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106-596: Cantate is a Latin word, meaning "sing!". It has become part of words in other languages, such as the French Cantate and the German Kantate, both meaning cantata . Cantata may refer to: Cantate Domino , or Psalm 98 Cantate Sunday , a Sunday of the church year for which the reading begins with the word Cantate! , a Catholic hymnal in German Cantate de Noël ,

212-570: A Georgian house at 25 Brook Street , which he rented for the rest of his life. This house, where he rehearsed, copied music, and sold tickets, is now the Handel House Museum . During twelve months between 1724 and 1725, Handel wrote three successful operas, Giulio Cesare , Tamerlano and Rodelinda . Handel's operas are filled with da capo arias , such as Svegliatevi nel core . After composing Silete venti , he concentrated on opera and stopped writing cantatas. Scipio , from which

318-604: A musical clock with a pipe organ built by Charles Clay; it was bought by Gerrit Braamcamp and was in 2016 acquired by the Museum Speelklok in Utrecht. Deidamia , his last opera, a co-production with the Earl of Holderness , was performed three times in 1741. Handel gave up the opera business, while he enjoyed more success with his English oratorios. Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno , an allegory , Handel's first oratorio

424-520: A "respect for the dignity and freedom of man's mind and the solemn majesty of the law", principles that would have drawn him to and kept him in England for half a century. Handel also there encountered theologian and professor of Oriental languages August Hermann Francke , who was particularly solicitous of children, especially orphans. The orphanage he founded became a model for Germany, and undoubtedly influenced Handel's own charitable impulse when he assigned

530-629: A "scenic cantata", Die Zwingburg , Op. 14 (1922), and a Cantata for Wartime , Op. 95, for women's voices and orchestra (1943). Sergei Prokofiev composed Semero ikh (1917–18; rev. 1933), and in 1939 premiered a cantata drawn from the film music for Alexander Nevsky . He wrote two festival cantatas, the Cantata for the Twentieth Anniversary of the October Revolution , Op. 74, and Flourish, Mighty Homeland , Op. 114, for

636-621: A Christmas cantata Cantate FM , a radio station of the Vatican Cantate (typeface) See also [ edit ] Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Cantate . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cantate&oldid=971943225 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

742-418: A Romanian folk tale, in 1930. Although it began as a song cycle (as reflected also by its title), Arnold Schoenberg 's Gurre-Lieder (1900–1903/1910–11) evolved into one of the century's largest secular cantatas. Paul Hindemith composed three works he designated as cantatas: Die Serenaden , Op. 35, for soprano, oboe, viola, and cello (1924), Mahnung an die Jugend, sich der Musik zu befleissigen (from

848-634: A carillon and extra-large military kettledrums (from the Tower of London ), to be sure "...it will be most excessive noisy". Saul and Israel in Egypt , both from 1739, head the list of great, mature oratorios, in which the da capo aria became the exception and not the rule. Israel in Egypt consists of little else but choruses, borrowing from the Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline . In his next works, Handel changed his course. In these works he laid greater stress on

954-533: A church organist and cantor was a highly prestigious office. From it, he received 5 thalers a year and lodgings in the run-down castle of Moritzburg. Around this same time, Handel made the acquaintance of Telemann . Four years Handel's senior, Telemann was studying law at Leipzig and was assisting cantor Johann Kuhnau ( Bach 's predecessor at the Thomaskirche there). Telemann recalled forty years later in an autobiography for Mattheson's Grundlage : "The writing of

1060-640: A court servant; and so, given the embarrassed financial condition of his mother, Handel set off for Hamburg to obtain experience while supporting himself. In 1703, he accepted a position as violinist and harpsichordist in the orchestra of the Hamburg Oper am Gänsemarkt . There he met the composers Johann Mattheson , Christoph Graupner and Reinhard Keiser . Handel's first two operas, Almira and Nero , were produced in 1705. He produced two other operas, Daphne and Florindo , performed in 1708. According to Mainwaring, in 1706 Handel travelled to Italy at

1166-482: A few solo instruments) was a principal form of Italian vocal chamber music . A cantata consisted first of a declamatory narrative or scene in recitative , held together by a primitive aria repeated at intervals. Fine examples may be found in the church music of Giacomo Carissimi ; and the English vocal solos of Henry Purcell (such as Mad Tom and Mad Bess ) show the utmost that can be made of this archaic form. With

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1272-672: A few. The editors of the Bach Gesellschaft adopted "sacred cantata" as a convenient catchall for most of Bach's liturgical pieces. The term was then retroactively applied by Philipp Spitta to refer to comparable works by composers from Heinrich Schütz onwards. Many secular cantatas were composed for events in the nobility. They were so similar in form to the sacred ones that many of them were parodied (in parts or completely) to sacred cantatas, for example in Bach's Christmas Oratorio . Johann Sebastian Bach, almost 200 of whose cantatas survive,

1378-698: A handwritten date of a copy (1700) and stylistic considerations. Lang writes that the works "show thorough acquaintance with the distilled sonata style of the Corelli school " and are notable for "the formal security and the cleanness of the texture." Hogwood considers all of the oboe trio sonatas spurious and even suggests that some parts cannot be performed on oboe. That authentic manuscript sources do not exist and that Handel never recycled any material from these works makes their authenticity doubtful. Other early chamber works were printed in Amsterdam in 1724 as opus 1, but it

