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83-483: The principal structures include: As of 2013 Capanda HPP generates more than half of all electricity in Angola and is the largest hydroelectric complex in the country On September 2, 1982 Angola signed an intergovernmental Soviet-Angolan agreement for the framework contract, for the construction of a hydropower dam. The Ministry of Energy and Petroleum of Angola, formed a cabinet management group to manage construction for

166-539: A joint stock company in April 2006. The company's charter capital is 15.7 billion rubles. The company is headquartered in Moscow. The company is engaged in construction of turnkey power engineering facilities including hydro power plants , thermal power plants , geothermal power plant , and diesel power plants , power transmission lines, and substations. Also, the company is involved in modernization and reconstruction of

249-600: A 1971 CIA declassified report, although the High Dam has not created ecological problems as serious as some observers have charged, its construction has brought economic losses as well as gains. These losses derive largely from the settling in dam's lake of the rich silt traditionally borne by the Nile. To date (1971), the main impact has been on the fishing industry. Egypt's Mediterranean catch, which once averaged 35,000–40,000 tons annually, has shrunk to 20,000 tons or less, largely because

332-511: A capacity from 72 to 1600 MW, including the entire line of CCGT (combined cycle gas plants) in capacity — 120, 230, 325, 400, 450 MW. Construction of hydroelectric power plants Technopromexport has carried out the construction of hydroelectric power plants in a number of countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America. Technopromexport carries out the construction of hydroelectric power plants with

415-625: A capacity from several units to 2,100MW, with remote control units, with underground power stations. Construction of a geo-electric power plant In 2002, Technopromexport commissioned the Mutnovskaya Geoenergy plant with a capacity of 50 MW in Kamchatka. Technopromexport carries out the construction of stations using geothermal heat of the Earth. Construction of power lines and substations Technopromexport has built power transmission lines with

498-656: A deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced an arms deal , with Czechoslovakia acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. In December 1955, the US and the UK pledged $ 56 and $ 14 million, respectively, toward construction of the High Aswan Dam. Though

581-444: A growing period of almost one year. The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft) water per year, of which some 46 cubic kilometres (37,000,000 acre⋅ft) are diverted into the irrigation canals. In the Nile valley and delta, almost 336,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year. The annual crop consumptive use of water

664-687: A million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of

747-521: A natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League . America and the United Kingdom offered to help finance construction of the High Dam, with a loan of $ 270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed to communism, capitalism, and imperialism , Nasser identified as a tactical neutralist , and sought to work with both the U.S. and

830-675: A subsurface drainage system and approximately 7.2 square kilometres (2.8 sq mi) of water is drained annually from areas with these systems. The total investment cost in agricultural drainage over 27 years from 1973 to 2002 was about $ 3.1 billion covering the cost of design, construction, maintenance, research and training. During this period 11 large-scale projects were implemented with financial support from World Bank and other donors. The High Dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts , an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely,

913-517: A total length of more than 30 thousand km with a voltage of up to 750 kV inclusive. Among the implemented projects are the construction of the combined energy system of Egypt and Cuba, as well as the 500 kV New Suez — Abu-Zaabal power line in Egypt, the 400 kV Burfellslina - 3A power line in Iceland, the 220 kV Alai-Batken power line in Kyrgyzstan and others. Among the largest Russian projects implemented by

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996-498: A total of 2.1 gigawatts (2,800,000 hp). Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output in 1970, it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by 1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows. At

1079-405: Is 500 km (310 mi) long and 35 km (22 mi) at its widest, with a surface area of 5,250 square kilometres (2,030 sq mi). It holds 132 cubic kilometres (1.73 × 10  cu yd) of water. Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation . With irrigation, two harvests per year are possible, except for sugar cane which has

1162-425: Is about 38 cubic kilometres (31,000,000 acre⋅ft). Hence, the overall irrigation efficiency is 38/46 = 0.826 or 83%. This is a relatively high irrigation efficiency. The field irrigation efficiencies are much less, but the losses are reused downstream. This continuous reuse accounts for the high overall efficiency. The following table shows the distribution of irrigation water over the branch canals taking off from

