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134-473: He was born to first-generation Italian immigrants from Perugia , Italy . A Genovese captain from Bensonhurst who ran the family's Greenwich Village Crew , Canterino was a regular at Sullivan Street 's Triangle Social Club, the de facto headquarters of the Genovese family. Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) surveillance regularly spotted Canterino at 3:00 am, driving Genovese boss Vincent Gigante to

268-761: A connection with the airline's hub. Perugia is twinned with: L'Aquila , Abruzzo Aosta , Aosta Valley Bari , Apulia Potenza , Basilicata Catanzaro , Calabria Naples , Campania Bologna , Emilia-Romagna Trieste , Friuli-Venezia Giulia Raphael Raffaello Sanzio da Urbino ( Italian: [raffaˈɛllo ˈsantsjo da urˈbiːno] ; March 28 or April 6, 1483 – April 6, 1520), now generally known in English as Raphael ( UK : / ˈ r æ f eɪ . ə l / RAF -ay-əl , US : / ˈ r æ f i . ə l , ˈ r eɪ f i -, ˌ r ɑː f aɪ ˈ ɛ l / RAF -ee-əl, RAY -fee-, RAH -fy- EL ),

402-461: A final composition was achieved, scaled-up full-size cartoons were often made, which were then pricked with a pin and "pounced" with a bag of soot to leave dotted lines on the surface as a guide. He also made unusually extensive use, on both paper and plaster, of a "blind stylus", scratching lines which leave only an indentation, but no mark. These can be seen on the wall in The School of Athens , and in

536-450: A foreigner rather than a nobleman. Braccio viewed this as a profound betrayal by his fellow citizens and fled. In November 1410, Braccio besieged Perugia but failed to capture it due to the city's resistance. He defeated pursuing troops and terrorized surrounding towns. In April 1416, he returned with a large army and attacked Perugia. After a victory in July, Perugia surrendered, marking the end of

670-684: A friend's townhouse in Manhattan. Canterino once told the FBI that he worked as a dockworker and foreman, and once "did time as a thief". An FBI report also notes, "Canterino discussed the problems of being married and having a girlfriend on the side , which included having to split time between the two on holidays." In December 1988, Canterino and Morris Levy , president of Roulette Records, were convicted of conspiring to extort $ 1.25 million from Pennsylvania record producer Frank LaMonte in Camden, New Jersey . Canterino

804-706: A good deal of time in Florence, perhaps from about 1504. Although there is traditional reference to a "Florentine period" of about 1504–1508, he was possibly never a continuous resident there. He may have needed to visit the city to secure materials in any case. There is a letter of recommendation of Raphael, dated October 1504, from the mother of the next Duke of Urbino to the Gonfaloniere of Florence : "The bearer of this will be found to be Raphael, painter of Urbino, who, being greatly gifted in his profession has determined to spend some time in Florence to study. And because his father

938-447: A greater combination of the higher qualities of the art than any other man, there is no doubt but Raffaelle is the first. But if, according to Longinus , the sublime, being the highest excellence that human composition can attain to, abundantly compensates the absence of every other beauty, and atones for all other deficiencies, then Michael Angelo demands the preference. Reynolds was less enthusiastic about Raphael's panel paintings, but

1072-433: A high degree of finish, with shading and sometimes highlights in white. They lack the freedom and energy of some of Leonardo's and Michelangelo's sketches, but are nearly always aesthetically very satisfying. He was one of the last artists to use metalpoint (literally a sharp pointed piece of silver or another metal) extensively, although he also made superb use of the freer medium of red or black chalk. In his final years he

1206-526: A journal by Paris de Grassis , four cardinals dressed in purple carried his body, the hand of which was kissed by the Pope. The inscription on Raphael's marble sarcophagus, an elegiac distich written by Pietro Bembo , reads: "Here lies that famous Raphael by whom Nature feared to be conquered while he lived, and when he was dying, feared herself to die." Raphael was highly admired by his contemporaries, although his influence on artistic style in his own century

1340-567: A jurisdiction over the members of the clergy, moreover in 1282, Perugia was excommunicated due to a new military offensive against the Ghibellines regardless of a papal prohibition. On the other hand, side by side with the 13th-century bronze griffin of Perugia above the door of the Palazzo dei Priori stands, as a Guelphic emblem, the lion , and Perugia remained loyal for the most part to the Guelph party in

1474-512: A large number of stock drawings of his on the floor, and begin to draw "rapidly", borrowing figures from here and there. Over forty sketches survive for the Disputa in the Stanze, and there may well have been many more originally; over four hundred sheets survive altogether. He used different drawings to refine his poses and compositions, apparently to a greater extent than most other painters, to judge by

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1608-485: A less literal direction. In 1508, Raphael moved to Rome, where he resided for the rest of his life. He was invited by the new pope, Julius II , perhaps at the suggestion of his architect Donato Bramante , then engaged on St. Peter's Basilica , who came from just outside Urbino and was distantly related to Raphael. Unlike Michelangelo, who had been kept lingering in Rome for several months after his first summons, Raphael

1742-533: A letter that "everything he knew about art he got from me", although other quotations show more generous reactions. These very large and complex compositions have been regarded ever since as among the supreme works of the grand manner of the High Renaissance , and the "classic art" of the post-antique West. They give a highly idealised depiction of the forms represented, and the compositions, though very carefully conceived in drawings , achieve "sprezzatura",

1876-429: A letter to Pope Leo suggesting ways of halting the destruction of ancient monuments, and proposed a visual survey of the city to record all antiquities in an organised fashion. The pope intended to continue to re-use ancient masonry in the building of St Peter's, also wanting to ensure that all ancient inscriptions were recorded, and sculpture preserved, before allowing the stones to be reused. According to Marino Sanuto

2010-454: A magnificent Pietro Perugino fresco. The newly re-opened Academy of Fine Arts has a small but impressive plaster casts gallery and Perugian paintings and drawings from the 16th century on. AC Perugia Calcio is the main football club in the city, playing in Italy's second-highest division Serie B . The club plays at the 28,000-seat Stadio Renato Curi , named after a former player who died during

2144-423: A master, and Polidoro da Caravaggio , who was supposedly promoted from a labourer carrying building materials on the site, also became notable painters in their own right. Polidoro's partner, Maturino da Firenze , has, like Penni, been overshadowed in subsequent reputation by his partner. Giovanni da Udine had a more independent status, and was responsible for the decorative stucco work and grotesques surrounding