1484-520: A journey back from Germany to London, Handel was seriously injured in a carriage accident between The Hague and Haarlem in the Netherlands. In 1751, one eye started to fail. The cause was a cataract which was operated on by the great charlatan Chevalier Taylor . This did not improve his eyesight and possibly made it worse. He was completely blind by 1752. He died in 1759 at home in Brook Street, at

1590-495: A larger public. Next came Deborah , strongly coloured by the coronation anthems and Athaliah , his third English Oratorio. In these three oratorios Handel laid the foundation for the traditional use of the chorus which marks his later oratorios. Handel became sure of himself, broader in his presentation, and more diverse in his composition. It is evident how much he learned from Arcangelo Corelli about writing for instruments, and from Alessandro Scarlatti about writing for

1696-556: A narrative frame for other anonymous English lyrics, and later designated A Sermon, a Narrative and a Prayer (1961) as "a cantata for alto and tenor soli, speaker, chorus, and orchestra". Luigi Nono wrote Il canto sospeso in 1955–56. Hans Werner Henze composed a Cantata della fiaba estrema and Novae de infinito laudes (both in 1963), as well as a number of other works that might be regarded as cantatas, such as Kammermusik (1958, rev. 1963), Muzen Siziliens (1966), and El Cimarrón (1969–70). Momente (1962–64/1969), one of

1802-619: A private setting for Ruspoli and Ottoboni in 1709 and 1710, respectively. Rodrigo , his first all-Italian opera, was produced in the Cocomero theatre in Florence in 1707. Agrippina was first produced in 1709 at Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice, owned by the Grimanis . The opera, with a libretto by Cardinal Vincenzo Grimani , ran for 27 nights successively. The audience, thunderstruck with

1908-405: A profess'd friend of Mr. Handel (who was here also) was admitted; I never was so well entertained at an opera! Mr. Handel was in the best humour in the world, and played lessons and accompanied Strada and all the ladies that sang from seven o'clock till eleven. I gave them tea and coffee, and about half an hour after nine had a salver brought in of chocolate, mulled white wine, and biscuits. Everybody

2014-667: A recovery, he had a relapse in May, with an accompanying deterioration in his mental capacities. He had strong competition from John Frederick Lampe ; The Dragon of Wantley was first performed at the Little Theatre in the Haymarket in London on 16 May 1737. It was a parody of the Italian opera seria . In Autumn 1737 the fatigued Handel reluctantly followed the advice of his physicians and went to take

2120-412: A room at the top of the house. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep". Although both John Hawkins and Charles Burney credited this tale, Schoelcher found it nearly "incredible" and a feat of "poetic imagination" and Lang considers it one of the unproven "romantic stories" that surrounded Handel's childhood. But Handel had to have had some experience with the keyboard to have made

2226-1161: A silence calls me) in (1992), and Allein den Betern kann es noch gelingen (It can only be achieved by those who pray) in 1995. Iván Erőd wrote in 1988/89) Vox Lucis (Voice of the Light), Op. 56. Ivan Moody wrote in 1995 Revelation . Cantatas were also composed by Mark Alburger , Erik Bergman , Dave Brubeck , Carlos Chávez , Osvald Chlubna , Peter Maxwell Davies , Norman Dello Joio , Lukas Foss , Roy Harris , Arthur Honegger , Alan Hovhaness , Dmitry Kabalevsky , Libby Larsen , Jón Leifs , Peter Mennin , Dimitri Nicolau , Krzysztof Penderecki , Allan Pettersson , Daniel Pinkham , Earl Robinson , Ned Rorem , William Schuman ( A Free Song ), Roger Sessions , Siegfried Strohbach , Michael Tippett , Kurt Weill and Jörg Widmann ( Kantate ) and Jan Ryant Dřízal ( Christmas Cantata ). George Frideric Handel George Frideric (or Frederick ) Handel ( / ˈ h æ n d əl / HAN -dəl ; baptised Georg Fried [ e ] rich Händel , German: [ˈɡeːɔʁk ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈhɛndl̩] ; 23 February 1685 – 14 April 1759)

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2332-555: A year Georg married again, this time to the daughter of a Lutheran minister, Pastor Georg Taust of the Church of St. Bartholomew in Giebichenstein, who himself came from a long line of Lutheran pastors. George Frideric was the second child of this marriage; the first son was stillborn . Two younger sisters arrived afterwards: Dorthea Sophia, born on 6 October 1687, and Johanna Christiana, born on 10 January 1690. Early in his life Handel

2438-510: Is a cantata with three symphonic preludes. The full lyric possibilities of a string of choral songs were realized by Johannes Brahms in his Rinaldo , which, like the Walpurgisnacht —was set to a text by Goethe . Other cantatas, Beethoven's Meeresstille , works of Brahms and many notable small English choral works, such as cantatas of John Henry Maunder and John Stanley , find various ways to set poetry to choral music. The competition for

2544-513: Is a collection of six church cantatas actually intended for performance on six different days, though together they form as complete an artistic whole as any classical oratorio. During the baroque era, the term "cantata" generally retained its original Italian usage to describe a secular vocal piece of extended length, often in different sections, and usually Italianate in style. At the same time, vocal pieces of similar scope, often with several singers, and various instruments, were in great demand for

