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60-578: Cangrego Arriba is a barrio in the municipality of Carolina, Puerto Rico with a population of 17,041 in 2010. Cangrego Arriba is an urban area located in Isla Verde a neighborhood on the coast. The Ritz-Carlton hotel in Cangrego Arriba suffered extensive damage due to Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017 and was scheduled to reopen in 2022. Cangrejo Arriba was in Spain's gazetteers until Puerto Rico

120-577: A cause célèbre , and local protesters were joined by sympathetic groups and prominent individuals from the mainland United States and abroad, including political leaders Rubén Berríos , Robert F. Kennedy Jr. , Al Sharpton and Jesse Jackson , singers Danny Rivera , Willie Colón and Ricky Martin , actors Edward James Olmos and Jimmy Smits , boxer Félix 'Tito' Trinidad , baseball superstar Carlos Delgado , writers Ana Lydia Vega and Giannina Braschi , and Guatemala's Nobel Prize winner Rigoberta Menchú . Kennedy's son, Aidan Caohman "Vieques" Kennedy,

180-551: A Stone Age culture and were probably fishermen and hunter-gatherers . Excavations at the Puerto Ferro site by Luis Chanlatte and Yvonne Narganes uncovered a fragmented human skeleton in a large hearth area. Radiocarbon dating of shells found in the hearth indicate a burial date of c. 1900 BCE. This skeleton, popularly known as El Hombre de Puerto Ferro , was buried at the center of a group of large boulders near Vieques's south-central coast, approximately one kilometer northwest of

240-498: A barrio , and in this latter case the name of the sector can be—and most often is—different from the official barrio where it is located. An example of this non-official usage is the reference to Puerto Rican nationalist Don Pedro Albizu Campos as having been born in barrio Tenerias in Ponce yet, there has never been a barrio Tenerias in Ponce; Tenerias is a populated sector—a settlement—of barrio Machuelo Abajo . The problem

300-595: A Puerto Rico government portal. Vieques, Puerto Rico Vieques ( / v i ˈ eɪ k ə s / ; Spanish pronunciation: [ˈbjekes] ), officially Isla de Vieques , is an island, town and municipality of Puerto Rico , and together with Culebra , it is geographically part of the Spanish Virgin Islands . Vieques lies about 8 miles (13 km) east of the mainland of Puerto Rico , measuring about 20 miles (32 km) long and 4.5 miles (7 km) wide. Its most populated barrio

360-781: A barrio is a comunidad , as seen in Census data. Esperanza is a comunidad in Vieques and an example of a subdivision of a barrio which is not called a subbarrio but is called instead a comunidad . Outside of the Census data and in Puerto Rico barrios are divided by sectors. Municipios list their barrios and the sectors within them. Cañaboncito barrio in Caguas, for example, has over 90 sectors. The types of sectors ( sectores ) may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial , among others. While in

420-614: A certain amount of social exclusion . A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Vieques: Sector Gobeo in Barrio Florida, Bravos de Boston, Jagüeyes, Monte Carmelo, Pozo Prieto (Monte Santo) and Villa Borinquén. Vieques measures about 21 miles (34 km) east-west, and three to four miles (6.4 km) north-south. It has

480-583: A friend of White House Deputy Chief of Staff Josh Lyman ; the character was modeled on future West Wing star Jimmy Smits , a native of Puerto Rico who was repeatedly arrested for leading protests there. As a result of this pressure, in May 2003 the Navy withdrew from Vieques, and much of the island was designated a National Wildlife Refuge under the control of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service . The island

540-620: A land area of 52 square miles (130 km ) and is located about ten miles (16 km) to the east of Puerto Rico. To the north of Vieques is the Atlantic Ocean, and to the south, the Caribbean . The island of Culebra is about 10 miles (16 km) north of Vieques, and the United States Virgin Islands lie to the east. Vieques and Culebra, together with various small islets, make up the Spanish Virgin Islands , sometimes known as

600-586: A lawless outpost, frequented by pirates and outlaws. As European powers fought for control in the region, a series of attempts by the French , English and Danish to colonize the island in the 17th and 18th centuries were repulsed by the Spanish. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Spanish took steps to permanently settle and secure the island. In 1811, Don Salvador Meléndez, then governor of Puerto Rico, sent military commander Juan Rosselló to begin what would become

660-485: A mandatory reference. For example, official legal matters dealing with land and property issues are heard on the basis of municipal locations relative to the officially recognized barrios and barrio boundaries. The 902 barrios of Puerto Rico represent officially established primary legal divisions of the seventy-eight municipalities that contain unique and permanent geographical land boundaries. Puerto Rico Act 68 of 7 May 1945 (Ley Num. 68 de 7 de mayo de 1945), ordered

