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51-516: Cane Hill Hospital was a psychiatric hospital in Coulsdon in the London Borough of Croydon . The hospital motto was "Aversos compono animos" (I bring relief to troubled minds). The hospital was built in the 1880s, but from the 1960s its use was starting to decline and it eventually closed completely in the 2000s. The former site is owned by GLA Land and Property . The hospital has its origins as

102-568: A controlled environment due to their psychiatric condition. Patients may choose voluntary commitment , but those deemed to pose a significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to involuntary commitment and treatment . In general hospitals, psychiatric wards or units serve a similar purpose. Modern psychiatric hospitals have evolved from the older concept of lunatic asylums , shifting focus from mere containment and restraint to evidence-based treatments that aim to help patients function in society. With successive waves of reform, and

153-506: A number of institutions specializing only in the treatment of juveniles, particularly when dealing with drug abuse, self-harm, eating disorders, anxiety, depression or other mental illnesses. In the United Kingdom, long-term care facilities are now being replaced with smaller secure units, some within hospitals. Modern buildings, modern security, and being locally situated to help with reintegration into society once medication has stabilized

204-523: A patient. In the footage she is shown leaving the hospital in celebration with the two MPs. Nodds would later reference the hospital in Commons debates against what he described as "slapdash mental laws" in light of the case. By the late 1980s the number of patients had greatly declined, largely due to the recommendations of the Mental Health Act 1983 with its emphasis on care in the community . By 1988

255-445: A resident physician . At the beginning of the 19th century there were a few thousand people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000. This growth coincided with the growth of alienism , later known as psychiatry, as a medical specialism. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes very brutal and focused on containment and restraint. In

306-514: A time, though this practice still is periodically employed in the United States , India , Japan , and other countries. Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced, the older lunatic asylum. Their development also entails the rise of organized institutional psychiatry . Hospitals known as bimaristans were built in the Middle East in the early ninth century; the first

357-603: A war graves plot on Thornton Heath extension (Plot P.P.), which contains special memorials to two casualties whose graves could not be located. A Portland stone memorial, erected by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission , which faces the Garden of Rest at Croydon Crematorium, commemorates 59 Commonwealth service personnel of the Second World War who were cremated there. In 2015 a further memorial, next door to

408-602: Is far less risk of patients harming themselves or others. In Dublin , the Central Mental Hospital performs a similar function. Community hospitals across the United States regularly discharge mental health patients, who are then typically referred to out-patient treatment and therapy. A study of community hospital discharge data from 2003 to 2011, however, found that mental health hospitalizations had increased for both children and adults. Compared to other hospital utilization, mental health discharges for children were

459-450: Is located inside the cemetery, and are both managed by Croydon Cemeteries and Crematoriums. The cemetery is much larger than other ones in London. There is also a chapel located inside the cemetery. The cemetery was opened in 1897, and extended twice, in 1935 and again in 1937. A tree-lined drive leads to a modern chapel and crematorium block with paved landscaping, which gradually gives way to

510-473: Is located on the west edge of the Croydon borough and is not well connected by public transport, although inside the cemetery there is an extensive network of roads suitable for cars. London Buses route 264 stops outside the cemetery. Therapia Lane tram stop is a five-minute walk away from the cemetery and is on Tramlink which serves Wimbledon , Croydon and New Addington . The nearest mainline railway station

561-552: Is widely known for his comprehensive critique of the use and abuse of the mental hospital system in Madness and Civilization . He argued that Tuke and Pinel's asylum was a symbolic recreation of the condition of a child under a bourgeois family. It was a microcosm symbolizing the massive structures of bourgeois society and its values: relations of Family–Children (paternal authority), Fault–Punishment (immediate justice), Madness–Disorder (social and moral order). Erving Goffman coined

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612-642: The Commonwealth War Graves Commission (CWGC), are commemorated on a memorial the CWGC erected in Croydon Cemetery, where their ashes had been scattered at 'Location 1000' in the grounds, in 2015. Cane Hill Hospital accommodated several notable patients in its history: A drawing of the Cane Hill Hospital administration block is featured on the front cover of the US release of David Bowie 's 1970 album The Man Who Sold

663-599: The Daily Herald Order of Industrial Heroism for their "calculated act of bravery". The medals were presented at County Hall, Westminster by Mary Ormerod, chairman of the LCC Mental Hospitals Committee. In 1956 Members of Parliament , Norman Nodds and Donald Johnston successfully campaigned for the discharge of patient, Harriet Thornton, aged 53. A Pathé News newsreel documented her discharge on 25 October 1956, after 3 + 1 ⁄ 2 years as

