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59-398: On Thursday, March 3, 1966, the atmosphere over Mississippi was ripe for a violent tornado. In the upper-levels of the troposphere , a fairly strong jet stream , with winds estimated at 140 to 150 miles per hour (230 to 240 km/h), oriented itself northeastward over the state, providing strong diffluence . A large mid-level trough , centered near Sioux Falls, South Dakota , was

118-442: A capping inversion , limiting the number of thunderstorms that could develop. Later on, a warm front moved past Jackson, Mississippi , allowing more moist air into the region and increasing lapse rates . While this cap served to prevent a widespread tornado outbreak , it did allow for the formation of a few discrete strong storms. With this, a supercell thunderstorm developed over Louisiana and produced three tornadoes, including

177-512: A few cars were tossed upwards of one-half mile (0.80 km) by the tornado. Many homes and businesses in the area were completely destroyed by the tornado, including a glass factory that was severely mangled. A brick Baptist church was destroyed with such force that it seemingly "exploded". Once it moved through Jackson, the storm crossed the Pearl River and entered Rankin County . In Rankin County,

236-409: A household in the county was $ 23,998, and the median income for a family was $ 30,248. Males had a median income of $ 24,431 versus $ 18,199 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 11,985. About 21.20% of families and 26.00% of the population were below the poverty line , including 35.30% of those under age 18 and 26.70% of those age 65 or over. Kemper County is within the service area of

295-696: A moon of Saturn, and Triton , a moon of Neptune, have atmospheres mainly of nitrogen . When in the part of its orbit closest to the Sun, Pluto has an atmosphere of nitrogen and methane similar to Triton's, but these gases are frozen when it is farther from the Sun. Other bodies within the Solar System have extremely thin atmospheres not in equilibrium. These include the Moon ( sodium gas), Mercury (sodium gas), Europa (oxygen), Io ( sulfur ), and Enceladus ( water vapor ). The first exoplanet whose atmospheric composition

354-508: A planet from atmospheric escape and that for some magnetizations the presence of a magnetic field works to increase the escape rate. Other mechanisms that can cause atmosphere depletion are solar wind -induced sputtering, impact erosion, weathering , and sequestration—sometimes referred to as "freezing out"—into the regolith and polar caps . Atmospheres have dramatic effects on the surfaces of rocky bodies. Objects that have no atmosphere, or that have only an exosphere, have terrain that

413-675: A posse, he killed a white constable and was quickly lynched by the other whites. As reported by The New York Times , Not satisfied with the punishment of this man, the whites immediately set out to strike terror into the negroes, who had been getting defiant of late. They found two sons of Simpson and lynched them, filling their bodies with bullets. Two other negroes who had behaved defiantly were treated in similar fashion. Whites worried about blacks gathering to take revenge at Wahalak, where they had already been abused by lynchings. Local authorities called for state militia. Their commanding officer took his troops away from Wahalak, although there

472-563: A section on the tornado titled "If the Tornado Happened Today," briefly detailing the scale of damage in relation to new development just to the east of Jackson in the communities of Pearl and Flowood . Given exactly the same path that took place in 1966, the loss of life would be considerably higher. Striking at rush hour , numerous vehicles would be in the path of the tornado as it crossed Interstates 20 and 55 as well as US 80 and MS 25 . Despite vastly improved warning systems,

531-451: A variable amount of water vapor is also present, on average about 1% at sea level. The low temperatures and higher gravity of the Solar System's giant planets — Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus and Neptune —allow them more readily to retain gases with low molecular masses . These planets have hydrogen–helium atmospheres, with trace amounts of more complex compounds. Two satellites of the outer planets possess significant atmospheres. Titan ,

590-464: A wide range of velocities, there will always be some fast enough to produce a slow leakage of gas into space. Lighter molecules move faster than heavier ones with the same thermal kinetic energy , and so gases of low molecular weight are lost more rapidly than those of high molecular weight. It is thought that Venus and Mars may have lost much of their water when, after being photodissociated into hydrogen and oxygen by solar ultraviolet radiation,

649-690: Is agreement on this feature, the results have not been implemented into the National Climatic Data Center 's severe weather database, thus it is still officially considered one tornado. According to the study by Grazulis, the tornado dissipated over Leake County and a second tornado, estimated at F2 strength, touched down in Pickens County, Alabama. On the 50th anniversary of the tornado, the National Weather Service in Jackson published