2650-415: Is a notable contributor to the genre. His cantatas are usually written for a baroque orchestra consisting of a string section, an oboe section, and a continuo group, timpani and brass were sometimes added on festive occasions such as Christmas or Easter. The vocal forces consisted of a four-part choir and soloists. Bach also wrote some cantatas for only one solo singer (ex. BWV 51 ). Christoph Graupner

2756-466: Is also in cantata form. Mendelssohn's Symphony Cantata , the Lobgesang , is a hybrid work, partly in the oratorio style. It is preceded by three symphonic movements, a device avowedly suggested by Beethoven's Ninth Symphony ; but the analogy is not accurate, as Beethoven's work is a symphony of which the fourth movement is a choral finale of essentially single design, whereas Mendelssohn's Symphony Cantata

2862-448: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Cantata The meaning of the term changed over time, from the simple single-voice madrigal of the early 17th century, to the multi-voice "cantata da camera" and the "cantata da chiesa" of the later part of that century, from the more substantial dramatic forms of the 18th century to the usually sacred-texted 19th-century cantata, which

2968-537: Is impossible to tell which are early works in their original form, rather than later re-workings by Handel, a frequent practice of his. Handel's probationary appointment to Domkirche expired in March 1703. By July Handel was in Hamburg. Since he left no explanation for the move biographers have offered their own speculation. Donald Burrows believes that the answer can be found by untangling Mainwaring's confused chronology of

3074-587: Is possibly due to the fact that Bach's Leipzig congregation was expected to sing along with them, but the Darmstadt court was not. Also, many of Graupner's cantatas exploit elaborate orchestral effects and use exotic instrumentation, such as chalumeau , flûte d'amour , oboe d'amore , viola d'amore , trumpets , horns and timpani . See: List of cantatas by Christoph Graupner . The term "cantata" came to be applied almost exclusively to choral works, as distinguished from solo vocal music. In early 19th-century cantatas,

3180-505: Is reported to have attended the Gymnasium in Halle, where the headmaster, Johann Praetorius  [ de ] , was reputed to be an ardent musician. Whether Handel remained there, and if he did for how long, is unknown, but many biographers suggest that he was withdrawn from school by his father, based on the characterization of him by Handel's first biographer, John Mainwaring . Mainwaring

3286-567: Is said the compositions spurred reconciliation between Handel and the king, supposedly annoyed by the composer's abandonment of his Hanover post. In 1717, Handel became house composer at Cannons in Middlesex , where he laid the cornerstone for his future choral compositions in the Chandos Anthems . Romain Rolland wrote that these anthems (or Psalms) stood in relation to Handel's oratorios, much

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3392-434: Is still performed occasionally today. Late in the century, Gustav Mahler wrote his early Das klagende Lied on his own words between 1878 and 1880, and Samuel Coleridge-Taylor created a successful trilogy of cantatas, The Song of Hiawatha between 1898 and 1900. Cantatas, both of the chamber variety and on a grand scale, were composed after 1900 as well. Indeed, it would not be an exaggeration to claim that one of

3498-407: Is the source for almost all information (little as it is) of Handel's childhood, and much of that information came from J. C. Smith Jr., Handel's confidant and copyist. Whether it came from Smith or elsewhere, Mainwaring frequently relates misinformation. It is from Mainwaring that the portrait comes of Handel's father as implacably opposed to any musical education. Mainwaring writes that Georg Händel

3604-562: The Cantata para América Mágica , Op. 27 (1960), Bomarzo , Op. 32 (1964), and Milena , Op. 37 (1971), and Gottfried von Einem composed in 1973 An die Nachgeborenen based on diverse texts, the title taken from a poem of Bertolt Brecht . Mikis Theodorakis composed the cantatas According to the Sadducees and Canto Olympico . Herbert Blendinger 's Media in vita was premiered in 1980, his Mich ruft zuweilen eine Stille (Sometimes

3710-527: The King James Bible . In 1728, John Gay's The Beggar's Opera , which made fun of the type of Italian opera Handel had popularised in London, premiered at Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre and ran for 62 consecutive performances, the longest run in theatre history up to that time. After nine years the Royal Academy of Music ceased to function but Handel soon started a new company. The Queen's Theatre at

3816-513: The Plöner Musiktage , 1932), and Ite angeli veloces for alto and tenor, mixed chorus, and orchestra, with audience participation (1953–55). Of Anton Webern 's last three compositions, two are secular cantatas: Cantata No. 1, Op. 29 (1938–39), and Cantata No. 2, Op. 31 (1941–43), both setting texts by Hildegard Jone . Webern had begun sketching a Third Cantata by the time he was killed in 1945. Ernst Krenek also composed two examples:

3922-689: The slave-trading Royal African Company (RAC), following in the steps of his patron (the Duke of Chandos was one of the leading investors in the RAC). As noted by music historian David Hunter, 32 per cent of the subscribers and investors in the Royal Academy of Music, or their close family members, held investments in the RAC as well. In May 1719, The 1st Duke of Newcastle , the Lord Chamberlain , ordered Handel to look for new singers. Handel travelled to Dresden to attend

4028-649: The "magic" opera Orlando . After two commercially successful English oratorios Esther and Deborah , he was able to invest again in the South Sea Company . Handel reworked his Acis and Galatea which then became his most successful work ever. Handel failed to compete with the Opera of the Nobility , who engaged musicians such as Johann Adolph Hasse , Nicolo Porpora and the famous castrato Farinelli . The strong support by Frederick, Prince of Wales caused conflicts in