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720-510: A population of 8,249. 8.0% of the population is of non-Hispanic origin, making it the second-least Hispanic municipality in Puerto Rico after Culebra . This represents an increase from 2010, when only 5.7% of the population was non-Hispanic. The 2010 US census, showed the total population of Vieques was 9,301. 94.3% of the population are Hispanic or Latino (of any race). Natives of Vieques are known as Viequenses . Both Spanish and English are recognized as official languages. Spanish

780-513: A warm, relatively dry, tropical climate. Temperatures vary little throughout the year, with average daily maxima ranging from 84.7 °F (29.3 °C) in January to 89.9 °F (32.2 °C) in September. Average daily minima are about 18 °F or 6 °C lower. Rainfall averages around 40 to 45 inches (1,000 to 1,100 millimetres) per year, with the month of September being the wettest. The west of

840-539: Is Santurce (in San Juan) which has 40 subbarrios . Another example is barrio Segundo in Ponce which consists of subbarrios Clausells and Baldorioty de Castro (commonly shortened to Baldorioty). With over 24 square miles (62 km ), barrio Lapa in the northeast area of the municipality of Salinas , has the largest territorial area of any barrio in Puerto Rico, being larger in size than 10 of Puerto Rico's municipalities. Another subdivision that may exist within

900-648: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Barrios of Puerto Rico The history of the creation of the barrios of Puerto Rico can be traced to the 19th century, when historical documents first mention them. Historians have speculated that their creation may have been related to the Puerto Rican representation at the Cortes of Cádiz . The names of barrios in Puerto Rico come from various sources, mostly from Spanish or Indian origin. One barrio in each municipality (except for Florida , Ponce , and San Juan )

960-513: Is home to the largest urban area of the municipality, and the political seat of the municipality. Most municipalities have a single barrio named barrio Pueblo while others, most prominently the larger municipalities like the municipality of Ponce , may have a barrio Pueblo that is made of several barrios. Florida is the municipality with the fewest barrios, while Ponce, at 31, has the most. The US Census Bureau further breaks down some barrios in Puerto Rico into subbarrios . One such example

1020-485: Is identified as the barrio-pueblo . It is differentiated from other barrios in that it is the historical center of the municipality and the area that represented the seat of the municipal government at the time Puerto Rico formalized the municipio and barrio boundaries in the late 1940s. From time to time barrios are created, broken up, or merged. The downtown district of each town was called pueblo until 1990, when they began to be referred to as barrio-pueblo in

1080-516: Is now called the Taíno culture. This culture flourished in the region from around 1000 AD until the arrival of Europeans in the late 15th century. The European discovery of Vieques is sometimes credited to Christopher Columbus , who landed in Puerto Rico in 1493. It does not seem to be certain whether Columbus personally visited Vieques, but in any case the island was soon claimed by the Spanish. During

1140-471: Is open to the public, but much remains closed off due to biological or chemical contamination or unexploded ordnance that the military is, slowly, cleaning up. Some of the most beautiful beaches on the island are on the eastern end (former site of the Marine Base) that the Navy named Red Beach, Blue Beach , Caracas Beach , Pata Prieta Beach, La Chiva Beach, and Plata Beach. At the far western tip (formerly

1200-737: Is stated that the municipalities were subdivided, as needed, to facilitate voting and to ease the administration of each municipality. An analysis of the 1899 Puerto Rican and Cuban census, published by the War Department and Inspector General of the United States in 1900 listed the census population numbers by barrios of Puerto Rico. Barrio names continue to be an essential point of reference for purposes of municipal and state government property management, including land surveying and property sale, purchase, and ownership. Land and property deeds and surveys are all performed with barrio names as

1260-458: Is that populated places have been adopting names for themselves that do not appear in the official government maps, because such maps have not been updated, and there is no system in place for such updates. Puerto Rico barrio boundaries were established using landmarks such as "the top of a mountain", "the lot owned by Franscico Mattei", "the peak of a mountain ridge", "an almond tree" (árbol de húcar), and "to origin of Loco River". When describing

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1320-514: Is the primary language of most inhabitants. The sugar industry , once the mainstay of the island's economy, declined during the early 20th century, and finally collapsed in the 1940s when the US Navy took over much of the land on which the sugar cane plantations stood. After an initial naval construction phase, opportunities to make a living on the island were increased to include not only fishing or subsistence farming, but also Naval jobs. Crops grown on

