are threatened by dieback. Nearly every known wild population of B. brownii shows some signs of dieback infection, which could possibly wipe it out within years. Other vulnerable species include B. cuneata , and B. verticillata . Dieback

3479-401: The name Josephia before Brown published his paper with the description of Dryandra . Brown ignored Knight's name, as did subsequent botanists. In 1891, Otto Kuntze , strictly applying the principle of priority , argued that Pimelea should revert to the name Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst. He proposed the new genus Sirmuellera to replaced Banksia L.f. and transferred its species to

3550-501: The new genus. This arrangement was largely ignored by Kuntze's contemporaries. Banksia L.f. was formally conserved and Sirmuellera rejected in 1940. Banksia belongs to the family Proteaceae , subfamily Grevilleoideae , and tribe Banksieae . There are around 170 species. The closest relatives of Banksia are two genera of rainforest trees in North Queensland ( Musgravea and Austromuellera ). Alex George arranged

3621-743: The park include the Heathland Walk, the Cape Conran Nature Trail, the East Cape Boardwalk and the Yeerung River Estuary View and Gorge trails. Day walk destinations include Dock Inlet and Pearl Point. The Banksia Bluff Camping Area has facilities including septic toilets, cold showers, tables and fireplaces. Cabin accommodation is also provided nearby. 37°46′S 148°52′E  /  37.767°S 148.867°E  / -37.767; 148.867 This article about

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3692-473: The presence of regular bushfires in the Australian landscape. About half of Banksia species are killed by bushfire, but these regenerate quickly from seed, as fire also stimulates the opening of seed-bearing follicles and the germination of seed in the ground. The remaining species usually survive bushfire, either by resprouting from a woody base known as a lignotuber or, more rarely, epicormic buds protected by thick bark. In Western Australia , banksias of

3763-684: The region of suitable rainfall, with greatest speciation in cooler, wetter areas. Hotter, drier regions around the edges of its range tend to have fewer species with larger distributions. The greatest species richness occurs in association with uplands, especially the Stirling Range. There are many fossils of Banksia . The oldest of these are fossil pollen between 65 and 59 million years old. There are fossil leaves between 59 and 56 million years old found in southern New South Wales. The oldest fossil cones are between 47.8 and 41.2 million years old, found in Western Australia. Although Banksia

3834-435: The remaining species in this genus are only shrubs. Banksias are popular garden plants in Australia because of their large, showy flower heads, and because the large amounts of nectar they produce attracts birds and small mammals . Popular garden species include B. spinulosa , B. ericifolia , B. aemula (Wallum Banksia ), B. serrata (Saw Banksia), Banksia media (Southern Plains Banksia) and

3905-427: The right conditions are provided (sunny aspect and well drained sandy soil). They may need extra water during dry spells until established, which can take up to two years. If fertilised, only slow-release, low- phosphorus fertilizer should be used, as the proteoid roots may be damaged by high nutrient levels in the soil. All respond well to some form of pruning. Within the Australian horticultural community there

3976-407: The situation is the existence of a population of B. cuneata having both genetic and phenetic affinities with B. oligantha . The origin of this population is unknown. It might have arisen through hybridisation , or it may be a transitional or even ancestral form. Finally, biogeographical factors suggest that B. ilicifolia would be the most basal of the three species: it occurs in

4047-441: The soil. The leaves of Banksia vary greatly between species. Sizes vary from the narrow, 1– 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 centimetre long needle-like leaves of B. ericifolia (heath-leaved banksia), to the very large leaves of B. grandis (bull banksia), which may be up to 45 centimetres long. The leaves of most species have serrated edges, but a few, such as B. integrifolia , do not. Leaves are usually arranged along

4118-462: The subtribe Banksiinae . His analyses has provided compelling evidence for the paraphyly of Banksia with respect to Dryandra , and suggest an overall phylogeny that is very greatly different from George's arrangement. Mast's results clearly recognise Isostylis as a distinct clade, but place it in a fairly recent position, within a clade that also contains B. elegans (Elegant Banksia) and B. attenuata (Candlestick Banksia). It falls

4189-453: The suture. In some species, each valve splits too. In some species the follicles open as soon as the seed is mature, but in most species most follicles open only after stimulated to do so by bushfire . Each follicle usually contains one or two small seeds, each with a wedge-shaped papery wing that causes it to spin as it falls to the ground. Specimens of Banksia were first collected by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander , naturalists on

4260-519: The western district of Victoria used the spent flower cones to strain water by placing the cones in their mouths and using them like a straw. Banksia trees are a reliable source of insect larvae which are extracted as food. A number of field guides and other semi-technical books on the genus have been published. These include: Perhaps the best known cultural reference to Banksia is the "big bad Banksia men" of May Gibbs ' children's book Snugglepot and Cuddlepie . Gibb's "Banksia men" are modelled on

