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62-712: HMS Sansovino was an infantry landing ship in service with the Royal Navy during the late stages of the Second World War . She was built in 1943 by Consolidated Steel Corporation , Wilmington , California , as the Cape Compass for the United States Maritime Commission (USMC). She was transferred to the Ministry of War Transport (MoWT) on completion and renamed Empire Cutlass . In January 1945, she

124-467: A careful balance between the force of the shell being fired and the operational timing of the mechanism. In the Oerlikon designs, these timing demands resulted in a relatively slow-cycling weapon. As a response to this demand, Oerlikon developed "power reserve loading" action, introducing a gas-operated mechanism to unlock the breech. The gun produced to this design after the close of hostilities of WW2, and

186-746: A crossbeam type. The davits themselves provided a demarcation between the responsibilities of the LSI crew (either Royal Navy or Merchant Navy) and the members of the LCA flotilla. Some of the LSIs were commissioned into the Royal Navy, received navy crews, and flew the White Ensign , while most retained their civilian crews and flew the Red Ensign . Royal Navy LSIs had Royal Navy landing craft flotillas assigned to them until 1943, when

248-474: A hand as needed in one another's work, and messed together. Oerlikon 20 mm cannon The Oerlikon 20 mm cannon is a series of autocannons based on an original German Becker Type M2 20 mm cannon design that appeared very early in World War I . It was widely produced by Oerlikon Contraves and others, with various models employed by both Allied and Axis forces during World War II . Many versions of

310-462: A locking mechanism, a fairly heavy bolt must be employed; while to give this heavy bolt sufficient forward speed, a large spring is required (and Oerlikons, distinctively, have this component wrapped around their barrels.) These features will limit the rate of fire of such guns, unless other steps are taken—as in the final model of the Japanese 99 Mark 2 . This unique chamber and bolt design necessitates

372-571: A proportion of landing craft flotillas were manned by Royal Marine crews. Merchant Navy LSIs would have Royal Navy gunners for the anti-aircraft equipment, and Royal Navy officers and ratings operating the ship’s flotilla of landing craft. Generally, these divisions of personnel did not cooperate or share in each other's work responsibilities. LSIs in Royal Canadian Navy service were crewed by Canadians and, by late 1943 onwards, were assigned RCN landing craft flotillas. The crews intermingled, lent

434-517: A rate of fire of 500 rpm. And the FFS, which weighed 39 kg, delivered a high muzzle velocity of 830 m/s at a rate of 470 rpm. Apart from changes to the design of the guns for wing-mounting and remote control, larger drums were introduced as it would not be possible to exchange magazines in flight. For the FF series 45, 60, 75 and 100 (and a rarely used 150) drum magazines were available, but most users chose

496-493: A second advantage of this unusual arrangement is that after firing the bolt and case have a short, but significant, distance to travel rearwards before the bolt-end re-emerges and the case in turn begins to leave the chamber; and this in combination with the retardation of the rearward travel provides sufficient time for gas pressure to drop to the necessary safe level. This system permits blowback to be used in far more powerful weapons than normal. Nevertheless, compared to guns with

558-929: A single screw propeller. It could propel the ship at 14 knots (26 km/h). The ship was laid down at Cape Compass , but completed as Empire Cutlass . A Type C1-S-AY-1 ship, she was completed in November 1943. She was transferred to the MoWT under the terms of lend lease shortly after being completed, and renamed Empire Cutlass . Her port of registry was London . The United Kingdom Official Number 169740 and Code Letters MYMG were allocated. Furness, Withy & Co . Empire Cutlass departed from Los Angeles, California , on her maiden voyage on 21 November 1943, sailing to Balboa , arriving on 1 December. She then sailed to Cristóbal , Panama , where she joined Convoy ZG 52, which arrived at Guantánamo Bay , Cuba on 14 December. She then joined Convoy GN 102, which departed from Guantanamo Bay

620-531: A slightly higher rate of fire, 350 rpm. In 1924, SEMAG failed. The Oerlikon firm, named after the Zürich suburb of Oerlikon where it was based, then acquired all rights to the weapon, plus the manufacturing equipment and the employees of SEMAG. In 1927 the Oerlikon S was added to the existing product line. This fired a still larger cartridge (20x110RB) to achieve a muzzle velocity of 830 m/s (versus 490 m/s for