2278-702: A match. From 1983 to 2001, the stadium held four matches for the Italy national football team . Perugia has two water polo teams: L.R.N. Perugia and Gryphus. The team of LRN Perugia is currently in SERIE B (second-highest division) and the Gryphus team is in the SERIE C (the third highest) division. The L.R.N Perugia has also a women's water polo team which is also playing in the division of SERIE B. Sir Safety Umbria Volley , in English Sir Sicoma Colussi Perugia,

2412-473: A member of the popular faction known as the Raspanti, made his triumphant entry into Perugia, and the general council appointed him as the "knight of the people" of Perugia and the "general captain" of the militias. A special commission of twenty-five citizens was tasked with banishing one hundred and fifty noblemen, while Biordo decided the return of noble individuals who were not considered guilty of sedition. Among

2546-403: A painter, and had written a rhymed chronicle of the life of Federico, and both wrote the texts and produced the decor for masque -like court entertainments. His poem to Federico shows him as keen to demonstrate awareness of the most advanced North Italian painters, and Early Netherlandish artists as well. In the very small court of Urbino he was probably more integrated into the central circle of

2680-548: A part in managing it from a very early age. In Urbino, he came into contact with the works of Paolo Uccello , previously the court painter (d. 1475), and Luca Signorelli , who until 1498 was based in nearby Città di Castello . According to Vasari, Raphael's father placed him in the workshop of the Umbrian master Pietro Perugino as an apprentice "despite the tears of his mother". The evidence of an apprenticeship comes only from Vasari and another source, and has been disputed; eight

2814-530: A particular hand. The most important figures were Giulio Romano , a young pupil from Rome (only about twenty-one at Raphael's death), and Gianfrancesco Penni , already a Florentine master. They were left many of Raphael's drawings and other possessions, and to some extent continued the workshop after Raphael's death. Penni did not achieve a personal reputation equal to Giulio's, as after Raphael's death he became Giulio's less-than-equal collaborator in turn for much of his subsequent career. Perino del Vaga , already

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2948-457: A priest, who subsequently engaged in litigation with his stepmother. The boy probably continued to live with his stepmother when not staying as an apprentice with a master. He had already shown talent, according to Vasari, who says that Raphael had been "a great help to his father". A self-portrait drawing from his teenage years shows his precocity. His father's workshop continued and, probably together with his stepmother, Raphael evidently played

3082-513: A significant hub of the Umbrian Renaissance, marked by the production of the eight panels depicting the life of Saint Bernardino, a collaborative effort involving Pinturicchio, Piermatteo d'Amelia, and the young Perugino, among others, commonly referred to as the "1473 workshop." The Perugino Pietro Vannucci created numerous works in the city, including a cycle of frescoes in the Hall of Audiences of

3216-608: A small circle around the Papacy. Julius had made changes to the street plan of Rome, creating several new thoroughfares, and he wanted them filled with splendid palaces. An important building, the Palazzo Branconio dell'Aquila for Leo's Papal Chamberlain Giovanni Battista Branconio , was completely destroyed to make way for Bernini 's piazza for St. Peter's, but drawings of the façade and courtyard remain. The façade

3350-422: A term invented by his friend Castiglione, who defined it as "a certain nonchalance which conceals all artistry and makes whatever one says or does seem uncontrived and effortless ...". According to Michael Levey , "Raphael gives his [figures] a superhuman clarity and grace in a universe of Euclidian certainties". The painting is nearly all of the highest quality in the first two rooms, but the later compositions in

3484-603: A town halfway between Perugia and Urbino. Evangelista da Pian di Meleto , who had worked for his father, was also named in the commission. It was commissioned in 1500 and finished in 1501; now only some cut sections and a preparatory drawing remain. In the following years he painted works for other churches there, including the Mond Crucifixion (about 1503) and the Brera Wedding of the Virgin (1504), and for Perugia, such as

3618-535: A young woman that uses the three-quarter length pyramidal composition of the just-completed Mona Lisa , but still looks completely Raphaelesque. Another of Leonardo's compositional inventions, the pyramidal Holy Family , was repeated in a series of works that remain among his most famous easel paintings. There is a drawing by Raphael in the Royal Collection of Leonardo's lost Leda and the Swan , from which he adapted

3752-1557: Is also host to the Umbra Institute, an accredited university program for American students studying abroad. The Università dei Sapori (University of Tastes), a National centre for Vocational Education and Training in Food, is located in the city as well. The comune includes the frazioni of Bagnaia, Bosco, Capanne, Casa del Diavolo, Castel del Piano, Cenerente, Civitella Benazzone, Civitella d'Arna , Collestrada, Colle Umberto I, Cordigliano, Colombella, Farneto, Ferro di Cavallo, Fontignano , Fratticiola Selvatica, La Bruna, La Cinella, Lacugnano, Lidarno, Madonna Alta, Migiana di Monte Tezio, Monte Bagnolo, Monte Corneo, Montelaguardia, Monte Petriolo, Mugnano, Olmo, Parlesca, Pianello, Piccione, Pila, Pilonico Materno, Piscille, Ponte della Pietra, Poggio delle Corti, Ponte Felcino, Ponte Pattoli, Ponte Rio, Ponte San Giovanni , Ponte Valleceppi, Prepo, Pretola, Ramazzano-Le Pulci, Rancolfo, Ripa, Sant'Andrea delle Fratte, Sant'Egidio, Sant'Enea, San Fortunato della Collina, San Giovanni del Pantano, Sant'Andrea d'Agliano, Santa Lucia, San Marco, Santa Maria Rossa, San Martino dei Colli, San Martino in Campo, San Martino in Colle, San Sisto, Solfagnano, Villa Pitignano. Other localities are Boneggio, Canneto, Colle della Trinità, Monte Pulito, Montevile, Pieve di Campo, Montemalbe and Monte Morcino. Collestrada, in

3886-693: Is an Italian volleyball club, playing at the top level of the Italian Volleyball League. They won their first Italian championship in 2018. Notable players include Luciano de Cecco of Argentina, Aleksandar Atanasijević of Serbia, and Wilfredo Leon of Poland. The martial arts in Perugia have been present since the sixties with Chinese techniques, followed by judo. Later there were karate contact (later called kickboxing), karate, taijiquan, jūjutsu, kendo, aikido, taekwondo and, in recent years, krav maga has also arrived. In 2014 Jessica Scricciolo, under