714-645: The Home Secretary can, under various sections of the Mental Health Act, order the detention of offenders in a psychiatric hospital, but the term "criminally insane" is no longer legally or medically recognized. Secure psychiatric units exist in all regions of the UK for this purpose; in addition, there are a few specialist hospitals which offer treatment with high levels of security. These facilities are divided into three main categories: High, Medium and Low Secure. Although

765-1077: The Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands , medium and low secure units exist but high secure units on the UK mainland are used for patients who qualify for the treatment under the Out of Area (Off-Island Placements) Referrals provision of the Mental Health Act 1983 . Among the three unit types, medium secure facilities are the most prevalent in the UK. As of 2009, there were 27 women-only units in England. Irish units include those at prisons in Portlaise, Castelrea, and Cork. Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz in Hungary has argued that psychiatric hospitals are like prisons unlike other kinds of hospitals, and that psychiatrists who coerce people (into treatment or involuntary commitment) function as judges and jailers, not physicians. Historian Michel Foucault

816-514: The mental patient liberation movement . There are several different types of modern psychiatric hospitals, but all of them house people with mental illnesses of varying severity. In the United Kingdom , both crisis admissions and medium-term care are usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or youth wards in psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards are set aside for children or youth with mental illness. Long-term care facilities have

867-440: The 1973 academic investigation by Rosenhan and other similar experiments , several journalists have been willingly admitted to hospitals in order to conduct undercover journalism . These include: Croydon Cemetery Mitcham Road Cemetery , previously called Croydon Cemetery , is a cemetery located next to Mitcham Common near Croydon , which is part of the London Borough of Croydon , London . Croydon Crematorium

918-455: The Victorian original, with its own chapel and a number of angels. The crematorium was built in 1937, and extended in 1962. The cemetery has a memorial to 34 boys and 2 masters from The Archbishop Lanfranc School , who were killed in an aircraft crash near Stavanger Airport, Sola , in 1961. It adjoins a communal grave in which 33 of the boys and one master are buried. Also cremated here were

969-502: The World . Metal band Cane Hill based their name on the Cane Hill Hospital. 51°18′46″N 0°08′57″W  /  51.31278°N 0.14906°W  / 51.31278; -0.14906 Psychiatric hospital Psychiatric hospitals vary considerably in size and classification. Some specialize in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients , while others provide long-term care for individuals requiring routine assistance or

1020-441: The administration block and went on to destroy all but the front facade of the building. The fire also destroyed the iconic clock tower. At about midnight, firefighters saw the clocktower crash to the ground in the blaze. The fire had been started in the basement of the building, draughting its way up through the ground and first floors before finally destroying the roof. The hospital had a cemetery on Portnalls Road for inmates which

1071-499: The aggression of some of the patients. In Western Europe , the first idea and set up for a proper mental hospital entered through Spain . A member of the Mercedarian Order named Juan Gilaberto Jofré traveled frequently to Islamic countries and observed several institutions that confined the insane. He proposed the founding of an institution exclusive for "sick people who had to be treated by doctors", something very modern for

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1122-929: The condition are often features of such units. Examples of this include the Three Bridges Unit at St Bernard's Hospital in West London and the John Munroe Hospital in Staffordshire . These units have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation to allow for transition back into society within a short time-frame, usually lasting two or three years. Not all patients' treatment meets this criterion, however, leading larger hospitals to retain this role. These hospitals provide stabilization and rehabilitation for those who are actively experiencing uncontrolled symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, and so on. One type of institution for

1173-473: The difficulty of distinguishing sane patients from insane patients. Franco Basaglia , a leading psychiatrist who inspired and planned the psychiatric reform in Italy , also defined the mental hospital as an oppressive, locked, and total institution in which prison-like, punitive rules are applied, in order to gradually eliminate its own contents. Patients, doctors and nurses are all subjected (at different levels) to

1224-504: The fires required multiple fire brigades to extinquish. Forty-three fire engines from 11 fire brigades responded to an attack in September 2001, and 100 fire fighters responded to a later attack in April 2002. The repeated incidents of arson prompted an increase in security on the site and construction of a 9 ft 0 in (2.74 m) barbed wire fence. On 13 November 2010 a fire took hold in

1275-399: The focus in these units is to make life as normal as possible for patients while continuing treatment to the point where they can be discharged. However, patients are usually still not allowed to hold their own medications in their rooms because of the risk of an impulsive overdose. While some open units are physically unlocked, other open units still use locked entrances and exits, depending on