682-443: Is free-swinging on a fixed pedestal mounting with a flat armored shield affording some protection for the crew. The cannon is aimed and fired by a gunner using, in its simplest form, a ring-and-bead sight . The gunner is attached to the weapon by a waist-belt and shoulder supports. For this reason, some mountings existed with a height-adjustment feature to compensate for different sized gunners. A "piece chief" designates targets and

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744-414: Is required, as with such low-power cartridges the static inertia of the bolt or bolt and slide - the physical tendency of heavy components to resist rapid acceleration - is adequate to ensure that the projectile has left the muzzle and the gas pressure in the barrel is down to a safe level before the breech opens (while the bolt spring also resists the opening of the breech, in practical terms its contribution

806-399: Is too small to be relevant). In contrast, 20mm cartridges are far too powerful, and efficient autocannon barrels too long, for this basic system to be practical; so the Oerlikon uses Advanced Primer Ignition (API) to augment the resistance of the bolt. In API blowback weapons, the firing pin fires the cartridge while the bolt is still traveling forward so that the gas pressure has to overcome

868-544: The 20 mm Oerlikon cannon . In Canada in the spring of 1943, work was under way on the conversion of Prince David and Prince Henry to landing ship infantry (medium) (LSI (M)). They were reconfigured to carry 550 infantrymen transported in six LCAs and two LCM(1)s, and have large sick-bay facilities for the anticipated casualties. Their old 6-inch (152 mm) guns were replaced with two twin 4 inch mountings, two single Bofors 40mm guns , and ten Oerlikons . The rebuilding, which took place at Esquimalt and Vancouver ,

930-448: The 3"/50 Mark 22 gun . It provided a useful increase in firepower over the .50 cal machine gun when adapted and fitted to some aircraft. However, it had some problems with jamming in the ammunition feed. The Royal Canadian Navy popularised the use of the Oerlikon gun as an anti-ship and anti-submarine gun – while it was not effective against the armour of most larger ships, it was used extensively and effectively against U-boats , and on

992-707: The Admiralty and commissioned as HMS Sansovino , under which name she served out the remainder of the war. Sansovino participated in Operation Zipper in September 1945. On 18 January 1946 she was in the Pacific when the Highland Brigade , carrying two thousand Indian troops , struck a mine off Singapore . The Sansovino , which was carrying troops of the 2nd Battalion West Yorkshire Regiment from Soerabaja , came to

1054-617: The Bofors 40/L60 40 mm gun from 1943, although many squadrons retained a mix of guns until the end of World War 2. Squadrons in the Far East were equipped exclusively with Oerlikons. The Oerlikon gun was installed aboard United States Navy ships from 1942, replacing the M2 Browning machine gun , which lacked range and firepower, and largely superseding the 1.1"/75 caliber gun , which was heavier and had less mechanical reliability. It became famous in

1116-529: The Chinese Civil War . The ship was arrested as it had not been paid for. It was held by Dichman, Wright & Pugh awaiting disposal. Empire Cutlass re-entered the Reserve Fleet on 28 August 1950. On 21 December 1951, a recommendation was made that the ship be scrapped. She was reported to be slightly damaged, with repairs estimated at $ 35,000 and conversion costs estimated at $ 395,000. She remained in

1178-536: The Consolidated Steel Corporation , were modified for use as LSI(L)s under lend-lease . These ships were all given two-word names beginning with "Empire", such as SS Empire Spearhead . All were able to accommodate two LCA flotillas; a total of 24 craft. The Empire Broadsword was lost during the invasion of Normandy to a mine. Empire Javelin was sunk by a U-boat torpedo on 28 December 1944. All these ships had davits fitted to accept LCAs and

1240-577: The Imperial Japanese Navy , after evaluating all three guns, ordered developments of the FF and FFL as the Type 99-1 and Type 99-2 . The incorporation of the improvements of the FFS in a new anti-aircraft gun produced, in 1938, the Oerlikon SS . Oerlikon realized further improvements in rate of fire on the 1SS of 1942, and the 2SS of 1945 which achieved 650 rpm. However, it was the original SS gun which