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708-423: Is covered in craters . Without an atmosphere, the planet has no protection from meteoroids , and all of them collide with the surface as meteorites and create craters. For planets with a significant atmosphere, most meteoroids burn up as meteors before hitting a planet's surface. When meteoroids do impact, the effects are often erased by the action of wind. Wind erosion is a significant factor in shaping

767-502: Is located in Kemper County in the town of Scooba , at the junction of US 45 and Mississippi Highway 16 . In the wake of the county's founding, Abel Mastin Key served as the first circuit clerk. Land in the area was developed in the 19th century by white planters for cotton cultivation using enslaved African Americans. Blacks have comprised the majority of the county population since before

826-625: Is originally determined by the stellar nebula's chemistry and temperature, but can also by a product processes within the astronomical body outgasing a different atmosphere. The atmospheres of the planets Venus and Mars are principally composed of carbon dioxide and nitrogen , argon and oxygen . The composition of Earth's atmosphere is determined by the by-products of the life that it sustains. Dry air (mixture of gases) from Earth's atmosphere contains 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, and traces of hydrogen, helium, and other "noble" gases (by volume), but generally

885-401: Is the lowest layer of the atmosphere. This extends from the planetary surface to the bottom of the stratosphere . The troposphere contains 75–80% of the mass of the atmosphere, and is the atmospheric layer wherein the weather occurs; the height of the troposphere varies between 17 km at the equator and 7.0 km at the poles. The stratosphere extends from the top of the troposphere to

944-495: Is used to make nucleotides and amino acids ; plants , algae , and cyanobacteria use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis . The layered composition of the atmosphere minimises the harmful effects of sunlight , ultraviolet radiation, solar wind , and cosmic rays and thus protects the organisms from genetic damage. The current composition of the atmosphere of the Earth is the product of billions of years of biochemical modification of

1003-635: The American Civil War . The county continues to be largely rural. After the American Civil War and Reconstruction , racial violence increased as whites struggled to regain power over the majority population of freedmen and to suppress their voting. In the period from 1877 to 1950, Kemper County had 24 documented lynchings of African Americans , the third-highest of Mississippi counties. Hinds and Leflore counties had 29 and 48 lynchings, respectively, in this period. This form of racial terrorism

1062-633: The Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and were inadmissible at trial. The peak of population in the rural county was in 1930. Mechanization of agriculture decreased the need for farm labor. From 1940 to 1970, the population declined markedly, as may be seen on the table below, as people moved to other areas for work. This was also the period of the second wave of the Great Migration , when 5 million African Americans moved out of

1121-616: The East Mississippi Community College system. The main campus of EMCC, including the college system's administrative headquarters, is in the Scooba Campus in Scooba . The county is governed by a five-member elected Board of Supervisors, who are elected from single-member districts. The County Sheriff, Chancery Clerk, Circuit Clerk, and Tax Assessor are also elected to office. Kemper County generally votes for candidates of

1180-596: The gravity of the object. A planet retains an atmosphere when the gravity is great and the temperature of the atmosphere is low. A stellar atmosphere is the outer region of a star, which includes the layers above the opaque photosphere ; stars of low temperature might have outer atmospheres containing compound molecules . The atmosphere of Earth is composed of nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), argon (0.9%), carbon dioxide (0.04%) and trace gases. Most organisms use oxygen for respiration ; lightning and bacteria perform nitrogen fixation which produces ammonia that

1239-477: The paleoatmosphere by living organisms. Atmospheres are clouds of gas bound to and engulfing an astronomical focal point of sufficiently dominating mass , adding to its mass, possibly escaping from it or collapsing into it. Because of the latter, such planetary nucleus can develop from interstellar molecular clouds or protoplanetary disks into rocky astronomical objects with varyingly thick atmospheres, gas giants or fusors . Composition and thickness

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1298-479: The 1,900-foot (580 m) broadcast tower for Jackson television station WLBT . Around 4:30 p.m. CST, the storm struck the southern limits of Jackson as an F4 or F5 tornado and mostly leveled the Candlestick Park shopping center. Cinder-blocks from the structure were scattered for long distances. A number of homes and businesses were also destroyed in this area. Eyewitness reported pavement scouring, and that

1357-671: The Democratic Party; the Republican presidential nominee has won it only four times in the past century. In 2010, the Mississippi Public Service Commission approved the construction of a lignite coal plant in Kemper County to be financed by electricity customers in twenty-three southeastern Mississippi counties being served by Mississippi Power Company . It is designed as a model project to use gasification and carbon-capture technologies at this scale. The plant