4020-507: Is located in the central part of Italy, the city experiences a humid subtropical climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfa ) similar to much of Northern Italy due to its inland location and the diverse, hilly topography of Umbria. Typically, summers are warm to hot and humid, while winters are cold with occasional snowfall. The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, with adequate rainfall year-round. In 2007, there were 163,287 people residing in Perugia, located in

4154-423: Is not mentioned until 41–40 BC, when Lucius Antonius took refuge there, and was defeated by Octavian after a long siege, and its senators sent to their deaths. A number of lead bullets used by slingers have been found in and around the city. The city was burnt, we are told, with the exception of the temples of Vulcan and Juno —the massive Etruscan terrace-walls, naturally, can hardly have suffered at all—and

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4288-563: Is possible that Raphael saw the finished series before his death—they were probably completed in 1520. He also designed and painted the Loggie at the Vatican, a long thin gallery then open to a courtyard on one side, decorated with Roman-style grottesche . He produced a number of significant altarpieces, including The Ecstasy of St. Cecilia and the Sistine Madonna . His last work, on which he

4422-565: Is preserved at the Library in Munich with handwritten margin notes by Raphael. In about 1510, Raphael was asked by Bramante to judge contemporary copies of Laocoön and His Sons . In 1515, he was given powers as Prefect over all antiquities unearthed within, or a mile outside the city. Anyone excavating antiquities was required to inform Raphael within three days, and stonemasons were not allowed to destroy inscriptions without permission. Raphael wrote

4556-426: Is situated at Piazza Vittorio Veneto , in the heavily populated district of Fontivegge, about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) southwest of the city centre. Perugia San Francesco d'Assisi – Umbria International Airport is located 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) outside the city. From the bus station there has been a daily connection of ITA Airways from 1 December 2022, by bus, to and from Rome Fiumicino Airport , allowing

4690-494: Is the largest of Nestlé's nine sites in Italy. According to the Nestlé USA official website, today Baci is the most famous chocolate brand in Italy. The city hosts a chocolate festival every October. Perugia is the capital city of the region of Umbria. Cities' distances from Perugia: Assisi 19 km (12 mi), Siena 102 km (63 mi), Florence 145 km (90 mi), Rome 164 km (102 mi). Though Perugia

4824-558: The Disputa . Raphael was then given further rooms to paint, displacing other artists including Perugino and Signorelli. He completed a sequence of three rooms, each with paintings on each wall and often the ceilings too, increasingly leaving the work of painting from his detailed drawings to the large and skilled workshop team he had acquired, who added a fourth room, probably only including some elements designed by Raphael, after his early death in 1520. The death of Julius in 1513 did not interrupt

4958-634: The Oddi Altarpiece . He very probably also visited Florence in this period. These are large works, some in fresco , where Raphael confidently marshals his compositions in the somewhat static style of Perugino. He also painted many small and exquisite cabinet paintings in these years, probably mostly for the connoisseurs in the Urbino court, like the Three Graces and St. Michael , and he began to paint Madonnas and portraits. In 1502 he went to Siena at

5092-465: The Borgo , in rather grand style in a palace designed by Bramante. He never married, but in 1514 became engaged to Maria Bibbiena, Cardinal Bibbiena's niece; he seems to have been talked into this by his friend the cardinal, and his lack of enthusiasm seems to be shown by the marriage not having taken place before she died in 1520. He is said to have had many affairs, but a permanent fixture in his life in Rome

5226-578: The Galleria Nazionale dell'Umbria in Perugia houses a number of masterpieces, including the Madonna with Child and six Angels , which represents the Renaissance Marian art of Duccio . And the private Art collection of Fondazione Cassa di Risparmio di Perugia has two separate locations. The Collegio del Cambio is an extremely well preserved representation of a Renaissance building and houses

5360-684: The Roman Republic . In 1832, 1838, and 1854, Perugia was hit by earthquakes. Following the collapse of the Roman republic of 1848–49 , when the Rocca was in part demolished, it was seized in May 1849 by the Austrians . In June 1859, the inhabitants rebelled against the temporal authority of the pope and established a provisional government, but the insurrection was quashed bloodily by Pius IX's troops. In September 1860,

5494-650: The Umbria Jazz Festival (July), and the International Journalism Festival (in April), and is associated with multiple notable people in the arts. Painter Pietro Vannucci, nicknamed Perugino , was a native of Città della Pieve , near Perugia. He decorated the local Sala del Cambio with a series of frescoes ; eight of his pictures can also be seen in the National Gallery of Umbria. Perugino

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5628-850: The University for Foreigners , and some smaller colleges such as the Academy of Fine Arts "Pietro Vannucci" ( Italian : Accademia di Belle Arti "Pietro Vannucci" ) public athenaeum founded in 1573, the Perugia University Institute of Linguistic Mediation for translators and interpreters, the Music Conservatory of Perugia, founded in 1788, and other institutes. Perugia is also a well-known cultural and artistic centre of Italy. The city hosts multiple annual festivals and events, e.g., former Eurochocolate Festival (October), now in Bastia Umbra ,

5762-408: The consular government of the city; afterward, Pope Innocent III , whose major aim was to give state dignity to the dominions having been constituting the patrimony of St. Peter , acknowledged the validity of the imperial statement and recognised the established civic practices as having the force of law. On various occasions, the popes found asylum from the tumults of Rome within its walls, and it

5896-436: The contrapposto pose of his own Saint Catherine of Alexandria . He also perfects his own version of Leonardo's sfumato modelling, to give subtlety to his painting of flesh, and develops the interplay of glances between his groups, which are much less enigmatic than those of Leonardo. But he keeps the soft clear light of Perugino in his paintings. Leonardo was more than thirty years older than Raphael, but Michelangelo, who

6030-448: The 15th century, the common belief was that they had to accept a ruler or master capable of providing the minimum requirements for survival. The choice fell on the Duchy of Milan, and on January 21, 1400, Gian Galeazzo Visconti was proclaimed the lord of Perugia by the voluntary submission of the city. In response to the delegation of the ten representatives that Perugia had sent him, he canceled

6164-592: The 19th century. In contrast, in England the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood explicitly reacted against his influence (and that of his admirers such as Joshua Reynolds ), seeking to return to styles that pre-dated what they saw as his baneful influence. According to a critic whose ideas greatly influenced them, John Ruskin : The doom of the arts of Europe went forth from that chamber [the Stanza della Segnatura], and it

6298-561: The Collegio del Cambio. Additionally, the Baglioni family commissioned the construction of an imposing aristocratic palace as their private residence, of which only the part incorporated into the Rocca Paolina remains today. The palace was decorated by Domenico Veneziano with a painting cycle depicting noble Perugian families and great military leaders of the past. Following mutual atrocities of