4134-476: The Brazilian composer Heitor Villa-Lobos created a secular cantata titled Mandu çarará , based on an Indian legend collected by Barbosa Rodrigues. Francis Poulenc composed in 1943 Figure humaine , FP 120, a cantata for double mixed choir of 12 voices on poems by Paul Éluard . Igor Stravinsky composed a work titled simply Cantata in 1951–52, which used stanzas from the 15th-century "Lyke-wake Dirge" as

4240-469: The English nobility with Italian opera. In 1737, he had a physical breakdown, changed direction creatively, addressed the middle class and made a transition to English choral works. After his success with Messiah (1742), he never composed an Italian opera again. His orchestral Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks remain steadfastly popular. One of his four coronation anthems , Zadok

4346-502: The French Prix de Rome requires that each candidate submit a cantata. Hector Berlioz failed in three attempts before finally winning in 1830 with Sardanapale . While almost all of the Prix de Rome cantatas have long since been forgotten (along with their composers, for the most part), Debussy's prize-winning L'enfant prodigue (1884, following his unsuccessful Le gladiateur of 1883)

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4452-431: The Haymarket (now His Majesty's Theatre), established in 1705 by architect and playwright John Vanbrugh , quickly became an opera house. Between 1711 and 1739, more than 25 of Handel's operas premièred there. In 1729, Handel became joint manager of the theatre with John James Heidegger . Handel travelled to Italy to engage new singers and also composed seven more operas, among them the comic masterpiece Partenope and

4558-457: The Italian Baroque. In turn, Handel's music forms one of the peaks of the "high baroque" style, bringing Italian opera to its highest development, creating the genres of English oratorio and organ concerto, and introducing a new style into English church music. He is consistently recognized as one of the greatest composers of his age. Handel started three commercial opera companies to supply

4664-428: The Italian poet Torquato Tasso , Handel enjoyed great success, although it was composed quickly, with many borrowings from his older Italian works. This work contains one of Handel's favourite arias, Cara sposa, amante cara , and the famous Lascia ch'io pianga . Handel went back to Halle twice, to attend the wedding of his sister and the baptism of her daughter, but decided to settle permanently in England in 1712. In

4770-594: The Power of Music based on John Dryden's Alexander's Feast starred Anna Maria Strada del Pò and John Beard . Early 1737 he produced Arminio and Giustino , completed Berenice , revived Partenope , and continued with Il Parnasso in Festa , Alexander's Feast , and the revised The Triumph of Time and Truth which premiered on 23 March. In April Handel suffered a mild stroke, or rheumatic palsy , resulting in temporary paralysis in his right hand and arm. After brief signs of

4876-515: The Priest , has been performed at every British coronation since 1727. Almost blind, he died in 1759 a respected and rich man, and was given a state funeral at Westminster Abbey . Handel composed more than forty opere serie over a period of more than thirty years. Since the late 1960s, interest in Handel's music has grown. The musicologist Winton Dean wrote that "Handel was not only a great composer; he

4982-537: The Unknown Region (1907), Five Mystical Songs (1911), and Five Tudor Portraits (1936), and sacred cantatas including Sancta civitas (1926), Benedicite (1930), Dona nobis pacem (1936), and Hodie (1954). Joseph Ryelandt also composed secular and sacred cantatas, such as Le chant de la pauvreté Op. 92 in 1928 and Veni creator Op. 123 in 1938. Béla Bartók composed the secular Cantata Profana , subtitled "The Nine Splendid Stags" and based on

5088-538: The age of 74. The last performance he attended was of Messiah . Handel was buried in Westminster Abbey . More than three thousand mourners attended his funeral, which was given full state honours. Handel never married and kept his personal life private. His initial will bequeathed the bulk of his estate to his niece Johanna, but four codicils distributed much of his estate to other relations, servants, friends and charities. Handel owned an art collection that

5194-521: The aria Hark! hark! He strikes the golden lyre , Handel wrote the accompaniment for mandolin , harp , violin, viola, and violoncello . Another of his English oratorios, Solomon , was first performed on 17 March 1749 at the Covent Garden Theatre. The text for Solomon is thought to have been penned by the English Jewish poet and playwright Moses Mendes , based on the biblical stories of

5300-621: The chief composers represented in this exercise book were Johann Krieger , an "old master" in the fugue and prominent organ composer, Johann Caspar Kerll , a representative of the "southern style" after his teacher Girolamo Frescobaldi and imitated later by Handel, Johann Jakob Froberger , an "internationalist" also closely studied by Buxtehude and Bach , and Georg Muffat , whose amalgam of French and Italian styles and his synthesis of musical forms influenced Handel. Mainwaring writes that during this time Zachow had begun to have Handel assume some of his church duties. Zachow, Mainwaring asserts,

5406-507: The chorus is the vehicle for music more lyric and songlike than in oratorio, not excluding the possibility of a brilliant climax in a fugue as in Ludwig van Beethoven 's Der glorreiche Augenblick , Carl Maria von Weber 's Jubel-Kantate , and Felix Mendelssohn 's Die erste Walpurgisnacht . Anton Bruckner composed several Name-day cantatas, a Festive Cantata and two secular cantatas ( Germanenzug and Helgoland ). Bruckner's Psalm 146