1302-677: The Inter-Service Training and Development Centre sought to identify ships suitable to carry Army and Royal Marine formations being employed in amphibious operations. Such ships would not be purpose-built, but would be found within the lists of merchant marine vessels. These ships needed to be fast and have davits capable of lowering the new landing craft assault fully loaded with troops. Glengyle and her sisters, Glenearn , Glenroy , and Breconshire , then abuilding, were determined to be ideal for infantry landing ships. This class of four fast passenger and cargo liners were intended for

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1364-554: The fall of France in June 1940, only 109 guns reached the United Kingdom. All Oerlikon guns imported from Switzerland, in 1940, were mounted on various gun carriages to serve as light AA-guns on land. Just a few weeks before the fall of France, the Oerlikon factory approved manufacture of their gun in the United Kingdom, under licence. The Royal Navy managed to smuggle out the necessary drawings and documents from Zürich . The production of

1426-544: The 30 or 60-round drum. The 1930s were a period of global re-armament, and a number of foreign firms took licenses for the Oerlikon family of aircraft cannon. In France, Hispano-Suiza manufactured development of the FFS as the Hispano-Suiza HS.7 and Hispano-Suiza HS.9, for installation between the cylinder banks of its V-12 engines . In Germany, Ikaria further developed the FF gun as the MG FF , firing 20x80RB ammunition. And

1488-755: The Far East trade route. The Admiralty acquired the four Glens shortly after their launchings, and converted them into fast supply ships. By June 1940, Glengyle , Glenearn , and Glenroy were under conversion to LSI(L)s. The Admiralty insisted on keeping Breconshire in a fast cargo configuration, so the ISTDC consulted the Director of Naval Construction about suitable requisitioned ships. The Dutch Continental passenger steamers Queen Emma and Princess Beatrix were converted to LSIs. Displacing approximately 3,000 gross registered tons and able to make 22 knots, these vessels could carry as many as 800 troops apiece. These were

1550-519: The Mediterranean. It was also placed experimentally on the battleships Arkansas , Colorado , Maryland , West Virginia , Washington , Massachusetts , and training ship Wyoming . Although guns with blowback action had played an important part in WW2, it was obvious that something better was needed, especially for the universal demand for a high rate of fire. The blowback mechanism requires

1612-476: The Normandy Landings, she had near misses from two torpedoes and suffered heavy shelling from Le Havre . Empire Cutlass lost eight of her sixteen LCAs. On 13 June, Empire Cutlass transported members of the 712th Railway Operating Battalion , Transportation Corps , United States Army to France. Although the ship arrived the next day, it was not until 16 June that the troops were able to disembark, due to

1674-612: The Oerlikon cannon were used much more extensively, on aircraft, on ships and on land. In the air, the Ikaria MG FF was used as armament on a number of German aircraft, of which the most famous is the Messerschmitt Bf 109 . The Japanese Navy similarly used their copy of the FF, designated the Type 99 Mark 1 cannon on a number of types including the Mitsubishi A6M Zero . Later in the war, they also equipped fighters including

1736-731: The Reserve Fleet on the James River. In 1960, she was sold to Taiwan , and was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet on 27 July. Empire Cutlass was renamed Hai Ou , and entered service with the China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. , of Taiwan . On 8 March 1962, Hai Ou collided with the Japanese steamship Tomoshima Maru at Kobe . She sailed with them until 1970, when she was sold for breaking up, being scrapped at Kaohsiung , Taiwan by 15 October 1970. Landing Ship, Infantry Typically, an LSI would transport its cargo of infantry from its embarkation port to close to

1798-587: The Royal Navy, advocated within the Royal Navy to set up an unprejudiced trial for the Oerlikon 20 mm gun, but was unsuccessful. It was not until the Commander-in-Chief of the Home Fleet , Admiral Sir Roger Backhouse , was appointed First Sea Lord that Mountbatten's efforts bore fruit. During the first half of 1939 a contract for 1,500 guns was placed in Switzerland. However, due to delays and then later

1860-460: The Zero with the Type 99 Mark 2 , a version of the more powerful and faster-firing Oerlikon FFL. The French firm of Hispano-Suiza was a manufacturer of aircraft engines, and it marketed the moteur-canon combination of its 12X and 12Y engines with a H.S.7 or H.S.9 cannon installed between the cylinder banks. The gun fired through the hollow propeller hub, this being elevated above the crankcase by