6432-531: The Flemish Bernard van Orley worked for Raphael for a time, and Luca Penni , brother of Gianfrancesco and later a member of the First School of Fontainebleau , may have been a member of the team. Raphael was one of the finest draftsmen in the history of Western art, and used drawings extensively to plan his compositions. According to a near-contemporary, when beginning to plan a composition, he would lay out

6566-693: The Ju-Jitsu Sports Group Perugia, won the title of World Champion in the Fighting System speciality, 55 kg. In March 2015 at the World Championship of Greece (J.J.I.F.) Andrea Calzon' (Ju-Jitsu Sports Group Perugia) won the gold medal in the Ne-Waza (U21.56 kg) and a bronze medal in the Fighting System. An electric tramway operated in Perugia from 1901 until 1940. It was decommissioned in favour of buses, and since 1943 trolley buses –

6700-494: The Oddi and the Baglioni families, power was at last concentrated in the Baglioni, who though they had no legal position, defied all other authority, though their bloody internal squabbles culminated in a massacre, 14 July 1500. Gian Paolo Baglioni was lured to Rome in 1520 and beheaded by Leo X ; and in 1540, Rodolfo, who had slain a papal legate, was defeated by Pier Luigi Farnese , and the city, captured and plundered by his soldiery,

6834-428: The Pope and Queen. A league attacked him near Pescara in 1424, leading to his death. His son later buried him in Perugia with honors. During the rule of Braccio Fortebracci da Montone, significant public works were undertaken, such as Braccio's residence in the square, of which only the loggias remain, or the "Sopramuro," to which Braccio had another series of supporting structures built: the "briglie di Braccio." During

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6968-448: The Raspanti government. Braccio ruled moderately. In 1417, he entered Rome and proclaimed himself Defender of the City, later returning to Umbria. After conflicts and military successes, he was appointed Vicar by the Pope. Upon returning to Perugia, he undertook public works. He left for Bologna, returned, and went to Calabria. When denied entry to L'Aquila, he laid siege but faced opposition from

7102-566: The River Tiber . The city is located about 164 km (102 mi) north of Rome and 148 km (92 mi) southeast of Florence . It covers a high hilltop and part of the valleys around the area. The history of Perugia goes back to the Etruscan period; Perugia was one of the main Etruscan cities . The city is also known as a university town, with the University of Perugia founded in 1308,

7236-414: The Stanze, especially those involving dramatic action, are not entirely as successful either in conception or their execution by the workshop. After Bramante's death in 1514, Raphael was named architect of the new St Peter's . Most of his work there was altered or demolished after his death and the acceptance of Michelangelo's design, but a few drawings have survived. It appears his designs would have made

7370-540: The Umbrian center experienced a period of flourishing growth as the Baglioni implemented a policy of expansion and beautification of the city, including the construction of new roads and palaces. Between 1429 and 1433, the Palazzo dei Priori was expanded, new churches and private chapels were built, and the patronage of the Baglioni attracted artists such as Piero della Francesca, Pinturicchio, and Raphael, making Perugia an important artistic center. During this time, Perugia became

7504-532: The Younger 's diary, in 1519 Raphael offered to transport an obelisk from the Mausoleum of August to St. Peter's Square for 90,000 ducats. According to Marcantonio Michiel , Raphael's "youthful death saddened men of letters because he was not able to furnish the description and the painting of ancient Rome that he was making, which was very beautiful". Raphael intended to make an archaeological map of ancient Rome but this

7638-428: The Younger . Even incomplete, it was the most sophisticated villa design yet seen in Italy, and greatly influenced the later development of the genre; it appears to be the only modern building in Rome of which Palladio made a measured drawing. Only some floor-plans remain for a large palace planned for himself on the new via Giulia in the rione of Regola , for which he was accumulating the land in his last years. It

7772-743: The ancient Università degli Studi (University of Perugia) and the Foreigners University ( Università per Stranieri ). Stranieri serves as an Italian language and culture school for students from all over the world. Other educational institutions are the Perugia Fine Arts Academy "Pietro Vannucci" (founded in 1573), the Perugia Music Conservatory for the study of classical music, and the RAI Public Broadcasting School of Radio-Television Journalism. The city

7906-547: The artistic traditions of Florence , followed by his last hectic and triumphant twelve years in Rome, working for two popes and their close associates. Many of his works are found in the Vatican Palace , where the frescoed Raphael Rooms were the central, and the largest, work of his career. The best known work is The School of Athens in the Vatican Stanza della Segnatura . After his early years in Rome, much of his work

8040-466: The chapel secretly. Raphael completed the first section of his work in 1511 and the reaction of other artists to the daunting force of Michelangelo was the dominating question in Italian art for the following few decades. Raphael, who had already shown his gift for absorbing influences into his own personal style, rose to the challenge perhaps better than any other artist. One of the first and clearest instances

8174-475: The church a good deal gloomier than the final design, with massive piers all the way down the nave, "like an alley" according to a critical posthumous analysis by Antonio da Sangallo the Younger . It would perhaps have resembled the temple in the background of The Expulsion of Heliodorus from the Temple . He designed several other buildings, and for a short time was the most important architect in Rome, working for

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8308-480: The city can be reached via public transport. Since 2008, an automated people mover called Minimetrò has also been in operation. It has seven stations, with one terminal at a large parking lot, and the other in the city centre. Perugia railway station , also known as Perugia Fontivegge, was opened in 1866. It forms part of the Foligno–Terontola railway , which also links Florence with Rome . The station

8442-652: The city was united finally, along with the rest of Umbria, as part of the Kingdom of Italy . During World War II , the city suffered only some damage and was liberated by the British 8th army on 20 June 1944. Perugia has become famous for chocolate , mostly because of a single firm, Perugina , whose Baci ("kisses" in English) are widely exported. Perugian chocolate is popular in Italy. The company's plant located in San Sisto (Perugia)

8576-575: The city's patron saint . In the Lombard period, Perugia is spoken of as one of the principal cities of Tuscia . In the 9th century, with the consent of Charlemagne and Louis the Pious , it passed under the popes; but by the 11th century, its commune was asserting itself, and for many centuries the city continued to maintain an independent life, warring against many of the neighbouring lands and cities— Foligno , Assisi , Spoleto , Todi , Siena , Arezzo , etc. In 1186, Henry VI , rex romanorum and future emperor, granted diplomatic recognition to