1416-537: The Mississippi Public Service Commission approved construction of the Kemper Project , designed to use "clean coal" to produce electricity for 23 counties in the eastern part of the state. As of February 2017 , it was not completed and had cost overruns. It is designed as a model project to use gasification and carbon-capture technologies at this scale. East Mississippi Community College

1475-495: The Neshoba and Kemper counties. Despite this, about a dozen more homes were destroyed before the tornado crossed into Alabama. After crossing the border, significant damage continued through Pickens and Tuscaloosa Counties before the tornado finally dissipated near the city of Tuscaloosa around 7:45 p.m. CST. During the storm's three-hour-and-forty-five-minute existence, it traveled roughly 202.5 mi (325.9 km), one of

1534-606: The South to the North and especially to the West Coast, where the defense industry had many jobs, beginning during World War II. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 767 square miles (1,990 km ), of which 766 square miles (1,980 km ) is land and 0.8 square miles (2.1 km ) (0.1%) is water. As of the 2020 United States Census , there were 8,988 people, 3,611 households, and 2,201 families residing in

1593-459: The appearance of life and its evolution . Kemper County, Mississippi Kemper County is a county located on the central eastern border of the U.S. state of Mississippi . As of the 2020 census , the population was 8,988. Its county seat is De Kalb . The county is named in honor of Reuben Kemper . The county is part of the Meridian , MS Micropolitan Statistical Area . In 2010

1652-438: The atmosphere can transport thermal energy from the higher temperature interior up to the surface. From the perspective of a planetary geologist , the atmosphere acts to shape a planetary surface. Wind picks up dust and other particles which, when they collide with the terrain, erode the relief and leave deposits ( eolian processes). Frost and precipitations , which depend on the atmospheric composition, also influence

1711-411: The base of the exosphere at 690 km and contains the ionosphere , where solar radiation ionizes the atmosphere. The density of the ionosphere is greater at short distances from the planetary surface in the daytime and decreases as the ionosphere rises at night-time, thereby allowing a greater range of radio frequencies to travel greater distances. The exosphere begins at 690 to 1,000 km from

1770-428: The bottom of the mesosphere , and contains the ozone layer , at an altitude between 15 km and 35 km. It is the atmospheric layer that absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation that Earth receives from the Sun. The mesosphere ranges from 50 km to 85 km and is the layer wherein most meteors are incinerated before reaching the surface. The thermosphere extends from an altitude of 85 km to

1829-399: The county. As of the 2010 United States Census , there were 10,456 people living in the county. 60.1% were Black or African American , 35.3% White , 3.7% Native American , 0.1% Asian , 0.1% of some other race and 0.7% of two or more races . 0.5% were Hispanic or Latino (of any race). As of the census of 2000, there were 10,453 people, 3,909 households, and 2,787 families living in

1966 Candlestick Park tornado outbreak - Misplaced Pages Continue

1888-416: The county. The population density was 14 people per square mile (5.4 people/km ). There were 4,533 housing units at an average density of 6 units per square mile (2.3 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 58.13% Black or African American , 39.03% White , 2.06% Native American , 0.08% Asian , 0.03% Pacific Islander , 0.11% from other races , and 0.57% from two or more races. 0.73% of

1947-426: The diminishing mass of the gas above the point of barometric measurement. The units of air pressure are based upon the standard atmosphere (atm), which is 101,325  Pa (equivalent to 760  Torr or 14.696  psi ). The height at which the atmospheric pressure declines by a factor of e (an irrational number equal to 2.71828) is called the scale height ( H ). For an atmosphere of uniform temperature,

2006-431: The distance from the Sun determines the energy available to heat atmospheric gas to the point where some fraction of its molecules' thermal motion exceed the planet's escape velocity , allowing those to escape a planet's gravitational grasp. Thus, distant and cold Titan , Triton , and Pluto are able to retain their atmospheres despite their relatively low gravities. Since a collection of gas molecules may be moving at

2065-442: The hydrogen escaped. Earth's magnetic field helps to prevent this, as, normally, the solar wind would greatly enhance the escape of hydrogen. However, over the past 3 billion years Earth may have lost gases through the magnetic polar regions due to auroral activity, including a net 2% of its atmospheric oxygen. The net effect, taking the most important escape processes into account, is that an intrinsic magnetic field does not protect

2124-400: The large F5 tornado that moved through Mississippi and Alabama . This violent F5 tornado, which may have been a tornado family , first touched down south of Learned, Mississippi around 4:00 p.m. CST . Tracking generally to the northeast, the tornado moved through mostly rural areas south of Raymond though several barns and a few homes were heavily damaged. The tornado also toppled