1380-537: Is the town of Isabel Segunda (or "Isabel the Second", sometimes written "Isabel II"), the administrative center located on the northern side of the island. The population of Vieques was 8,249 at the 2020 Census. The island's name is a Spanish spelling of a Taíno word said to mean "small island" or "small land". It also has the nickname Isla Nena , usually translated as "girl island" or "little girl island", alluding to its perception as Puerto Rico's little sister. The island

1440-886: Is under the leadership of a mayor, presently Junito Corcino. Vieques belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district VIII , which is represented by two Senators. In 2012, Pedro A. Rodríguez and Luis Daniel Rivera were elected as District Senators. Vieques is divided into eight barrios , including the downtown barrio called Isabel Segunda. Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions ) are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores ( sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from normally sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial , among others. Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing

1500-637: The Bioluminescent Bay . Linear arrays of smaller stones radiating from the central boulders are apparent at the site today, but their age and reason for placement are unknown. Further waves of settlement by Native Americans followed over many centuries. The Arawak -speaking Saladoid (or Igneri ) people, thought to have originated in modern-day Venezuela , arrived in the region perhaps around 200 BC (estimates vary). These tribes, noted for their pottery, stone carving, and other artifacts, eventually merged with groups from Hispaniola and Cuba to form what

1560-506: The founder of Vieques (though this title is also sometimes conferred on Francisco Saínz, governor from 1843 to 1852, who founded Isabel Segunda , the main town in Vieques, named after Queen Isabel II of Spain). Vieques was formally annexed to Puerto Rico in 1854. In 1816, Vieques was briefly visited by Simón Bolívar when his ship ran aground there while fleeing defeat in Venezuela. During

1620-563: The 1920s and 1930s, the sugar industry , on which Vieques was dependent, went into decline due to falling prices and industrial unrest. Many locals were forced to move to mainland Puerto Rico or Saint Croix to look for work. In 1941, while Europe was in the midst of World War II , the United States Navy purchased or seized almost eighty percent of Vieques as an extension to the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station nearby on

1680-564: The English name Crab Island came from. Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States conducted its first census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Vieques was 6,642 (but this included 704 residents from a nearby island, Culebra ). In

1740-553: The Navy Base) is Punta Arenas , which the Navy named 'Green Beach'. The beaches are commonly listed among the top in the Caribbean for their azure waters and white sands. Archaeological evidence suggests that Vieques was first inhabited by ancient Indigenous peoples of the Americas who traveled mostly from South America perhaps between 3000 BCE and 2000 BCE. Estimates of these prehistoric dates of inhabitation vary widely. These tribes had

1800-491: The Passage Islands. The former US Navy lands, now wildlife reserves, occupy the entire eastern and western ends of Vieques, with the former live weapons testing site (known as the "LIA", or "Live Impact Area") at the extreme eastern tip. These areas are unpopulated. The former civilian area occupies very roughly the central third of the island and contains the towns of Isabel Segunda on the north coast, and Esperanza on

1860-626: The Puerto Rican mainland. It is said that the original purpose of the base (never implemented) was to provide a safe haven for the British fleet and the British royal family should Great Britain fall to Nazi Germany . This assertion does not match U.S. Navy documents and the obvious fact that Canada's Halifax harbor would have been a more likely fallback position for the British fleet, with British King George VI already reigning as King of Canada. The base

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1920-505: The Susan Centeno community health center based on its "replacement value." The family of Jaideliz Moreno Ventura, 13, whose 2020 death was blamed on the lack of a functioning hospital and lifesaving medical equipment in Vieques, is suing the government for violation of human and civil rights. Funds for rebuilding the hospital were approved two weeks after Jaideliz's death. While Governor Pedro Pierluisi expected construction to begin on

1980-536: The US Census, and contains the plaza, municipal buildings and a Roman Catholic church. In 1832 there were 490, in 1878 there were 841, in 1990 there were 899 barrios. The United States Census Bureau recognizes 902 barrios in Puerto Rico. The US classifies barrios as minor civil divisions for statistical purposes. As components of each municipality, each municipality has one or more barrios. Every municipality has at least one barrio called barrio Pueblo which

2040-520: The US military used the island (with a population of over 9000 inhabitants in 1950 ) as a live munitions target practice. According to internal Navy documents, bombardments occurred on 180 days out of a year on average. The US military used the highest possible contaminant depleted uranium (DU) munitions since 1972 on the populated (and full of exotic wildlife) island, at a rate of over 80 live bombs daily for decades. The health consequences are felt to this day as