8710-431: The city, and began to work as an architect. He was still at the height of his powers at his death in 1520. Raphael was enormously productive, running an unusually large workshop and, despite his early death at 37, leaving a large body of work. His career falls naturally into three phases and three styles, first described by Giorgio Vasari : his early years in Umbria , then a period of about four years (1504–1508) absorbing

8844-399: The collaboration were Lucretia , the Judgement of Paris and The Massacre of the Innocents (of which two virtually identical versions were engraved). Among prints of the paintings The Parnassus (with considerable differences) and Galatea were also especially well known. Outside Italy, reproductive prints by Raimondi and others were the main way that Raphael's art was experienced until

8978-444: The cornerstone of the training of the Academies of art . His period of greatest influence was from the late 17th to late 19th centuries, when his perfect decorum and balance were greatly admired. He was seen as the best model for the history painting , regarded as the highest in the hierarchy of genres . Sir Joshua Reynolds in his Discourses praised his "simple, grave, and majestic dignity" and said he "stands in general foremost of

9112-409: The debt of the Perugians. His lordship was short-lived, and on October 3, 1402, Visconti passed away. In 1408, Ladislao D'Angiò Durazzo, the King of Naples, successfully captured Perugia and intended to have it administered by Braccio Fortebracci . However, Braccio vehemently opposed this idea and declined the offer. Nonetheless, in 1411, Perugia surrendered to the King of Naples, opting to be ruled by

9246-451: The detailed handling of paint right up to the end of his life. Other pupils or assistants include Raffaellino del Colle , Andrea Sabbatini , Bartolommeo Ramenghi , Pellegrino Aretusi , Vincenzo Tamagni , Battista Dossi , Tommaso Vincidor , Timoteo Viti (the Urbino painter), and the sculptor and architect Lorenzetto (Giulio's brother-in-law). The printmakers and architects in Raphael's circle are discussed below. It has been claimed

9380-422: The exiled noblemen was Braccio da Montone, one of the most skilled military leaders of the time, who vowed not to seek "any pact or agreement with the Raspanti of Perugia." It was precisely against the exiled nobles, especially Braccio da Montone, the soul and leader of the noble movement in exile, that the government of the Raspanti directed its efforts after the turmoil of 1393. Holding virtually all power, Biordo

9514-411: The expedition carried out against the Etruscan League by Fabius Maximus Rullianus in 310 or 309 BC. At that time a thirty-year indutiae (truce) was agreed upon; however, in 295 Perusia took part in the Third Samnite War and was forced, with Volsinii and Arretium ( Arezzo ), to sue for peace in the following year. In 216 and 205 BC, it assisted Rome in the Second Punic War , but afterwards it

9648-680: The figures across the front of the picture space in a complex and not wholly successful arrangement. Wöllflin detects in the kneeling figure on the right the influence of the Madonna in Michelangelo's Doni Tondo , but the rest of the composition is far removed from his style, or that of Leonardo. Though highly regarded at the time, and much later forcibly removed from Perugia by the Borghese , it stands rather alone in Raphael's work. His classicism would later take

9782-532: The first [i.e., best] painters", especially for his frescoes (in which he included the "Raphael Cartoons"), whereas "Michael Angelo claims the next attention. He did not possess so many excellences as Raffaelle, but those he had were of the highest kind..." Echoing the sixteenth-century views above, Reynolds goes on to say of Raphael: The excellency of this extraordinary man lay in the propriety, beauty, and majesty of his characters, his judicious contrivance of his composition, correctness of drawing, purity of taste, and

9916-554: The geographers until it was the only city in Umbria to resist Totila and the Ostrogoths , who captured it and laid the city waste in 547, after a long siege, apparently after the city's Byzantine garrison evacuated. Negotiations with the besieging forces fell to the city's bishop, Herculanus , as representative of the townspeople. Totila is said to have ordered the bishop to be flayed and beheaded. St. Herculanus (Sant'Ercolano) later became

10050-497: The great artist. Those, like Dolce and Aretino , who held this view were usually the survivors of Renaissance Humanism , unable to follow Michelangelo as he moved on into Mannerism. Vasari himself, despite his hero remaining Michelangelo, came to see his influence as harmful in some ways, and added passages to the second edition of the Lives expressing similar views. Raphael's compositions were always admired and studied, and became

10184-463: The highest circles throughout his life, one of the factors that tended to give a misleading impression of effortlessness to his career. He did not receive a full humanistic education however; it is unclear how easily he read Latin. Raphael's mother Màgia died in 1491 when he was eight, followed on August 1, 1494, by his father, who had already remarried. Raphael was thus orphaned at eleven; his formal guardian became his only paternal uncle, Bartolomeo,

10318-482: The highest models. Thanks to the influence of art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann , his work became a formative influence on Neoclassical painting , but his techniques would later be explicitly and emphatically rejected by groups such as the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood . Raphael was born in the small but artistically significant central Italian city of Urbino in the Marches region, where his father Giovanni Santi

10452-623: The invitation of another pupil of Perugino , Pinturicchio , "being a friend of Raphael and knowing him to be a draughtsman of the highest quality" to help with the cartoons , and very likely the designs, for a fresco series in the Piccolomini Library in Siena Cathedral . He was evidently already much in demand even at this early stage in his career. Raphael led a "nomadic" life, working in various centres in Northern Italy, but spent

10586-422: The latter were in service until 1975. Two elevators were established since 1971: This was followed by public escalators: Since 1971 Perugia has taken several measures against car traffic, when the first traffic restriction zone was implemented. These zones were expanded over time and at certain hours of the day driving is forbidden in the city centre. Large parking lots are provided in the lower town, from where

10720-482: The local football club A.C. Perugia , who have previously played in the Serie A . Having never been Italian champions, the club went unbeaten in the 1978–79 season in spite of finishing second in the championship. Perugia was an Umbrian settlement but first appears in written history as Perusia , one of the 12 confederate cities of Etruria ; it was first mentioned in Q. Fabius Pictor's account, used by Livy , of

10854-420: The main frescoes. Most of the artists were later scattered, and some killed, by the violent Sack of Rome in 1527 . This did however contribute to the diffusion of versions of Raphael's style around Italy and beyond. Vasari emphasises that Raphael ran a very harmonious and efficient workshop, and had extraordinary skill in smoothing over troubles and arguments with both patrons and his assistants—a contrast with