1245-537: Is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from soil salinization and waterlogging. By 2003, more than 2 million hectares have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system at a cost from 1973 to 2002 of about $ 3.1 billion. Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of schistosomiasis (bilharzia) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account

1328-635: Is much lower. The Egyptian position changed completely after the overthrow of the monarchy , led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal Abdel Nasser . The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of

1411-623: The Abu Simbel temples, were preserved by moving them to the shores of the lake under the UNESCO Nubia Campaign. Also moved were Philae , Kalabsha and Amada . These monuments were granted to countries that helped with the works: These items were removed to the garden area of the Sudan National Museum of Khartoum : The Temple of Ptah at Gerf Hussein had its free-standing section reconstructed at New Kalabsha , alongside

1494-579: The Central Kwanza (GAMEK) contractor consortium of Capanda, which included the Soviet foreign trade association " Tekhnopromexport ", and the Brazilian construction firm Odebrecht. The first draft and the first topographic surveys on the alignment of the dam, were made in 1965 by the Portuguese COBA company. This project involved the construction of an arch dam, based on two gravity abutments. This project

1577-531: The New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops. The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification. In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Edna and Kom Ombo , 45 kilometers (28 mi) downstream from Aswan in what

1660-578: The Temple of Kalabsha , Beit el-Wali , and the Kiosk of Qertassi . The remaining archaeological sites, including the Buhen fort and the cemetery of Fadrus have been flooded by Lake Nasser. Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size – consisting of fine sand, silt and clay – on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility. However,

1743-557: The 32 km of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km . Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year. The dam powers twelve generators each rated at 175 megawatts (235,000 hp), with

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1826-498: The British. This has changed. Large-scale treatment programmes in the 1990s using single-dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of S. mansoni in the Delta. Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The reservoir storage capacity is 162 km , including 31 km dead storage at the bottom of

1909-664: The CIS countries. By the end of 2011, the total value of projects implemented under the Technopromexport management has exceeded 80 billion rubles. The company's revenue in 2011 was 23.8 billion rubles, and the net profit reached 185.5 million rubles. The company has a stake in Interautomatika, a joint venture with Siemens that the German group exited in July 2017. The company is engaged in

1992-470: The Czech arms deal created an incentive for the US to invest at Aswan, the UK cited the deal as a reason for repealing its promise of dam funds. Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China , which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism. Several other factors contributed to the US deciding to withdraw its offer of funding for the dam. Dulles believed that

2075-493: The Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists." A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of

2158-479: The Egyptians. Egyptian participation in the venture has raised the construction industry's capacity and reputation significantly. On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman 's Arab Contractors . The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half. The Aswan High Dam is 3,830 metres (12,570 ft) long, 980 m (3,220 ft) wide at the base, 40 m (130 ft) wide at

2241-483: The High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years. The Aswan Dam was designed by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev of the Moscow-based Hydroproject Institute . Designed for both irrigation and power generation , the dam incorporates a number of relatively new features, including a very deep grout curtain below its base. Although

2324-434: The High Dam became a key objective of the military regime that took power following the 1952 Egyptian Revolution . With its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity , the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization . Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt . Before

2407-518: The High Dam was built, even with the old dam in place, the annual flooding of the Nile during late summer had continued to pass largely unimpeded down the valley from its East African drainage basin . These floods brought high water with natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along its floodplain and delta ; this predictability had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times . However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy

2490-686: The High Dam. When the Suez War broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai. But pressure from the U.S. and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw. In 1958, the USSR proceeded to provide support for the High Dam project. In the 1950s, archaeologists began raising concerns that several major historical sites, including the famous temple of Abu Simbel were about to be submerged by waters collected behind

2573-507: The Nile , a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme. The British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam was opened on 10 December 1902. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird , whose firm, John Aird & Co. ,

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2656-452: The Nile Basin – most of which could have been predicted – it is a failure". Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during

2739-520: The Nile Valley fluctuated 8–9 m (26–30 ft) per year with the water level of the Nile. During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the surface through capillary action . With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to waterlogging . Soil salinity also increased because

2822-408: The U.S. would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and if he accepted American military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support. Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the USSR would not aid Nasser, he was wrong: the USSR promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for