1326-545: The fore in the 1960s has opposed many of the practices, conditions, or existence of mental hospitals; due to the extreme conditions in them. The psychiatric consumer/survivor movement has often objected to or campaigned against conditions in mental hospitals or their use, voluntarily or involuntarily. The mental patient liberation movement emphatically opposes involuntary treatment but it generally does not object to any psychiatric treatments that are consensual, provided that both parties can withdraw consent at any time. Alongside

1377-723: The goal of treatment and rehabilitation within a short time-frame (two or three years). Another institution for the mentally ill is a community-based halfway house . In the United States, there are high acuity and low acuity crisis facilities (or Crisis Stabilization Units). High acuity crisis stabilization units serve individuals who are actively suicidal, violent, or intoxicated. Low acuity crisis facilities include peer respites, social detoxes, and other programs to serve individuals who are not actively suicidal/violent. Open psychiatric units are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. They are not used for acutely suicidal people; instead,

1428-641: The hospital bed capacity had reduced to 787. Following a gradual winding down of hospital services and operations, the entire hospital with the exception of a small secure unit had closed in March 1991. The secure unit moved into what had been the Coulsdon Cottage Hospital : in 2006 it held 23 patients and was run by the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM). The unit closed in February 2008, with

1479-535: The hospital cemetery, have been found. The outbreak of World War II saw the hospital join the Emergency Hospital Service , reserving six wards for military casualties and bringing the total number of patients to 2,500. In June 1948 a patient who had climbed up onto the sloped roof of his ward in the dark was rescued from a 40 ft 0 in (12.19 m) drop by two male nurses; Harold Childs, aged 42, and Henry Garnett, aged 36. The pair were awarded

1530-475: The hospital in 1889 and expanded the hospital to a capacity of 2,000 beds the same year. The new administration renamed the hospital to London County Council Asylum with provision for Croydon, dedicating one eighth of the beds to Croydon patients until the opening of Croydon Mental Hospital in 1903. Following the Mental Treatment Act 1930 the hospital was renamed to Cane Hill Mental Hospital. This act

1581-413: The introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, most modern psychiatric hospitals emphasize treatment, usually including a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy , that assist patients in functioning in the outside world. Many countries have prohibited the use of physical restraints on patients, which includes tying psychiatric patients to their beds for days or even months at

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1632-429: The introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, modern psychiatric hospitals provide a primary emphasis on treatment; and further, they attempt—where possible—to help patients control their own lives in the outside world with the use of a combination of psychiatric drugs and psychotherapy . These treatments can be involuntary. Involuntary treatments are among the many psychiatric practices which are questioned by

1683-410: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, psychiatric institutions ceased using terms such as "madness", "lunacy" or "insanity", which assumed a unitary psychosis, and began instead splitting into numerous mental diseases, including catatonia, melancholia, and dementia praecox, which is now known as schizophrenia . In 1961, sociologist Erving Goffman described a theory of the " total institution " and

1734-722: The lowest while the most rapidly increasing hospitalizations were for adults under 64. Some units have been opened to provide therapeutically enhanced Treatment, a subcategory to the three main hospital unit types. In the UK, high secure hospitals exist, including Ashworth Hospital in Merseyside , Broadmoor Hospital in Crowthorne , Rampton Secure Hospital in Retford , and the State Hospital in Carstairs , Scotland . In Northern Ireland ,

1785-531: The many 'pauper lunatics'. Nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in Nottinghamshire . In 1828, the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums. The Lunacy Act 1845 made the construction of asylums in every county compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary , and required asylums to have written regulations and

1836-471: The mental institution may be used for the incarceration of political prisoners as a form of punishment. One notable historical example was the use of punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union and China . Like the former Soviet Union and China, Belarus also has used punitive psychiatry toward political opponents and critics of current government in modern times. In the United Kingdom, criminal courts or

1887-415: The mentally ill is a community-based halfway house . These facilities provide assisted living for an extended period of time for patients with mental illnesses, and they often aid in the transition to self-sufficiency. These institutions are considered to be one of the most important parts of a mental health system by many psychiatrists , although some localities lack sufficient funding. In some countries,

1938-553: The patients and staff being transferred to the River House, a new Medium Secure Unit at Bethlem Royal Hospital . Demolition of Cane Hill started in March 2008 and was completed by the end of 2010. Only the chapel, administration building and water tower remained. Cane Hill suffered numerous arson attacks between 2000 and 2002 resulting in the destruction of the Main Hall, Blocks C and V and heavy damage to other derelict buildings. Often