10988-469: The noble party reached an agreement signing the treaty of Bologna , and Perugia was forced to accept a papal legate; however. the vicar-general of the Papal States, Gérard du Puy , Abbot of Marmoutier and nephew of Gregory IX , was expelled by a popular uprising in 1375, and his fortification of Porta Sole was razed to the ground. On August 5, 1393, the condottiero (mercenary captain) Biordo Michelotti,

11122-419: The number of variants that survive: "... This is how Raphael himself, who was so rich in inventiveness, used to work, always coming up with four or six ways to show a narrative, each one different from the rest, and all of them full of grace and well done." wrote another writer after his death. For John Shearman , Raphael's art marks "a shift of resources away from production to research and development". When

11256-449: The originals of many drawings. The "Raphael Cartoons", as tapestry designs, were fully coloured in a glue distemper medium, as they were sent to Brussels to be followed by the weavers. In later works painted by the workshop, the drawings are often painfully more attractive than the paintings. Most Raphael drawings are rather precise—even initial sketches with naked outline figures are carefully drawn, and later working drawings often have

11390-450: The period 1438–1479, the Baglioni family held a covert lordship over Perugia, which was not characterized by complete control of civic powers. Braccio I Baglioni, leveraging his position as captain of the militias of the Holy See and being the nephew of Braccio da Montone, the previous Lord of the City, exerted an influence over Perugia that quickly established its supremacy. During those years,

11524-462: The population of Perugia grew by 7.86 percent, while Italy as a whole grew by 3.85 percent. As of 2006 , 90.84% of the population was Italian . The largest immigrant group came from other European countries (particularly from Albania and Romania ): 3.93%, the Americas : 2.01%, and North African : 1.3%. The majority of inhabitants are Roman Catholic . Perugia today hosts two main universities,

11658-429: The province of Perugia, Umbria , of whom 47.7% were male and 52.3% were female. Minors (children ages 18 and younger) totalled 16.41 percent of the population compared to pensioners who number 21.51 percent. This compares with the Italian average of 18.06 percent (minors) and 19.94 percent (pensioners). The average age of Perugia residents is 44 compared to the Italian average of 42. In the five years between 2002 and 2007,

11792-588: The rich doorway of the Palazzo dei Priori. Midway through the 14th century Bartholus of Sassoferrato , who was a renowned jurist, asserted that Perugia was dependent upon neither imperial nor papal support. In 1347, at the time of Rienzi's unfortunate enterprise in reviving the Roman republic, Perugia sent 10 ambassadors to pay him honour, and when papal legates sought to coerce it by foreign soldiers, or to exact contributions, they met with vigorous resistance, which broke into open warfare with Pope Urban V in 1369; in 1370,

11926-497: The ruling family than most court painters. Federico was succeeded by his son Guidobaldo da Montefeltro , who married Elisabetta Gonzaga , daughter of the ruler of Mantua , the most brilliant of the smaller Italian courts for both music and the visual arts. Under them, the court continued as a centre for literary culture. Growing up in the circle of this small court gave Raphael the excellent manners and social skills stressed by Vasari . Court life in Urbino at just after this period

12060-427: The sixteenth century that Raphael was the ideal balanced painter, universal in his talent, satisfying all the absolute standards, and obeying all the rules which were supposed to govern the arts, whereas Michelangelo was the eccentric genius, more brilliant than any other artists in his particular field, the drawing of the male nude, but unbalanced and lacking in certain qualities, such as grace and restraint, essential to

12194-402: The skilful accommodation of other men's conceptions to his own purpose. Nobody excelled him in that judgment, with which he united to his own observations on nature the energy of Michael Angelo, and the beauty and simplicity of the antique. To the question, therefore, which ought to hold the first rank, Raffaelle or Michael Angelo, it must be answered, that if it is to be given to him who possessed

12328-481: The slight sentimentality of these made them enormously popular in the 19th century: "We have been familiar with them from childhood onwards, through a far greater mass of reproductions than any other artist in the world has ever had..." wrote Wölfflin , who was born in 1862, of Raphael's Madonnas. In Germany, Raphael had an immense influence on religious art of the Nazarene movement and Düsseldorf school of painting in

12462-453: The stormy pattern of Michelangelo's relationships with both. However though both Penni and Giulio were sufficiently skilled that distinguishing between their hands and that of Raphael himself is still sometimes difficult, there is no doubt that many of Raphael's later wall-paintings, and probably some of his easel paintings, are more notable for their design than their execution. Many of his portraits, if in good condition, show his brilliance in

12596-466: The struggles of Guelphs and Ghibellines , but this dominant tendency was rather an anti-Germanic and Italian political strategy. The Angevin presence in Italy appeared to offer a counterpoise to papal powers; in 1319, Perugia declared the Angevin Saint Louis of Toulouse "Protector of the city's sovereignty and of the Palazzo of its Priors" and set his figure among the other patron saints above

12730-405: The territory of the suburb of Ponte San Giovanni, saw a battle between the inhabitants of Perugia and Assisi in 1202. Perugia has had a rich tradition of art and artists. The Early Renaissance painter Pietro Perugino created some of his masterpieces in the Perugia area. The High Renaissance master Raphael was also active in Perugia and painted his famous Oddi Altar there in 1502–04. Today,

12864-407: The town, with the territory for a mile round, was allowed to be occupied by whoever chose. It must have been rebuilt almost at once, for several bases for statues exist, inscribed Augusto sacr(um) Perusia restituta ; but it did not become a colonia , until 251–253 AD, when it was resettled as Colonia Vibia Augusta Perusia , under the emperor Trebonianus Gallus . It is hardly mentioned except by

12998-433: The trial had begun, Canterino suffered a heart attack and was dropped from the case. Canterino retired and became inactive. He died June, 1990. Perugia Perugia ( / p ə ˈ r uː dʒ ə / pə- ROO -jə , US also /- dʒ i ə , p eɪ ˈ -/ -⁠jee-ə, pay- ; Italian: [peˈruːdʒa] ; Latin : Perusia ) is the capital city of Umbria in central Italy, crossed by

13132-484: The twentieth century. Baviero Carocci , called "Il Baviera" by Vasari, an assistant who Raphael evidently trusted with his money, ended up in control of most of the copper plates after Raphael's death, and had a successful career in the new occupation of a publisher of prints. From 1517 until his death, Raphael lived in the Palazzo Caprini , lying at the corner between piazza Scossacavalli and via Alessandrina in

13266-567: The varnish often causes cracking of areas of paint in the works of both masters. The Perugino workshop was active in both Perugia and Florence , perhaps maintaining two permanent branches. Raphael is described as a "master", that is to say fully trained, in December 1500. His first documented work was the Baronci Altarpiece for the church of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino in Città di Castello,