2905-593: The USSR for Egyptian and Arab benefit. After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and he turned first to the U.S. for aid. American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight Eisenhower told Nasser that

2988-511: The USSR would not fulfill its commitment of military aid. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War . At the time, other Western allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were resentful that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid. In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $ 1.12 billion at 2% interest for

3071-542: The United States, the United Kingdom, and the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) withdrew their support in 1956. The first Soviet loan of $ 100 million to cover construction of coffer dams for diversion of the Nile was extended in 1958. An additional $ 225 million was extended in 1960 to complete the dam and construct power-generating facilities, and subsequently about $ 100 million

3154-472: The annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated. A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta. There is a lack of reliable statistics. Before the construction of the High Dam, groundwater levels in

3237-457: The area of Capanda are a hazard and are still being found today. Tekhnopromexport Technopromexport ( Russian : Технопромэкспорт ) is a Russian engineering company that builds energy facilities in Russia and abroad, including hydropower , thermal , geo-thermal and diesel power plants, power lines and electricity substations . The company was formed in 1955, and was transformed into

3320-427: The area, the construction site was bare except for the remaining concrete dam wall. All residential barracks were burned, and all the new contract builders/engineers had to live in army tents for a while. On February 12, 2000 work was resumed. In July 2002, work began to fill the reservoir. In January 2004 and June 2004, the first two turbines were brought online. Construction continued to the second stage, and in 2007,

3403-595: The change to perennial irrigation. The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–1973 and 1983–1987 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of 385,000 hectares (950,000 acres) that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half

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3486-488: The company are: At the end of the year 2013, the company is implementing the following projects: As of 2024 100% of the shares of Technopromexport belong to the Rostec State Corporation. General Director since 2024 Alexander Nikolaevich Pronin. Since 1955 the company was headed by: Aswan Hydropower Complex The Aswan Dam , or Aswan High Dam , is one of the world's largest embankment dams , which

3569-470: The construction of the dam. On 19 July the U.S. State Department announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was "not feasible in present circumstances." On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal that included fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal to help fund construction of

3652-466: The construction of turnkey energy facilities, including hydraulic, thermal, geothermal, diesel power plants, power transmission lines and substations. The company also carries out modernization and reconstruction of existing power facilities, comprehensive post-warranty maintenance of power facilities, supply of equipment, construction of industrial and infrastructure facilities and production of heat and electricity. Technopromexport performs works included in

3735-413: The construction site and three Russian specialists were killed. After the capture of the unfinished hydro-electric site, it stood without any preservation or conservation until 2000. In 1997, an attempt was made to resume construction. During the reconnaissance survey on the upstream side of the dam, traces of powerful explosions were found. The crane towers were found thrown into the river. After UNITA left

3818-558: The crest and 111 m (364 ft) tall. It contains 43,000,000 cubic metres (56,000,000 cu yd) of material. At maximum, 11,000 cubic metres per second (390,000 cu ft/s) of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra 5,000 cubic metres per second (180,000 cu ft/s), and the Toshka Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser ,

3901-433: The dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems. The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion

3984-403: The dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for "continually combating the dam's consequential damage" and 500,000 hectares (1,900 sq mi) of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. Samuel C. Florman wrote about the dam: "As a structure it is a success. But in its effect on the ecology of

4067-487: The dam. A rescue operation began in 1960 under UNESCO (for details see below under Effects). Despite its size, the Aswan project has not materially hurt the Egyptian balance of payments . The three Soviet credits covered virtually all of the project's foreign exchange requirements, including the cost of technical services, imported power generating and transmission equipment and some imported equipment for land reclamation. Egypt

4150-485: The dam. Complications ensued due to their rivalry during the Cold War , as well as growing intra-Arab tensions . In 1955, Nasser was claiming to be the leader of Arab nationalism , in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact . At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as

4233-497: The damage inflicted on a main transformer station in 1968 by Israeli commandos has been repaired, and the Aswan plant is fully integrated with the power network in Lower Egypt. By 1971 estimation, power output at Aswan won't reach much more than half of the plant's theoretical capacity, because of limited water supplies and the differing seasonal water-use patterns for irrigation and power production. Agricultural demand for water in