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5512-621: The composer's important patrons and a primary subscriber to his new opera company, the Royal Academy of Music , though his patronage declined after Chandos lost large sums of money in the South Sea Bubble , which burst in 1720 in one of history's greatest financial cataclysms. Handel himself invested in the South Sea Company in 1716, when its share prices were low and sold them before the "bubble" burst in 1720. In 1720, Handel invested in

5618-554: The court of Saxe-Weissenfels and the Margraviate of Brandenburg . Halle was a relatively prosperous city, home of a salt-mining industry, a centre of trade, and a member of the Hanseatic League . The Margrave of Brandenburg became the administrator of the archepiscopal territories of Mainz , including Magdeburg when they converted, and by the early 17th century held his court in Halle, which attracted renowned musicians. Even

5724-672: The cure in the spa towns of Royal Tunbridge Wells , Aix-la-Chapelle ( Burtscheid ) in September. All the symptoms of his "disorder" vanished by November. On Christmas Eve Handel finished the score of Faramondo , but its composition was interrupted by that of the Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline . On Boxing Day he began the composition of Serse , the only comic opera that Handel ever wrote and worked with Elisabeth Duparc . A harp and organ concerto (HWV 294) and Alexander's Feast were published in 1738 by John Walsh . He composed music for

5830-420: The dancing of Marie Sallé , for whom Handel composed Terpsicore . In 1735, he introduced organ concertos between the acts. For the first time, Handel allowed Gioacchino Conti , who had no time to learn his part, to substitute arias. Financially, Ariodante was a failure, although he introduced ballet suites at the end of each act. Alcina , his last opera with a magic content, and Alexander's Feast or

5936-433: The date of the trip or Mainwaring's statements about Handel's father must be in error. Early biographers solved the problem by making the year of the trip 1696, then noting that at the age of 11, Handel would need a guardian, so they have Handel's father or a friend of the family accompany him, all the while puzzling over why the elder Handel, who wanted Handel to become a lawyer, would spend the sum to lead his son further into

6042-490: The effects of orchestra and soloists; the chorus retired into the background. L'Allegro, il Penseroso ed il Moderato has a rather diverting character; the work is light and fresh. During the summer of 1741, the 3rd Duke of Devonshire invited Handel to Dublin , capital of the Kingdom of Ireland , to give concerts for the benefit of local hospitals. Composed in London between 22 August and 14 September 1741, Handel's Messiah

6148-717: The excellent Johann Kuhnau served as a model for me in fugue and counterpoint; but in fashioning melodic movements and examining them Handel and I were constantly occupied, frequently visiting each other as well as writing letters." Although Mainwaring records that Handel wrote weekly when assistant to Zachow and as probationary organist at Domkirche part of his duty was to provide suitable music, no sacred compositions from his Halle period can now be identified. Mattheson, however, summarised his opinion of Handel's church cantatas written in Halle: "Handel in those days set very, very long arias and sheerly unending cantatas which, while not possessing

6254-635: The grandeur and sublimity of his style, applauded for Il caro Sassone ("the dear Saxon" – referring to Handel's German origins). In June 1710, Handel became Kapellmeister to German prince George, the Elector of Hanover , but left at the end of the year. It is likely he was also invited by Charles Montagu the former ambassador in Venice to visit England. He visited Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici and her husband in Düsseldorf on his way to London. With his opera Rinaldo , based on La Gerusalemme Liberata by

6360-603: The impression in Weissenfels that resulted in his receiving formal musical training. Sometime between the ages of seven and nine, Handel accompanied his father to Weissenfels , where he came under the notice of one whom Handel thereafter always regarded throughout life as his benefactor, Duke Johann Adolf I . Somehow Handel made his way to the court organ in the palace chapel of the Holy Trinity, where he surprised everyone with his playing. Overhearing this performance and noting

6466-420: The invitation of Ferdinando de' Medici . (Other sources say Handel was invited by Gian Gastone de' Medici , whom Handel had met in 1703–04 in Hamburg. ) Ferdinando, who had a keen interest in opera, was trying to make Florence Italy's musical capital by attracting the leading talents of his day. In Italy, Handel met librettist Antonio Salvi , with whom he later collaborated. Handel left for Rome and since opera

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6572-608: The liberal arts." At the time Handel was studying either at Halle's Lutheran Gymnasium or the Latin School. Mainwaring has Handel travelling to Berlin the next year, 1698. The problem with Mainwaring as an authority for this date, however, is that he tells of how Handel's father communicated with the "king" during Handel's stay, declining the Court's offer to send Handel to Italy on a stipend and that his father died "after his return from Berlin." But since Georg Händel died in 1697, either

6678-494: The mansion of Lord Burlington, Handel wrote Amadigi di Gaula , a " magic " opera, about a damsel in distress , based on the tragedy by Antoine Houdar de la Motte . The conception of an opera as a coherent structure was slow to capture Handel's imagination and he composed no operas for five years. In July 1717, Handel's Water Music was performed more than three times on the River Thames for King George I and his guests. It

6784-630: The most important works of Karlheinz Stockhausen , is often described as a cantata. Benjamin Britten composed at least six works he designated as cantatas: The Company of Heaven (1937), Rejoice in the Lamb , Op. 30 (1943), Saint Nicolas , Op. 42 (1949), the Cantata academica , Op. 62 (1959), the Cantata Misericordium , Op. 69 (1963), and Phaedra , Op. 93 (1975). Alberto Ginastera also composed three works in this form:

6890-453: The most popular pieces of classical music of the 20th century to the layman's ears, is a cantata, namely Carmina Burana (1935–1936) by the German composer Carl Orff . In the early part of the century, secular cantatas once again became prominent, while the 19th-century tradition of sacred cantatas also continued. Ralph Vaughan Williams composed both kinds: "festival" cantatas such as Toward

6996-405: The newly built opera. He saw Teofane by Antonio Lotti , and engaged members of the cast for the Royal Academy of Music, founded by a group of aristocrats to assure themselves a constant supply of baroque opera or opera seria . Handel may have invited John Smith, his fellow student in Halle, and his son Johann Christoph Schmidt , to become his secretary and amanuensis . By 1723 he had moved into

7102-475: The occasions of the liturgical year. The term originated in the early 17th century, simultaneously with opera and oratorio . Prior to that, all " cultured " music was vocal. With the rise of instrumental music , the term appeared, while instrumental art became sufficiently developed to be embodied in sonatas . From the beginning of the 17th century until late in the 18th, the cantata for one or two solo voices with accompaniment of basso continuo (and perhaps

7208-535: The old school", revelling in fugues, canons, and counterpoint. But he was also familiar with developments in music across Europe and his own compositions "embraced the new concerted, dramatic style". When Zachow discovered the talent of Handel, he introduced him "to a vast collection of German and Italian music, which he possessed, sacred and profane, vocal and instrumental compositions of different schools, different styles, and of every master". Many traits considered "Handelian" can be traced back to Zachow's music. At

7314-414: The proper knack or correct taste, were perfect so far as harmony is concerned." Early chamber works do exist, but it is difficult to date any of them to Handel's time in Halle. Many historians until recently followed Chrysander and designated the six trio sonatas for two oboes and basso continuo as his first known composition, supposedly written in 1696 (when Handel was 11). Lang doubts the dating based on

7420-518: The regimental slow march of the British Grenadier Guards is derived, was performed as a stopgap, waiting for the arrival of Faustina Bordoni . In 1727, Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the Coronation ceremony of King George II . One of these, Zadok the Priest , has been played at every British coronation ceremony since. The words to Zadok the Priest are taken from

7526-533: The rights of Messiah to London's Foundling Hospital . Shortly after commencing his university education, Handel (though Lutheran ) on 13 March 1702 accepted the position of organist at the Calvinist Cathedral in Halle , the Domkirche, replacing J. C. Leporin, for whom he had acted as assistant. The position, which was a one-year probationary appointment, showed the foundation he had received from Zachow, for

7632-414: The rise of the da capo aria , the cantata became a group of two or three arias joined by recitative. George Frideric Handel 's numerous Italian duets and trios are examples on a rather large scale. His Latin motet Silete Venti , for soprano solo, shows the use of this form in church music. The Italian solo cantata tended, when on a large scale, to become indistinguishable from a scene in an opera , in

7738-772: The royal family. In March 1734 Handel composed a wedding anthem This is the day which the Lord hath made , and a serenata Parnasso in Festa for Anne, Princess Royal . Despite the problems the Opera of the Nobility was causing him at the time, Handel's neighbour in Brook Street, Mary Delany , reported on a party she invited Handel to at her house on 12 April 1734 where he was in good spirits: I had Lady Rich and her daughter, Lady Cath. Hanmer and her husband, Mr. and Mrs. Percival, Sir John Stanley and my brother, Mrs. Donellan, Strada [star soprano of Handel's operas] and Mr. Coot. Lord Shaftesbury begged of Mr. Percival to bring him, and being

7844-524: The same time Handel continued practice on the harpsichord , and learned violin and organ, but according to Burney his special affection was for the hautbois (oboe). Schoelcher speculates that his youthful devotion to the instrument explains the large number of pieces he composed for the oboe. With respect to instruction in composition, in addition to having Handel apply himself to traditional fugue and cantus firmus work, Zachow, recognising Handel's precocious talents, systematically introduced Handel to

7950-399: The same way that the Italian cantatas stood to his operas: "splendid sketches of the more monumental works." Another work, which he wrote for The 1st Duke of Chandos , the owner of Cannons, was Acis and Galatea : during Handel's lifetime, it was his most performed work. Winton Dean wrote that "the music catches breath and disturbs the memory". In 1719, the Duke of Chandos became one of

8056-471: The same way the church cantata, solo or choral, is indistinguishable from a small oratorio or portion of an oratorio. This is equally evident whether one examines the church cantatas of Bach, of which nearly 200 are extant (see List of Bach cantatas ) or the Chandos Anthems of Handel. In Johann Sebastian Bach's case, some of the larger cantatas are actually called oratorios, and the Christmas Oratorio

8162-427: The school, largely to provide a lecture forum for the jurist Christian Thomasius who had been expelled from Leipzig for his liberal views. Handel did not enrol in the faculty of law, although he almost certainly attended lectures. Thomasius was an intellectual and academic crusader, who was the first German academic to lecture in German and also denounced witch trials. Lang believes that Thomasius instilled in Handel