13400-482: The work at all, as he was succeeded by Raphael's last pope, the Medici Pope Leo X , with whom Raphael formed an even closer relationship, and who continued to commission him. Raphael's friend Cardinal Bibbiena was also one of Leo's old tutors, and a close friend and advisor. In the course of painting the room, Raphael was clearly influenced by Michelangelo's Sistine Chapel ceiling. Vasari said Bramante let him into

13534-576: The work in both villas being executed by his workshop. One of his most important papal commissions was the Raphael Cartoons (now in the Victoria and Albert Museum ), a series of 10 cartoons , of which seven survive, for tapestries with scenes of the lives of Saint Paul and Saint Peter , for the Sistine Chapel . The cartoons were sent to Brussels to be woven in the workshop of Pier van Aelst . It

13668-700: Was "La Fornarina", Margherita Luti , the daughter of a baker ( fornaro ) named Francesco Luti from Siena who lived at Via del Governo Vecchio. He was made a " Groom of the Chamber " of the Pope, which gave him status at court and an additional income, and also a knight of the Papal Order of the Golden Spur . Vasari claims that he had toyed with the ambition of becoming a cardinal, perhaps after some encouragement from Leo, which also may account for his delaying his marriage. Raphael died on Good Friday , April 6, 1520, which

13802-411: Was a friend of Raphael. But the most striking influence in the work of these years is Leonardo da Vinci , who returned to the city from 1500 to 1506. Raphael's figures begin to take more dynamic and complex positions, and though as yet his painted subjects are still mostly tranquil, he made drawn studies of fighting nude men, one of the obsessions of the period in Florence. Another drawing is a portrait of

13936-553: Was an Italian painter and architect of the High Renaissance . His work is admired for its clarity of form, ease of composition, and visual achievement of the Neoplatonic ideal of human grandeur. Together with Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo , he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period. His father was court painter to the ruler of the small but highly cultured city of Urbino . He died when Raphael

14070-640: Was an unusually richly decorated one for the period, including both painted panels on the top story (of three), and much sculpture on the middle one. The main designs for the Villa Farnesina were not by Raphael, but he did design, and decorate with mosaics, the Chigi Chapel for the same patron, Agostino Chigi , the Papal Treasurer. Another building, for Pope Leo's doctor, the Palazzo Jacopo da Brescia ,

14204-438: Was arguably the largest workshop team assembled under any single old master painter, and much higher than the norm. They included established masters from other parts of Italy, probably working with their own teams as sub-contractors, as well as pupils and journeymen. We have very little evidence of the internal working arrangements of the workshop, apart from the works of art themselves, which are often very difficult to assign to

14338-467: Was composed enough to confess his sins, receive the last rites , and put his affairs in order. He dictated his will, in which he left sufficient funds for his mistress's care, entrusted to his loyal servant Baviera, and left most of his studio contents to Giulio Romano and Penni. At his request, Raphael was buried in the Pantheon . Raphael's funeral was extremely grand, attended by large crowds. According to

14472-510: Was court painter to the Duke. The reputation of the court had been established by Federico da Montefeltro , a highly successful condottiere who had been created Duke of Urbino by Pope Sixtus IV – Urbino formed part of the Papal States – and who died the year before Raphael was born. The emphasis of Federico's court was more literary than artistic, but Giovanni Santi was a poet of sorts as well as

14606-639: Was deprived of its privileges. A citadel known as the Rocca Paolina , after the name of Pope Paul III , was built, to designs of Antonio da Sangallo the Younger " ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam ." In 1797, the city was conquered by French troops. On 4 February 1798, the Tiberina Republic was formed, with Perugia as capital, and the French tricolour as flag. In 1799, the Tiberina Republic merged to

14740-536: Was determined to efface from the palace. Michelangelo, meanwhile, had been commissioned to paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling . This first of the famous "Stanze" or " Raphael Rooms " to be painted, now known as the Stanza della Segnatura after its use in Vasari's time, was to make a stunning impact on Roman art, and remains generally regarded as his greatest masterpiece, containing The School of Athens , The Parnassus and

14874-495: Was eleven, and Raphael seems to have played a role in managing the family workshop from this point. He trained in the workshop of Perugino, and was described as a fully trained "master" by 1500. He worked in or for several cities in north Italy until in 1508 he moved to Rome at the invitation of Pope Julius II , to work on the Apostolic Palace at the Vatican . He was given a series of important commissions there and elsewhere in

15008-400: Was executed by his workshop from his drawings, with considerable loss of quality. He was extremely influential in his lifetime, though outside Rome his work was mostly known from his collaborative printmaking . After his death, the influence of his great rival Michelangelo exceeded his until the 18th and 19th centuries, when Raphael's more serene and harmonious qualities were again regarded as

15142-513: Was immediately commissioned by Julius to fresco what was intended to become the Pope's private library at the Vatican Palace . This was a much larger and more important commission than any he had received before; he had only painted one altarpiece in Florence itself. Several other artists and their teams of assistants were already at work on different rooms, many painting over recently completed paintings commissioned by Julius's loathed predecessor, Alexander VI , whose contributions, and arms , Julius

15276-425: Was impossible to distinguish between their hands at this period, but many modern art historians claim to do better and detect his hand in specific areas of works by Perugino or his workshop. Apart from stylistic closeness, their techniques are very similar as well, for example having paint applied thickly, using an oil varnish medium, in shadows and darker garments, but very thinly on flesh areas. An excess of resin in

15410-420: Was in Rome for this period, was just eight years his senior. Michelangelo already disliked Leonardo, and in Rome came to dislike Raphael even more, attributing conspiracies against him to the younger man. Raphael would have been aware of his works in Florence, but in his most original work of these years, he strikes out in a different direction. His Deposition of Christ draws on classical sarcophagi to spread

15544-527: Was less than that of Michelangelo. Mannerism , beginning at the time of his death, and later the Baroque , took art "in a direction totally opposed" to Raphael's qualities; "with Raphael's death, classic art—the High Renaissance—subsided", as Walter Friedländer put it. He was soon seen as the ideal model by those disliking the excesses of Mannerism: the opinion ...was generally held in the middle of

15678-440: Was most worthy and I was very attached to him, and the son is a sensible and well-mannered young man, on both accounts, I bear him great love..." As earlier with Perugino and others, Raphael was able to assimilate the influence of Florentine art, whilst keeping his own developing style. Frescos in Perugia of about 1505 show a new monumental quality in the figures which may represent the influence of Fra Bartolomeo , who Vasari says