1922-529: The aid of the stricken Highland Brigade , and took 110 Indian troops off with her landing craft. The Highland Brigade was subsequently towed into Singapore. She was returned to the Ministry of War Transport in June 1946, which returned her to Furness, Withy & Co under her original name of Empire Cutlass . She was returned to the US Navy in 1947 and operated by the United States Maritime Commission . In 1947, she

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1984-537: The application of its gun in aircraft and introduced the AF and AL , designed to be used in flexible mounts , i.e. manually aimed by a gunner. The 15-round box magazine used by earlier versions of the gun was replaced by drum magazine holding 15 or 30 rounds. In 1935 it made an important step by introducing a series of guns designed to be mounted in or on the wings of fighter aircraft. Designated with FF for Flügelfest meaning 'wing-mounted', these weapons were again available in

2046-490: The cannon are still used. During World War I , the German industrialist Reinhold Becker developed a 20 mm caliber cannon, known now as the 20 mm Becker using the advanced primer ignition blowback (API blowback) method of operation. This used a 20×70mmRB cartridge and had a cyclic rate of fire of 300 rpm. It was used on a limited scale as an aircraft gun on Luftstreitkräfte warplanes, and an anti-aircraft gun towards

2108-399: The chamber. To ease the motion of the case, the ammunition needed to be greased, which was a drawback of the Oerlikon cannon. An alternative developed during World War II was the so-called fluted chamber, which had grooves that allowed propellant gas to seep between the chamber wall and the case, taking over the role of the grease. Ammunition feed is typically by a 60-round drum magazine on

2170-403: The coast to be invaded. This location (the "lowering position" in Royal Navy terminology) was approximately 6–11 miles off shore. The troops would then transfer to landing craft, most commonly LCAs , for the journey to the beach. The landing craft would return to the LSI after disembarking their cargo and be hoisted up to embark additional troops. In the years immediately before war was declared

2232-591: The convoy at Invergordon , Ross-shire on 1 February. She was converted to a LSI (L) , carrying sixteen Landing Craft Assault (LCA) for the D-Day landings on 6 June 1944. On D-Day she carried the South Lancashire Regiment for Sword Beach . She carried 16 × LCA , 2 × LCVP , 1 × LCSM or 1 × LCM . She could carry 1,458 troops in addition to her complement of 250 officers and men. Armament consisted 1 × 4-inch gun, 1 × 12 pdr gun , 12 × 20mm guns . During

2294-548: The decks of larger ships. A handful of corvettes were fitted with the weapon toward the end of the war, but it appeared more commonly on frigates and destroyers at the time. The Oerlikon was also used as the basis for the Polsten gun, designed by Polish engineers in exile in the United Kingdom. The gun went into service in 1944, and was used well into the 1950s, among other uses, on Cromwell tanks and early model Centurion tanks . Romania purchased 45 pieces from Germany during

2356-507: The design of the gearing. Such armament was installed on the Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 and some other types. Similar German installations of the MG FF were not successful. The Oerlikon became best known in its naval applications. Initially the Oerlikon was not looked upon favorably by the Royal Navy as a short-range anti-aircraft gun. In 1937–1938 Lord Louis Mountbatten , then a captain in

2418-613: The end of that war. Because the Treaty of Versailles banned further production of such weapons in Germany, the patents and design works were transferred in 1919 to the Swiss firm SEMAG ( Seebach Maschinenbau Aktien Gesellschaft ) based near Zürich . SEMAG continued development of the weapon, and in 1924 had produced the SEMAG L , a heavier weapon (43 kg) that fired more powerful 20×100mmRB ammunition at

2480-503: The feeder changes exhausted magazines. During World War II, twin and quadruple Oerlikon mounts were developed, both for army and for navy use. The British Navy operated a hydraulically operated twin-gun mount. The US Navy operated a quad mount developed for PT boats by Elco Naval Division, Electric Boat Company, called the Elco "Thunderbolt" mount. Prototypes were built and tested in late 1942 and operationally deployed on several Elco PT Boats in

2542-616: The first British-made Oerlikon guns started in Ruislip , London , at the end of 1940. The first guns were delivered to the Royal Navy in March or April, 1941. The RAF Regiment made extensive use of Oerlikon guns in the anti-aircraft role. These were the principal armament for its light anti-aircraft squadrons in North Africa, the Middle East, Italy, and north western Europe, until the introduction of