8268-469: The services of the Lutheran church. Such pieces were usually called geistliche Konzerte (singular: geistliches Konzert , meaning sacred concerto). Many of these pieces were simply called by their opening text. Such pieces for the liturgy or other occasions were not only composed by Bach but also by Dieterich Buxtehude , Christoph Graupner , Gottfried Heinrich Stölzel and Georg Philipp Telemann , to name

8374-479: The singers appeared in their own clothes. In 1736, Handel produced Alexander's Feast . John Beard appeared for the first time as one of Handel's principal singers and became Handel's permanent tenor soloist for the rest of Handel's life. The piece was a great success and it encouraged Handel to make the transition from writing Italian operas to English choral works. In Saul , Handel was collaborating with Charles Jennens and experimenting with three trombones,

8480-452: The smaller churches all had "able organists and fair choirs", and humanities and the letters thrived (Shakespeare was performed in the theatres early in the 17th century). The Thirty Years' War brought extensive destruction to Halle, and by the 1680s it was impoverished. However, since the middle of the war the city had been under the administration of the Duke of Saxony , and soon after the end of

8586-407: The solo voice; but there is no single composer who taught him how to write for chorus. Handel tended more and more to replace Italian soloists with English ones. The most significant reason for this change was the dwindling financial returns from his operas. Thus a tradition was created for oratorios which was to govern their future performance. The performances were given without costumes and action;

8692-522: The summer of 1713, he lived at Mr. Mathew Andrews' estate in Barn Elms , Surrey. He received a yearly income of £200 from Queen Anne after composing for her the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate , first performed in 1713. One of his most important patrons was the 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork , a young and extremely wealthy member of an Anglo-Irish aristocratic family. While living in

8798-557: The temptation of music as a career. Schoelcher for example has Handel travelling to Berlin at 11, meeting both Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti in Berlin and then returning at the direction of his father. But Ariosti was not in Berlin before the death of Handel's father, and Handel could not have met Bononcini in Berlin before 1702. Modern biographers either accept the year as 1698, since most reliable older authorities agree with it, and discount what Mainwaring says about what took place during

8904-943: The thirtieth anniversary of the same event Patriotic cantatas celebrating anniversaries of events in the Revolution or extolling state leaders were frequently commissioned in the Soviet Union between 1930 and the middle of the century, though these occasional works were seldom among their composers' best. Examples include Dmitri Shostakovich 's Poem of the Motherland , Op. 47 (1947) and The Sun Shines over Our Motherland , Op. 90 (1952), and three works by Prokofiev, Zdravitsa! [Hail to Stalin] (1939). Dmitry Kabalevsky also composed four such cantatas, The Great Homeland , Op. 35 (1941–42), The Song of Morning, Spring and Peace , Op. 57 (1957–58), Leninists , Op. 63 (1959), and About Our Native Land , Op. 82 (1965). In 1940,

9010-500: The trip or assume that Mainwaring conflated two or more visits to Berlin, as he did with Handel's later trips to Venice. Perhaps to fulfil a promise to his father or simply because he saw himself as "dedicated to the liberal arts", on 10 February 1702 Handel matriculated at the University of Halle . That university had only recently been founded. In 1694, the Elector of Brandenburg Frederick III (later Prussian King Frederick I) created

9116-572: The trip to Berlin. Burrows dates this trip to 1702 or 1703 (after his father's death) and concludes that since Handel (through a "friend and relation" at the Berlin court) turned down Frederick's offer to subsidise his musical education in Italy (with the implicit understanding that he would become a court musician on his return), Handel was no longer able to expect preferment (whether as a musician, lawyer or otherwise) within Brandenburg-Prussia. Since he

9222-451: The variety of styles and masterworks contained in his extensive library. He did this by requiring Handel to copy selected scores. "I used to write like the devil in those days", Handel recalled much later. Much of this copying was entered into a notebook that Handel maintained for the rest of his life. Although it has since disappeared, the notebook has been sufficiently described to understand what pieces Zachow wished Handel to study. Among

9328-512: The war he would bring musicians trained in Dresden to his court in Weissenfels . The arts and music, however, flourished only among the higher strata (not only in Halle but throughout Germany), of which Handel's family was not a part. Georg Händel (senior) was born at the beginning of the war and was apprenticed to a barber in Halle at the age of 14 after his father died. When he was 20, he married

9434-421: The widow of the official barber-surgeon of a suburb of Halle, inheriting his practice. With this, Georg determinedly began the process of becoming self-made; by dint of his "conservative, steady, thrifty, unadventurous" lifestyle, he guided the five children he had with Anna who reached adulthood into the medical profession (except his youngest daughter, who married a government official). Anna died in 1682. Within

9540-480: The wise king Solomon . Solomon contains a short and lively instrumental passage for two oboes and strings in act 3, known as "The Arrival of the Queen of Sheba". The use of English soloists reached its height at the first performance of Samson . The work is highly theatrical. The role of the chorus became increasingly important in his later oratorios. Jephtha was first performed on 26 February 1752; even though it

9646-401: The youth of the performer caused the Duke, whose suggestions were not to be disregarded, to recommend to Georg Händel that Handel be given musical instruction. Handel's father engaged the organist at the Halle parish church, the young Friedrich Wilhelm Zachow , to instruct Handel. Zachow would be the only teacher that Handel ever had. Because of his church employment, Zachow was an organist "of