15812-435: Was moved in the 1930s but survives; this was designed to complement a palace on the same street by Bramante, where Raphael himself lived for a time. The Villa Madama , a lavish hillside retreat for Cardinal Giulio de' Medici, later Pope Clement VII , was never finished, and his full plans have to be reconstructed speculatively. He produced a design from which the final construction plans were completed by Antonio da Sangallo

15946-446: Was never executed. Four archaeological drawings by the artist are preserved. The Vatican projects took most of his time, although he painted several portraits, including those of his two main patrons, the popes Julius II and his successor Leo X , the former considered one of his finest. Other portraits were of his own friends, like Castiglione, or the immediate Papal circle. Other rulers pressed for work, and King Francis I of France

16080-415: Was on an irregular island block near the river Tiber. It seems all façades were to have a giant order of pilasters rising at least two storeys to the full height of the piano nobile , "a grandiloquent feature unprecedented in private palace design". Raphael asked Marco Fabio Calvo to translate Vitruvius 's Four Books of Architecture into Italian; this he received around the end of August 1514. It

16214-429: Was one of the first artists to use female models for preparatory drawings—male pupils ("garzoni") were normally used for studies of both sexes. Raphael made no prints himself, but entered into a collaboration with Marcantonio Raimondi to produce engravings to Raphael's designs, which created many of the most famous Italian prints of the century, and was important in the rise of the reproductive print . His interest

16348-518: Was possibly his 37th birthday. Vasari says that Raphael had also been born on a Good Friday, which in 1483 fell on March 28, and that the artist died from exhaustion brought on by unceasing romantic interests while he was working on the Loggia. Several other possibilities for his death have been raised by later historians and scientists, such as a combination of an infectious disease and bloodletting . In his acute illness, which lasted fifteen days, Raphael

16482-534: Was recognized as the first "lord of Perugia," even though during his short rule (1393–1398), he left intact the priory and all existing communal institutions, focusing solely on extending his dominion beyond Perugia. After the splendid marriage with Giovanna Orsini, Biordo and his bride took residence in the Porta Sole palace, but on March 10, 1398, Biordo fell victim to a conspiracy orchestrated by Francesco Guidalotti, abbot of San Pietro. In their new residence, Michelotti

16616-494: Was rich and he used almost all of the then available pigments such as ultramarine , lead-tin-yellow , carmine , vermilion , madder lake , verdigris and ochres . In several of his paintings ( Ansidei Madonna ) he even employed the rare brazilwood lake, metallic powdered gold and even less known metallic powdered bismuth . Vasari says that Raphael eventually had a workshop of fifty pupils and assistants, many of whom later became significant artists in their own right. This

16750-563: Was sent two paintings as diplomatic gifts from the Pope. For Agostino Chigi, the hugely rich banker and papal treasurer, he painted the Triumph of Galatea and designed further decorative frescoes for his Villa Farnesina , a chapel in the church of Santa Maria della Pace and mosaics in the funerary chapel in Santa Maria del Popolo . He also designed some of the decoration for the Villa Madama,

16884-658: Was sentenced to 12 years in prison. On May 31, 1990, Canterino was indicted for racketeering in the Windows Case. Through their control of a local construction union, the Genoveses and three other New York crime families were fixing prices (and allocating work) that contractors offered the New York City Housing Authority for installing new thermal pane windows in city housing projects. The mob families grossed tens of millions of dollars from these contracts. After

17018-409: Was stabbed by Giovanni and Annibaldo, brothers of the abbot of San Pietro. The death of Michelotti removed an important point of reference, and factions threatened the stability within and outside the walls. Meanwhile, the twenty-five worked diligently to find an institution that could protect the city and alleviate a very high debt. The people's demands for independence were no longer as urgent, and in

17152-399: Was the meetingplace of five conclaves ( Perugia Papacy ), including those that elected Honorius III (1216), Clement IV (1265), Celestine V (1294), and Clement V (1305); the papal presence was characterised by a pacificatory rule between the internal rivalries. But Perugia had no mind simply to subserve the papal interests and never accepted papal sovereignty; the city used to exercise

17286-500: Was the portrait in The School of Athens of Michelangelo himself, as Heraclitus , which seems to draw clearly from the Sybils and ignudi of the Sistine ceiling. Other figures in that and later paintings in the room show the same influences, but as still cohesive with a development of Raphael's own style. Michelangelo accused Raphael of plagiarism and years after Raphael's death, complained in

17420-411: Was the teacher of Raphael , the great Renaissance artist who produced five paintings in Perugia (today no longer in the city) and one fresco. Another painter, Pinturicchio , lived in Perugia. Galeazzo Alessi is the most famous architect from Perugia. The city's symbol is the griffin , which can be seen in the form of plaques and statues on buildings around the city. It is also the symbol of

17554-626: Was to become set as the model of the virtues of the Italian humanist court through Baldassare Castiglione 's depiction of it in his classic work The Book of the Courtier , published in 1528. Castiglione moved to Urbino in 1504, when Raphael was no longer based there but frequently visited, and they became good friends. Raphael became close to other regular visitors to the court: Pietro Bibbiena and Pietro Bembo , both later cardinals , were already becoming well known as writers, and would later be in Rome during Raphael's period there. Raphael mixed easily in

17688-463: Was unusual in such a major artist; from his contemporaries it was only shared by Titian , who had worked much less successfully with Raimondi. A total of about fifty prints were made; some were copies of Raphael's paintings, but other designs were apparently created by Raphael purely to be turned into prints. Raphael made preparatory drawings, many of which survive, for Raimondi to translate into engraving. The most famous original prints to result from

17822-505: Was very early for an apprenticeship to begin. An alternative theory is that the boy received at least some training from Timoteo Viti , who acted as court painter in Urbino from 1495. Most modern historians agree that Raphael at least worked as an assistant to Perugino from around 1500; the influence of Perugino on Raphael's early work is very clear: "probably no other pupil of genius has ever absorbed so much of his master's teaching as Raphael did", according to Wölfflin . Vasari wrote that it

17956-457: Was working up to his death, was a large Transfiguration , which together with Il Spasimo shows the direction his art was taking in his final years—more proto- Baroque than Mannerist . Raphael painted several of his works on wood support ( Madonna of the Pinks ) but he also used canvas ( Sistine Madonna ) and he was known to employ drying oils such as linseed or walnut oils . His palette

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