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2604-513: The first half of World War II. It is still in use today on some naval units, nominally as a last-recourse anti-air weapon, but mainly used for firing warning shots or incapacitating small vessels. Unlike most high-powered autocannons, the Oerlikon and its derivatives have a blowback mechanism: the bolt is not locked to the breech of the gun at the moment of firing. Non-locking, simple blowback designs are commonplace in much lighter weapons, such as small-caliber semi-automatic pistols. No locking

2666-416: The force of the propellant gases until the latter overcome the former and start pushing case, bolt and spring backwards. If the bolt had stopped at the mouth of the chamber as in a simple blowback gun, this momentum would have been neutralized; instead thanks to the continuous movement the momentum acts to counter the propellant gases and slow the rearward travel of cartridge and bolt. Synergistically with this,

2728-592: The former cargo hold. Glengyle , the first LSI, was accepted into service on 10 September and, on 31 January 1941, she sailed around Africa to the Mediterranean . Smaller LSI, such as Queen Emma and Princess Beatrix , were generally converted cross- channel ferries , or a converted passenger ship. Conversion was accomplished, as with LSI(L), by adding davits for the landing craft, providing troop accommodation, plus some defensive armament, such as QF 12 pounder 12 cwt naval guns , and anti-aircraft guns , such as

2790-399: The forward momentum of the bolt as well, before it can push it to the rear. To facilitate this, the Oerlikon's chamber is longer than needed to contain the cartridge, and the front-end of the bolt, which is the same diameter as the case, actually enters this extended chamber behind the cartridge before firing. As a result when firing occurs, the forward force of the bolt and spring acts against

2852-460: The naval anti-aircraft role, providing an effective defense at short ranges (in practice up to 1.5 km) at which heavier guns had difficulty tracking a target. The gun was eventually abandoned as a major anti-air weapon due to its lack of stopping power against heavy aircraft and against Japanese kamikaze attacks during the Pacific War . It was largely superseded by the Bofors 40 mm gun and

2914-517: The next day and arrived at New York on 22 December. On 9 January 1944, Empire Cutlass departed from New York as a member of Convoy CU 11, which arrived at Liverpool , Lancashire , United Kingdom on 20 January. She left the convoy at the Clyde , arriving that day. On 30 January, she departed form the Clyde for Loch Ewe , where she joined Convoy WN 539, which arrived at Methil , Fife on 2 February. She left

2976-732: The original 5 LSIs. More LSIs would be found in the years to come from requisitioning or new construction provided by the United States under Lend-Lease . LSIs were grouped according to their troop capacity and endurance. Initially, all were requisitioned merchant vessels that exchanged carrying lifeboats for landing craft. During April and June 1940, the Glens underwent further conversion into LSIs capable of transporting an embarked force of up to 34 officers and 663 other ranks and carrying 12 LCAs on Welin-McLachan davits and 1 LCM(1) stored in chocks on deck and launched by 30-ton derricks. Glengyle

3038-484: The original Becker 20x70RB gun), at the cost of increased weight and a reduced rate of fire (280 rpm). The purpose of this development was to improve the performance of the gun as an anti-tank and anti-aircraft weapon, which required a higher muzzle velocity. An improved version known as the 1S followed in 1930. Three sizes of gun with their different ammunition and barrel length, but very similar mechanisms, continued to be developed in parallel. In 1930 Oerlikon reconsidered

3100-542: The other appropriate British manufactured landing craft for LSIs. Normally British converted LSIs were fitted with heavy-duty power-operated davits. Early landing ships were fitted with Welin-McLachlin davits – these being generally in use in the Merchant Navy for standard 99 man lifeboats. As the weight of LCAs increased through the war (eventually approaching 14 tons) heavier davits were required. Later LSIs and those being refitted were provisioned with luffing davits of

3162-447: The three sizes, with designations FF , FFL and FFS . The FF fired a slightly larger cartridge than the AF, 20x72RB, but the major improvement in these weapons was a significant increase in rate of fire. The FF weighed 24 kg and achieved a muzzle velocity of 550 to 600 m/s with a rate of fire of 520 rpm. The FFL of 30 kg fired a projectile at a muzzle velocity of 675 m/s with