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4316-503: The distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields. Drainage through sub-surface drains and drainage channels

4399-485: The existing power engineering facilities, comprehensive post-warranty service of the power engineering facilities, equipment delivery, construction of industrial and infrastructural facilities, and production of thermal and electric energy. Technopromexport carries out works within the structure of the EPC/EPCM contracts. The company was founded in 1955. It was specialized in construction of power engineering facilities under

4482-404: The extent of perennial irrigation that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there

4565-456: The infested waterways was about 27,000 km (17,000 mi) in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods. Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the sardine catch off

4648-446: The lake below 147 m (482 ft) above sea level, 90 km live storage, and 41 km of storage for high flood waters above 175 m (574 ft) above sea level. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about 134 million tons. This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at

4731-404: The large number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity . Drainage through subsurface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from waterlogging and soil salinization caused by irrigation. By 2003, more than 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) have been equipped with

4814-593: The loss of plankton nourished by the silt has eliminated the sardine population in Egyptian waters. Fishing in high dam's lake may in time at least partly offset the loss of saltwater fish, but only the most optimistic estimates place the eventual catch as high as 15,000–20,000 tons. Lack of continuing silt deposits at the mouth of the river also has contributed to a serious erosion problem. Commercial fertilizer requirements and salination and drainage difficulties, already large in perennially irrigated areas of Lower and Middle Egypt, will be somewhat increased in Upper Egypt by

4897-514: The negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: "The impacts of the Aswan High Dam (...) have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some environmental problems , these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people." Another observer disagreed and he recommended that

4980-431: The nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. 88 percent of the sediment was carried to the sea before the construction of the High Dam. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash , 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also,

5063-545: The old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages. Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately 700 kilometres (430 mi) south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the Atbara River . The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called

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5146-461: The one main irrigation canal, the Mansuriya Canal near Giza. The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about 0.25 kilograms per cubic metre (0.42 lb/cu yd), a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of 55 cubic kilometres (45,000,000 acre⋅ft), the annual salt influx reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration of the drainage water evacuated into

5229-647: The programs of cooperation with the countries of socialist orientation . During these years, Technopromexport implemented more than 400 power engineering projects in 50 countries of the world, among them the Aswan Hydropower Complex ( Egypt ), the Euphrates Hydrocomplex ( Syria ), the Hòa Bình Dam hydroelectric power station ( Vietnam ), and others. During the Yuri Andropov times it

5312-554: The reservoir will eventually silt in, even the most conservative estimates indicate the dam will give at least 200 years of service. The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as Alhazen in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph , Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah , to regulate the flooding of

5395-490: The sea and the coastal lakes is 2.7 kilograms per cubic metre (4.6 lb/cu yd). At an annual discharge of 10 cubic kilometres (2.4 cu mi) (not counting the 2 kilograms per cubic metre [3.4 lb/cu yd] of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure "Water balances"), the annual salt export reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the output of salt was higher than the influx, and Egypt's agricultural lands were desalinizing . Part of this could be due to

5478-504: The structure of EPC/EPCM contracts. Construction of thermal power plants Since 1956, Technopromexport has commissioned thermal power plants in countries such as Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Greece, Vietnam, China, Mongolia, Iran, Iraq, etc. The range of introduced capacities is from 8 MW to 5200 MW. Technopromexport carries out the construction of thermal power plants based on a traditional and combined cycle, using all types of fuels (coal and brown coal, lignites, fuel oil, diesel fuel), with

5561-644: The summer far exceeds the amount needed to meet the comparatively low summer demand for electric power. Heavy summer irrigation use, however, will leave insufficient water under Egyptian control to permit hydroelectric power production at full capacity in the winter. Technical studies indicate that a maximum annual output of 5 billion kWh appears to be all that can be sustained due to fluctuations in Nile flows. Lake Nasser flooded much of lower Nubia and 100,000 to 120,000 people were resettled in Sudan and Egypt. In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from