4331-478: The white inflorescence in bud becomes a brilliant orange. In most cases, the individual flowers are tall, thin saccate (sack-shaped) in shape. Occasionally, multiple flower spikes can form. This is most often seen in Banksia marginata and B. ericifolia (pictured right) . As the flower spikes or heads age, the flower parts dry up and may turn shades of orange, tan or dark brown colour, before fading to grey over

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4402-399: The world value Banksia pods for making ornamental objects. The Indigenous people of south-western Australia would suck on the flower spikes to obtain the nectar, they also soaked the flower spikes in water to make a sweet drink. The Noongar people of southwest Western Australia also used infusions of the flower spikes to relieve coughs and sore throats. The Girai wurrung peoples of

4473-563: Was complete; in the meantime, B.  subg. Isostylis has been set aside. If maintained at all in Mast and Thiele's forthcoming arrangement, it will be at a lesser rank than subgenus. Relationships within B.  subg. Isostylis still remain unclear. Though Mast's studies found B. cuneata to be the most basal of the three species, a 2004 study of genetic divergence within the subgenus yielded both other possibilities: some analyses suggested B. ilicifolia as basal, while others suggested B. oligantha . Further complicating

4544-457: Was eventually conserved , and his four names are now considered taxonomic synonyms of their respective names under Banksia L.f. None of them are considered members of Isostylis . The next change to Isostylis came in 1981, when Alex George promoted it back to subgenus rank, and published a second species, B. cuneata . In discussing the subgenus, George commented that there had been calls to transfer Isostylis into Dryandra , which

4615-510: Was finally described and named by Carolus Linnaeus the Younger in his April 1782 publication Supplementum Plantarum ; hence the full name for the genus is " Banksia L.f.". Linnaeus placed the genus in class Tetrandra , order Monogynia of his father's classification, and named it in honour of Banks. The name Banksia had in fact already been published in 1775 as Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst , referring to some New Zealand species that

4686-428: Was first published by Robert Brown in his 1810 Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen ; thus its full name, with author citation, is Banksia subg. Isostylis R.Br. Brown's arrangement was the first infrageneric arrangement of Banksia , making B.  subg. Isostylis Banksia ' s first infrageneric taxon. Brown erected B.  subg. Isostylis to contain B. ilicifolia , which

4757-630: Was later overturned. In 1905, James Britten challenged the genus name Banksia , on the grounds that Banksia J.R.Forst & G.Forst had precedent over Banksia L.f. Britten adopted the name Isostylis for the entire genus, republishing the names Isostylis dentata (L.f.) Britten for B. dentata (Tropical Banksia), Isostylis ericifolia (L.f.) Britten for B. ericifolia (Heath-leaved Banksia), Isostylis integrifolia (L.f.) Britten for B. integrifolia (Coast Banksia) and Isostylis serrata (L.f.) Britten for B. serrata (Saw Banksia). This challenge failed, Banksia L.f.

4828-532: Was no change to the 1810 arrangement, and no new Isostylis species. In 1846, Édouard Spach promoted B.  subg. Isostylis to genus rank in his Histoire Naturelle des Vegetaux: Phanerogames . This was not accepted, and Isostylis (R.Br.) Spach is now considered a nomenclatural synonym of B.  subg. Isostylis . When Carl Meissner published his arrangement of Banksia in 1856, he demoted both of Brown's subgenera to sectional rank, maintaining B.  sect. Isostylis (R.Br.) Meisn. as

4899-487: Was published by George in 1988. In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a revised arrangement based on a cladistic analysis of morphological characters of Banksia . They took up the question of an affinity of Isostylis with Dryandra , finding George's arguments unconvincing but failing to find any further evidence for or against Isostylis ' s placement within Banksia . They eventually accepted both of George's subgenera, using each as an outgroup in

4970-404: Was then a distinct genus. He argued, however, that the similarities between Isostylis and Dryandra were largely superficial, whereas the similarities with Banksia were much more important taxonomically. His conclusion was that the taxon should remain in Banksia , although he did not rule out promoting it into a separate genus. A third B.  subg. Isostylis species, B. oligantha ,

5041-434: Was then the only known Banksia with a dome-shaped inflorescence. He did not explicitly name a type species for the subgenus, but B. ilicifolia is treated as the type because it was the only member when the subgenus was published. Twenty years later, Brown issued a supplement to his Prodromus entitled Supplementum Primum Prodromi Florae Novae Hollandiae ; another nine Banksia species were published, but there

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