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3224-432: The top of the gun. During sustained firing, the magazine must be frequently changed, reducing the effective rate of fire. Belt-fed versions of the gun were developed to overcome this limitation. A trigger in the right-hand grip controls fire. Used cartridges are ejected from below the breech. Different nations and services operated a number of mounting types for the same basic gun. In a typical single-barrel naval version, it

3286-405: The use of a characteristically shaped cartridge: the case has straight sides, very little neck, and a rebated rim . The straight sides allows the case to slide back and forward in the cylindrical chamber. The neck is not supported while this happens and therefore expands when the case is fired, and the rebated rim allows the face of the bolt, with its extractor claw hooked over the rim, to fit within

3348-561: The weather. Later in June while in the Solent , a V-1 flying bomb brought down by her barrage balloon exploded on her starboard side. She continued to ferry troops from England to France after repairs. On 21 November she was damaged by an oyster mine off the Digne Light, Le Havre , France , but no casualties were reported. She was sent for repairs in Falmouth . In 1945 she was requisitioned by

3410-468: Was built by Caledon Shipbuilding & Engineering Company , Dundee , for the Glen Line . The only vital alterations to the 18 knot Glengyle and her sisters, Glenroy and Glenearn , were to assure davits strong enough to lower fully loaded LCAs, and to provide accommodation for the army units to be transported. This latter alteration entailed introducing tables, forms, and posts for slinging hammocks into

3472-522: Was completed in December 1943 and shortly after re-commissioning, she left for the United Kingdom via Panama canal and New York City , under Captain T.D. Kelly RCNR, (her final commanding officer) who had supervised the fitting-out of both ships. The ship's davits were capable of lifting an LCA which, by this time in the war, was approaching 14 tons. In Australia in mid-1942, HMAS  Manoora , an ocean liner that had been converted to armed merchant cruiser,

3534-597: Was initially able to accommodate 850 soldiers, but later modifications increased this to 1,250. The ship was recommissioned on 2 February 1943 with the pennant number C77, and after spending six months on amphibious warfare training in Port Phillip , was deployed to New Guinea. In the United States, a commercial hull was put in war production by the Maritime Commission ; the C1-S-AY1 subtype of thirteen ships built by

3596-466: Was marked for conversion into the Royal Australian Navy's first landing ship, infantry at Garden Island Dockyard . Her armament was removed and replaced with a single 12-pounder gun, six 40 mm Bofors , and eight 20 mm Oerlikons . The Supermarine Walrus amphibian aircraft was removed, and the ship was modified to carry US manufactured landing craft : 17 LCVPs , and two LCM(3)s . Manoora

3658-532: Was requisitioned by the Royal Navy as HMS Sansovino , serving until June when she was returned to the MoWT, regaining her former name Empire Cutlass . In 1947, she was returned to the USMC. A proposed sale in 1948 to China fell through due to the outbreak of the Chinese Civil War and the ship was laid up in the James River , Virginia . In 1960, she was sold to Taiwan and renamed Hai Ou , serving until 1970 when she

3720-456: Was returned to the USMC. On 8 October 1947, she was allocated to the Reserve Fleet and laid up in the James River , Virginia . In 1948, an attempt was made by China to purchase the ship, and she was renamed Hai Ou in preparation. Although Empire Cutlass was withdrawn from the Reserve Fleet on 29 April 1948 and delivered to Norfolk, Virginia , the sale fell through due to the outbreak of

3782-416: Was scrapped at Kaohsiung . The ship was built in 1943 by Consolidated Steel Corporation , Wilmington , California . She was 418 feet (127 m) long overall, 396 ft (121 m) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 50 ft (15 m). She was assessed as 7,177  GRT , 11,650 DWT . The ship was powered by a geared steam turbine of 4,400 shp . This was supplied by two boilers and drove

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3844-467: Was widely adopted as anti-aircraft gun, being especially widely used by Allied navies during World War II . This gun used a 400-grain (26-gram) charge of IMR 4831 smokeless powder to propel a 2,000-grain (130-gram) projectile at 2,800 feet (850 meters) per second. The Oerlikon FF was installed as armament on some fighters of the 1930s, such as the Polish PZL P.24 G. Locally produced derivatives of

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