2100-518: The annexation of Vieques by the Puerto Ricans. In 1832, under an agreement with the Spanish Puerto Rican administration, Frenchman Teófilo José Jaime María Le Guillou became Governor of Vieques, and undertook to impose order on the anarchic province. He was instrumental in the establishment of large plantations, marking a period of social and economic change. Le Guillou is now remembered as

2160-439: The bay from the ocean. The Spanish believed that the bioluminescence they encountered there while first exploring the area was the work of the devil and tried to block ocean water from entering the bay by dropping huge boulders in the channel. The Spanish only succeeded in preserving and increasing the luminescence in the now isolated bay. Kayaking is permitted in the bay and may be arranged through local vendors. Vieques has

2220-645: The boundaries of Las Piedras , the official 1952 document by the Puerto Rico Planning Board stated "the border continues through Cándido Márquez's and Jesús Barrio's farms until reaching a mamey tree . This tree is about 50 meters south of Leoncio Rivera's home..." As these descriptors tended to lend themselves to ambiguity and other problems, there was a 2002 initiative by the University of Puerto Rico to describe boundaries using GPS technology. The GPS coordinates of barrios of Puerto Rico are available via

2280-482: The cancer rates are ostensibly higher for the population of Vieques, especially children, than for those on the main island. After the war, the US Navy continued to use the island for military exercises, and as a firing range and testing ground for munitions . The continuing postwar presence in Vieques of the United States Navy drew protests from the local community, angry at the expropriation of their land and

2340-443: The central region, the island is largely covered by brush and subtropical dry forest . Around the coast lie palm-fringed sandy beaches interspersed with lagoons, mangrove swamps , salt flats and coral reefs . A series of nearshore islets and rocks are part of the municipality of Vieques, clockwise starting at the northernmost: The Vieques Bioluminescent Bay (also known as Puerto Mosquito , Mosquito Bay , or "The Bio Bay" ),

2400-413: The commonwealth's Planning Board to prepare a map of each of the municipalities and each of the barrios within said municipalities and the corresponding barrio names. Said map and list of barrio names constitute the officially established primary legal barrio divisions. However, often the word "barrio" is also (mistakenly) used in Puerto Rico in an unofficial manner to represent a populated sector within

2460-456: The early 16th century Vieques became a center of Taíno rebellion against the European invaders, prompting the Spanish to send armed forces to the island to quell the resistance. The native Taíno population was decimated, and its people either killed, imprisoned or enslaved by the Spanish. The Spanish did not, however, permanently colonize Vieques at this time, and for the next 300 years it remained

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2520-405: The environmental impact of weapons testing. The locals' discontent was exacerbated by the island's perilous economic condition. Protests came to a head in 1999 when Vieques native David Sanes , a civilian employee of the United States Navy, was killed by a jet bomb that the Navy said misfired. Sanes had been working as a security guard. A popular campaign of civil disobedience resurged; not since

2580-435: The hospital rebuild in 2022, it was delayed until 2023 with the holdup blamed on both construction complications on the island and further bureaucratic proceduress by FEMA . As of November 2024, construction was not yet complete. Vieques is a municipio of Puerto Rico , translated as "municipality" and in this context roughly equivalent to "township". It is in the Puerto Rican electoral district of Carolina. Local government

2640-411: The island include avocados , bananas, coconuts , grains, papayas and sweet potatoes . A number of permanent local jobs were provided by the US Navy, and their economy benefited. Starting in the 1970s General Electric had employed a few hundred workers at a manufacturing plant but that plant subsequently closed. Unemployment was widespread, with consequent social problems. The 2000 US census reported

2700-546: The island proved unsuccessful, the Scottish fleet, en route to Darien in 1698, made landfall and took possession of the island in the name of the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and The Indies . Scottish sovereignty of the island proved short-lived, as a Danish ship arrived shortly afterward and claimed the island. From 1689 to 1693, the island was controlled by Brandenburg-Prussia as Krabbeninsel ( German crab island ), where

2760-431: The island receives significantly more rainfall than the east. Prevailing winds are easterly. Vieques is prone to tropical storms and at risk from hurricanes from June to November. In 1989, Hurricane Hugo caused considerable damage to the island, and in 2017, Hurricane Maria also caused major damage. According to the 2020 Census, Vieques is the third-least populous municipality (after Maricao and Culebra ) with

2820-629: The local population who had lived and worked there for centuries and protested the expropriations, the decision to turn it into a bombing range was made in Washington. In a similar way as the former population of the Chagos Islands , who were displaced to make way for an Air Force Base in the Indian Ocean in the 1960s, many agricultural workers, who had no formal title to the land they occupied, were evicted and forced to migrate. For over sixty years,