9752-442: Was "alarmed" at Handel's very early propensity for music, "took every measure to oppose it", including forbidding any musical instrument in the house and preventing Handel from going to any house where they might be found. This did nothing to dampen young Handel's inclination; in fact, it did the reverse. Mainwaring tells the story of Handel's secret attic spinet : Handel "found means to get a little clavichord privately convey'd to

9858-544: Was "often" absent, "from his love of company, and a cheerful glass", and Handel, therefore, performed on organ frequently. What is more, according to Mainwaring, Handel began composing, at the age of nine, church services for voice and instruments "and from that time actually did compose a service every week for three years successively". Mainwaring ends this chapter of Handel's life by concluding that three or four years had been enough to allow Handel to surpass Zachow, and Handel had become "impatient for another situation"; "Berlin

9964-630: Was (temporarily) banned in the Papal States , composed sacred music for the Roman clergy. His famous Dixit Dominus (1707) is from this era. He also composed cantatas in pastoral style for musical gatherings in the palaces of duchess Aurora Sanseverino (whom Mainwaring called "Donna Laura") one of the most influential patrons from the Kingdom of Naples , and cardinals Pietro Ottoboni , Benedetto Pamphili and Carlo Colonna . Two oratorios , La resurrezione and Il trionfo del tempo , were produced in

10070-406: Was Hofkapellmeister at the court of Hesse-Darmstadt and provided over 1,400 cantatas during his nearly 50 years of employment there, making him the most significant contributor to the genre. While only a handful of Bach's cantatas contain accompanied chorales (the vocal parts are usually doubled by the instrumental parts), nearly all of Graupner's chorales feature elaborate ritornello sections. This

10176-547: Was a German-British Baroque composer well-known for his operas , oratorios , anthems , concerti grossi , and organ concertos . Handel received his training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712, where he spent the bulk of his career and became a naturalised British subject in 1727 . He was strongly influenced both by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition and by composers of

10282-474: Was a dramatic genius of the first order." His music was admired by Classical-era composers, especially Mozart , Haydn and Beethoven . Handel was born in 1685 (the same year as Johann Sebastian Bach and Domenico Scarlatti ) in Halle , in the Duchy of Magdeburg , then part of Brandenburg-Prussia. His parents were Georg Händel , aged 63, and Dorothea Taust. His father was an eminent barber-surgeon who served

10388-518: Was attracted to secular, dramatic music (by meeting the Italians Bononcini and Attilio Ariosti and through the influence of Telemann), Hamburg, a free city with an established opera company, was the logical choice. The question remains, however, why Handel rejected the King's offer, given that Italy was the centre of opera. Lang suggests that influenced by the teachings of Thomasius, Handel's character

10494-447: Was composed in Italy in 1707, followed by La resurrezione in 1708 which uses material from the Bible. The circumstances of Esther and its first performance, possibly in 1718, are obscure. Another 12 years had passed when an act of piracy caused him to take up Esther once again. Three earlier performances aroused such interest that they naturally prompted the idea of introducing it to

10600-541: Was easy and seemed pleased. In 1733, the Earl of Essex received a letter with the following sentence: "Handel became so arbitrary a prince, that the Town murmurs." The board of chief investors expected Handel to retire when his contract ended, but Handel immediately looked for another theatre. In cooperation with John Rich he started his third company at Covent Garden Theatre . Rich was renowned for his spectacular productions. He suggested Handel use his small chorus and introduce

10706-411: Was effectively a type of short oratorio . Cantatas for use in the liturgy of church services are called church cantata or sacred cantatas; other cantatas can be indicated as secular cantatas. Several cantatas were, and still are, written for special occasions, such as Christmas cantatas . Christoph Graupner , Georg Philipp Telemann and Johann Sebastian Bach composed cycles of church cantatas for

10812-538: Was first performed at the New Music Hall in Fishamble Street , Dublin on 13 April 1742, with 26 boys and five men from the combined choirs of St Patrick's and Christ Church cathedrals participating. Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed. In 1747, Handel wrote his oratorio Alexander Balus . This work was produced at Covent Garden Theatre in London, on 23 March 1748, and to

10918-518: Was his last oratorio, it was no less a masterpiece than his earlier works. In 1749, Handel composed Music for the Royal Fireworks ; 12,000 people attended the first performance. In 1750, he arranged a performance of Messiah to benefit the Foundling Hospital , a children's home in London. The performance was considered a great success and was followed by annual concerts that continued throughout his life. In recognition of his patronage, Handel

11024-650: Was made a governor of the Hospital the day after his initial concert. He bequeathed a copy of Messiah to the institution upon his death. His involvement with the Foundling Hospital is today commemorated with a permanent exhibition in London's Foundling Museum , which also holds the Gerald Coke Handel Collection . In addition to the Foundling Hospital, Handel also gave to a charity that assisted impoverished musicians and their families. In August 1750, on

11130-440: Was such that he was unable to make himself subservient to anyone, even a king. Lang sees Handel as someone who could not accept class distinctions that required him to regard himself as a social inferior. "What Handel craved was personal freedom to raise himself out of his provincial milieu to a life of culture." Burrows notes that, like his father, Handel was able to accept royal (and aristocratic) favours without considering himself

11236-450: Was the place agreed upon." Carelessness with dates or sequences (and possibly imaginative interpretation by Mainwaring) makes this period confused. Handel's father died on 11 February 1697. It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg, and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) "dedicated to

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