1989-528: The phrase "Maximum Secure" is often used in the media, there is no such classification. "Local Secure" is a common misnomer for Low Secure units, as patients are often detained there by local criminal courts for psychiatric assessment before sentencing. Run by the National Health Service , these facilities which provide psychiatric assessments can also provide treatment and accommodation in a safe hospital environment which prevents absconding. Thus there

2040-443: The process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the part of both "guard" and "captor", suggesting that many of the features of such institutions serve the ritual function of ensuring that both classes of people know their function and social role , in other words of " institutionalizing " them. Asylums as a key text in the development of deinstitutionalization . With successive waves of reform and

2091-594: The remains of nearly 6,000 psychiatric inmates of Cane Hill Hospital , who were exhumed from the hospital's deconsecrated cemetery on Portnail Road in 1981 as part of the redevelopment of its site. The cemetery contains the graves of 195 Commonwealth service personnel of the First World War , scattered throughout the cemetery, and 150 from the Second World War . Some of the Second World War-era graves form

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2142-456: The same process of institutionalism. American psychiatrist Loren Mosher noticed that the psychiatric institution itself gave him master classes in the art of the "total institution": labeling, unnecessary dependency, the induction and perpetuation of powerlessness, the degradation ceremony , authoritarianism, and the primacy of institutional needs over the patients, whom it was ostensibly there to serve. The anti-psychiatry movement coming to

2193-570: The term " total institution " for mental hospitals and similar places which took over and confined a person's whole life. Goffman placed psychiatric hospitals in the same category as concentration camps , prisons , military organizations, orphanages , and monasteries. In his book Asylums Goffman describes how the institutionalisation process socialises people into the role of a good patient, someone "dull, harmless and inconspicuous"; in turn, it reinforces notions of chronicity in severe mental illness. The Rosenhan experiment of 1973 demonstrated

2244-440: The third Surrey County Pauper Lunatic Asylum, designed by Charles Henry Howell , which was built in two stages between 1882 and 1888. The design which involved a 'radiating pavilion' layout was original, with an estimated building cost of £150,000. Upon opening Cane Hill Asylum had capacity for 1,124 patients (644 women and 480 men) making it the largest of its kind in the UK. The London County Council took over administration of

2295-455: The time. The foundation was carried out in 1409 thanks to several wealthy men from Valencia who contributed funds for its completion. It was considered the first institution in the world at that time specialized in the treatment of mental illnesses. Later on, physicians, including Philippe Pinel at Bicêtre Hospital in France and William Tuke at York Retreat in England, began to advocate for

2346-482: The type of patients admitted. Another type of psychiatric hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. Most drugs used for psychiatric purposes take several weeks to take effect, and the main purpose of these hospitals is to monitor the patient for the first few weeks of therapy to ensure the treatment is effective. Juvenile wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children with mental illness. However, there are

2397-631: The viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. In the Western world, the arrival of institutionalisation as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an advent of the nineteenth century. The first public mental asylums were established in Britain; the passing of the County Asylums Act 1808 empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every county to house

2448-590: The war graves plot, was erected to commemorate 18 discharged British soldiers of the First World War who died at the Cane Hill Hospital and were originally buried there until its site was redeveloped, following which their remains were exhumed and cremated here, their ashes scattered in 'Location 1000' in the grounds. In all 77 Commonwealth service personnel are commemorated at the Crematorium. The cemetery

2499-617: Was built in Baghdad under the leadership of Harun al-Rashid . While not devoted solely to patients with psychiatric disorders, early psychiatric hospitals often contained wards for patients exhibiting mania or other psychological distress. Because of cultural taboos against refusing to care for one's family members, mentally ill patients would be surrendered to a bimaristan only if the patient demonstrated violence, incurable chronic illness, or some other extremely debilitating ailment. Psychological wards were typically enclosed by iron bars owing to

2550-673: Was last used for burials in September 1950 and was deconsecrated and cleared at the hospital site's redevelopment in 1981 when remains of nearly 6,000 people were exhumed and cremated at Croydon Cemetery in Mitcham Road. Among the remains were those of British First World War servicemen, who were known to have had separate areas in the cemetery where they had been originally buried with military honours. Research from plans indicated there were two designated main 'Service Plots', numbered 411 and 420, where six were buried in each grave. Eighteen of these servicemen, who had qualified for commemoration by

2601-410: Was later repealed by the Mental Health Act 1959 causing the hospital to rename a final time to Cane Hill Hospital. The hospital took in a large number of discharged mentally ill servicemen during the First World War , the earliest patient recorded being admitted in 1915 but later discharged to another hospital in 1923. Records for nearly 40 such service patients, some of whom died and were interred in

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