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14-553: It was spoken on the Mamoré River and Machupo River . The Canichana territory is part of the region historically known as Moxos (or Mojos), which covers approximately 200,000 square kilometers of what is now the department of Beni . According to data provided in Crevels and Muysken (2009:15), based on the 2001 Census, the Canichana population at that time amounted to 404 members. During

28-605: Is a river in western Brazil and northeastern Bolivia . It is 1,260 km (780 mi) long; 920 km (570 mi) of the river forms the border between Brazil and Bolivia . The Guaporé is part of the Madeira River basin, which eventually empties into the Amazon River . The Guaporé crosses the eastern part of the Beni savanna region. It forms the border of the 615,771 hectares (1,521,600 acres) Guaporé Biological Reserve , and

42-662: Is fed by rivers originating in the reserve, the São Miguel, Branco , São Simão, Massaco and Colorado . About 260 fish species are known from the Guaporé River basin, and about 25 of these are endemic . While many fish species in the river essentially are Amazonian , the fauna in the Guaporé also has a connection with the Paraguay River (part of the Río de la Plata Basin ). The Guaporé and

56-659: Is interrupted by rapids a few miles above its junction with the Beni, but a railway 300 km long has been undertaken from below the rapids of the Madeira. Above the rapids the river is navigable to Chimore , at the foot of the sierra, and most of its tributaries are navigable for long distances. In 1874, Franz Keller gave the outflow of the Mamoré at mean water level, and not including the Guapore, as 41,459 cm /sec (2,530 cub. in. per second), and

70-647: The Guapay should be considered the upper part of the Mamore; but it is shallow and obstructed, and carries a much smaller volume of water. The Guapore also rivals the Mamore in length and volume, having its source in the Parecis plateau , Mato Grosso , Brazil, a few miles from streams flowing north-ward to the Tapajos and Amazon, and southward to the Paraguay and Paraná rivers. The Mamore

84-511: The area of its drainage basin , also not including the Guapore, as 24,299 km (9,382 square miles). An extensive pre-Columbian civilization existed in the basin of the Mamore in the swampy area known as the Llanos de Moxos , in northeastern Bolivia. 10°23′S 65°23′W  /  10.383°S 65.383°W  / -10.383; -65.383 Guapore River Guaporé River ( Portuguese : Rio Guaporé , Spanish : Río Iténez )

98-645: The largest tributaries of the Amazon . It rises on the northern slope of the Sierra de Cochabamba, east of the city of Cochabamba , and is known as the Chimoré down to its junction with the Chapare . Its larger tributaries are the Chapare , Secure , Apere , and Yacuma from the west, and the Ichilo , Guapay , Ivari, Manique and Guapore from the east. Taking into account its length only,

112-436: The main arguments S and A of the first and second person are obligatorily marked in the verb. The personal prefixes S/A seem to be derived from the free personal pronouns and can also appear in nouns as possessive markers, as observed in (1). Eu-tarpa 1SG -love eu-ja-tissi 1SG - HON -father Dios God Eu-tarpa eu-ja-tissi Dios 1SG-love 1SG-HON-father God I love God (lit. I love my father God) As for

126-425: The negation, it seems that this is not marked in the predicate but is only expressed through the negative particle nihuas , which is placed before the predicate, as observed in (2): Nihuas NEG e-massota 1SG -understand en-copphurúnue 2SG -language Nihuas e-massota en-copphurúnue NEG 1SG-understand 2SG-language I don't understand your language As in neighboring languages, it seems that

140-613: The noun phrase, the adjectives follow the core noun, as seen in (5): nérahua banana mátihi ripe nérahua mátihi banana ripe ripe banana Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Mochica language due to contact. Mamor%C3%A9 River The Mamoré is a large river in Brazil and Bolivia which unites with the Madre de Dios River to form the Madeira , one of

154-505: The only obligatory element in the Canichana clause is the predicate, which generally precedes the subject and complements, as seen in (3): E-massota 1SG -understand en-copphurúnue 2SG -language E-massota en-copphurúnue 1SG-understand 2SG-language I understand your language Interrogative pronouns always appear in the initial position of the phrase, as seen in (4): Lava Where an-ja-chi? 2SG -go-* Lava an-ja-chi? Where 2SG-go-* Where are you going? In

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168-432: The prefix -ni, e.g. ni'-tatila 'canine', nĩ'-bla'su 'boy, small'. Nouns not bearing this prefix are those referring to kinship terms and body parts, which are always inalienable nouns bearing a personal prefix; for example: the nouns eu-tana 'my mother' and eu-nimara 'my heart'. As far as number is concerned, the plural is expressed by the suffix -na, e.g. santo-na 'saints'. As for verbal morphology, it can only be noted that

182-616: The research conducted by Crevels between 1999 and 2001, the author could only find three elders who still remembered some single words and phrases in Kanichana. Regarding the ethnic group, Crevels notes that the Canichanas are mainly engaged in agriculture, with their main agricultural products being cassava, corn, rice, beans and plantains. Part of the harvest is for self-consumption and the other part for local sale. Hunting, fishing and gathering are complementary traditional activities, in addition to

196-441: The sale of their labor as laborers on the ranches. Despite tentative proposals to classify the language, it is generally considered a language isolate or an unclassified language. As far as nominal morphology is concerned, non-human nouns seem to carry the suffix -ni, which probably indicates the non-possessed form of the noun. For example, the nouns ni-chi 'smoke', ni-chuku 'fire', and ni-platsu 'flower'. Some adjectives also carry

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