2880-589: The main island of Puerto Rico to give birth. People needing dialysis had to travel to the main island. In November 2018, a mobile dialysis machine was delivered to a temporary clinic. On January 21, 2020, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved $ 39.5 million to help rebuild its only hospital after damage caused by Hurricane Maria. FEMA approved the funding after the Office of Management and Budget agreed to provide money to rebuild

2940-532: The mid-1970s had Viequenses come together en masse to protest the target practices. The locals took to the ocean in their small fishing boats and successfully stopped the US Navy's military exercises for a short period, until the US Navy and two US Coast Guard cutters began controlling access to the island and escorting boaters away from Vieques. On April 27, 2001, the Navy resumed operations and protesting resumed. At this point over 600 protesters had already been detained. The Vieques issue became something of

3000-435: The past, barrios in Puerto Rico had political authority, each with their own elected mayor and " barrio councils", currently barrios in Puerto Rico are no longer vested with any political authority. Their purpose was originally for the collection of taxes, but during the 1800s any political authority barrios had been centralized in the municipal governments. In 1880 Spain's Nomenclature of its Territories publication, it

3060-454: The second part of the 19th century, thousands of slaves of African descent were brought to Vieques to work the sugarcane plantations . They arrived from mainland Puerto Rico and nearby islands of St. Thomas , Nevis , Saint Kitts , Saint Croix , and many other Caribbean islands. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873. The island also received considerable attention as a possible colony from Scotland , and after numerous attempts to buy

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3120-512: The south. Vieques has a terrain of rolling hills, with a central ridge running east–west. The highest point is Monte Pirata at 987 feet (301 m). Geologically the island is composed of a mixture of volcanic bedrock , sedimentary rocks such as limestone and sandstone , and alluvial deposits of gravel, sand, silt, and clay. There are no permanent rivers or streams. Much former agricultural land has been reclaimed by nature due to prolonged disuse, and, apart from some small-scale farming in

3180-482: The storm caused widespread devastation and a near-total shutdown of the island's tourism-based economy. The largest hotel on the island, The W, has not reopened since the storm, but most smaller hotels, bed and breakfasts, and Airbnb operators have resumed operations. As of December 2019, the Susana Centeno Hospital in Vieques had not been repaired and remained shuttered. Expectant mothers had to travel to

3240-416: The water (the organisms have been related to mangrove forests although mangrove is not necessarily associated with this species ); a complete lack of modern development around the bay; the water is warm enough and deep enough; and a small channel to the ocean keeps the dinoflagellates in the bay. This small channel was created artificially, the result of attempts by the occupants of Spanish ships to choke off

3300-554: Was also placed on the National Priorities List (NPL), the list of hazardous waste sites in the United States eligible for long-term remedial action (cleanup) financed by the federal Superfund program. Closure of Roosevelt Roads Naval Station followed in 2004, and prior to Hurricane Maria the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station was reopened. Puerto Rico was struck by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017, and

3360-423: Was born while his father served jail time in Puerto Rico for his role in the protests. The problems arising from the US Navy base have also featured in songs by various musicians, including Puerto Rican rock band Puya , rapper Immortal Technique and reggaeton artist Tego Calderón . In popular culture, one subplot of " The Two Bartlets " episode of The West Wing dealt with a protest on the bombing range led by

3420-509: Was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became an unincorporated territory of the United States . In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Cangrejos barrio (as it was named at the time) was 367. Places and views of Cangrego Arriba: This Carolina, Puerto Rico location article

3480-469: Was declared the "Brightest bioluminescent bay" in the world by Guinness World Records in 2006, and is listed as a national natural landmark , one of five in Puerto Rico . The luminescence in the bay is caused by a microorganism , the dinoflagellate Pyrodinium bahamense , which glows whenever the water is disturbed, leaving a trail of neon blue. A combination of factors creates the necessary conditions for bioluminescence: red mangrove trees surround

3540-427: Was given this name by the Puerto Rican poet Luís Lloréns Torres . During the British colonial period, its name was Crab Island . Vieques is best known internationally as the site of a series of protests , held against the United States Navy 's use of the island as a bombing range and testing-ground, leading to the Navy's departure in 2003. Today, the former navy lands are a national wildlife refuge ; some of it

3600-565: Was however seen as the Atlantic's counterpart of Pearl Harbor in the Pacific due to its strategic location. The Naval Station at Roosevelt Roads was a perfect location to defend the strategic approaches to the Panama Canal . Much of the land was bought from the owners of large farms and sugar cane plantations, and the expropriations triggered the final demise of the sugar industry. Without consulting

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