5644-419: The third and fourth turbines were brought online. After UNITA left Capanda, all roads leading to the construction site were mined. Despite the fact that de-mining had been carried out, almost immediately after the resumption of construction, at least two large dump truck were destroyed by mines. Landmines were found on the construction site, and later, in places where the heavy rains had washed away soil. Mines in

5727-634: The time of completion, it was the largest power station in Africa and the 6th largest hydroelectric power station in the world. All High Dam power facilities were completed ahead of schedule. Twelve turbines were installed and tested, giving the plant an installed capacity of 2,100 megawatts (MW), or more than twice the national total in 1960. With this capacity, the Aswan plant can produce 10 billion kWh of energy yearly. Two 500-kilovolt trunk lines to Cairo have been completed, and initial transmission problems, stemming mainly from poor insulators, were solved. Also,

5810-482: The tunnel excavation was completed. At the end of June 1989, the River Kwanzaa was blocked, and the water flowed into the tunnel. The filling of the reservoir was completed on September 1, 1992. Construction of the dam was conducted under the conditions of the ongoing Civil War in Angola. On November 4, 1992, the site was captured by a UNITA military squad. During this attack about 20 Angolans - mostly police guarding

5893-401: The upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone. Before the construction of the High Dam, the 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length of

5976-436: The whole crop , while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine . Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As Egypt's population grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support farmland and its economically important cotton crop. With the greatly increased reservoir storage provided by

6059-446: The winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships. A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35,000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake. According to

6142-452: Was E£ 255 million , $ 587 million using the exchange rate in 1970 of $ 2.30 per E£1 : E£140 million from agricultural production, E£100 million from hydroelectric generation, E£10 million from flood protection, and E£5 million from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified "subsidiary projects" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to E£450 million . Not taking into account

6225-658: Was built across the Nile in Aswan , Egypt , between 1960 and 1970. When it was completed, it was the tallest earthen dam in the world, surpassing the Chatuge Dam in the United States. The dam, which created the Lake Nasser reservoir, was built 7 km (4.3 mi) upstream of the Aswan Low Dam , which had been completed in 1902 and was already at its maximum utilization. Construction of

6308-523: Was called "New Nubia". Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane. In 2019–20, Egypt started to compensate the Nubians who lost their homes following the dam impoundment. Twenty-two monuments and architectural complexes that were threatened by flooding from Lake Nasser, including

6391-427: Was designed by Nikolai Aleksandrovich Malyshev of the Moscow-based Hydroproject Institute , along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams. Originally designed by West German and French engineers in the early 1950s and slated for financing with Western credits, the Aswan High Dam became the USSR's largest and most famous foreign aid project after

6474-487: Was made available for land reclamation. These credits of some $ 425 million covered only the foreign exchange costs of the project, including salaries of Soviet engineers who supervised the project and were responsible for the installation and testing of Soviet equipment. Actual construction, which began in 1960, was done by Egyptian companies on contract to the High Dam Authority, and all domestic costs were borne by

6557-622: Was not seriously burdened by payments on the credits, most of which were extended for 12 years with interest at the very low rate of 2-1/2%. Repayments to the USSR constituted only a small net drain during the first half of the 1960s, and increased export earnings derived from crops grown on newly reclaimed land have largely offset the modest debt service payments in recent years. During 1965–1970, these export earnings amounted to an estimated $ 126 million, compared with debt service payments of $ 113 million. The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam

6640-466: Was scrapped by Soviet specialists and construction costs were later significantly reduced. Project Capanda HPP 520 MW was completed in 1989. The successfully project passed inspection by the state experts from the organizations of USSR, Angola and Brazil. Construction began in January 1987. The Contract provided for the completion of the dam by the end of 1992. From April to October 1988, the construction of

6723-434: Was solid evidence that bilharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. S. haematobium has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomiasis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by

6806-623: Was the center of a major corruption case , which ended in executions of its director Yuri P. Smelyakov and his deputy, V.A. Pavlov. Since 1993, the company is present in the Russian power engineering market. In 2006, the legal form changed from federal state unitary enterprise to open joint stock company . Since 2009, Technopromexport is a part of the Rostec state corporation. Technopromexport stands as observer in Electric Power Council of

6889-676: Was the main contractor. In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation

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