2183-670: The longest paths ever recorded. Throughout Mississippi, damage from the tornado amounted to $ 75 million (1966 USD ) ($ 704 million (2024 USD)). The most severe damage took place at the Candlestick Park shopping center in southern Jackson where 12 people were killed. Much of the building was leveled and only one wall remained standing. Prior to the Candlestick Park tornado, there had only been one other F5 (the other occurring on December 5, 1953) to touch down in Mississippi. The next storm of this intensity would not take place until April 27, 2011 , when two EF5 tornadoes touched down near

2242-415: The overall system that produced the tornado. It featured low millibar heights roughly four times below the standard mean. Additionally, an unusually strong mid-level jet stream with 105 mph (169 km/h) winds provided additional energy to the storm system. The final factor in the development of the Candlestick Park storm was a subtle wind shift near the surface. At the higher levels, winds flowed from

2301-406: The past. The circulation of the atmosphere occurs due to thermal differences when convection becomes a more efficient transporter of heat than thermal radiation . On planets where the primary heat source is solar radiation, excess heat in the tropics is transported to higher latitudes. When a planet generates a significant amount of heat internally, such as is the case for Jupiter , convection in

2360-456: The population density of Jackson's eastern suburbs would lean towards a higher likelihood of fatalities. 32°11′N 90°35′W  /  32.18°N 90.58°W  / 32.18; -90.58 Atmosphere An atmosphere (from Ancient Greek ἀτμός ( atmós )  'vapour, steam' and σφαῖρα ( sphaîra )  'sphere') is a layer of gases that envelop an astronomical object , held in place by

2419-442: The population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 3,909 households, out of which 32.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.70% were married couples living together, 20.20% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.70% were non-families. 26.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.60% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size

1966 Candlestick Park tornado outbreak - Misplaced Pages Continue

2478-416: The relief. Climate changes can influence a planet's geological history. Conversely, studying the surface of the Earth leads to an understanding of the atmosphere and climate of other planets. For a meteorologist , the composition of the Earth's atmosphere is a factor affecting the climate and its variations. For a biologist or paleontologist , the Earth's atmospheric composition is closely dependent on

2537-511: The rough whites." There had been a conflict on another train, in which a black man mortally shot a conductor, George Harrison. The yardmaster shot and killed the African American. The rioting by whites in Scooba started after Harrison died. Governor James K. Vardaman went to Scooba with militia to establish control. He left a force of 20 there commanded by Adjutant General Fridge and returned to

2596-474: The rural towns of Wahalak and Scooba ; by December 27, whites had killed a total of 13 blacks in rioting. The events started with a physical confrontation between a conductor and an African-American man on a Mobile & Ohio Railroad train. The conductor was cut, and he fatally shot two black men. George Simpson, another African American thought to be involved, escaped from the train. When captured in Wahalak by

2655-468: The scale height is proportional to the atmospheric temperature and is inversely proportional to the product of the mean molecular mass of dry air, and the local acceleration of gravity at the point of barometric measurement. Surface gravity differs significantly among the planets. For example, the large gravitational force of the giant planet Jupiter retains light gases such as hydrogen and helium that escape from objects with lower gravity. Secondly,

2714-439: The sharecroppers were at a disadvantage in the annual accounting that was done by the landowners. Sometimes the planters had grocery stores on their property and required the sharecroppers to buy all their goods there, adding to their debt. Beginning in late December 1906, there were several days of racial terror in the county. After violent incidents on the railroad between conductors and black passengers, whites attacked blacks at

2773-441: The southwest to the northeast in relation to the jet stream; however, closer to the surface, the inflow from the low pressure system over South Dakota resulted in a south to north flow, allowing for rotation within storms. In the hours prior to the tornado forming, convective available potential energy (CAPE) values of over 1,500  J /kg were present, indicating moderate instability . However, dry air at higher levels created

2832-415: The state capital on the evening of December 27. That day the body of another murdered African-American man was found in the woods, bringing the total killed in Scooba to six. In 1934, three African-American suspects in Kemper County were repeatedly whipped in order to force them to confess to murder. In Brown v. Mississippi (1936), the U.S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled such forced confessions violated

2891-413: The surface, and extends to roughly 10,000 km, where it interacts with the magnetosphere of Earth. Atmospheric pressure is the force (per unit-area) perpendicular to a unit-area of planetary surface, as determined by the weight of the vertical column of atmospheric gases. In said atmospheric model, the atmospheric pressure , the weight of the mass of the gas, decreases at high altitude because of

2950-417: The terrain of rocky planets with atmospheres, and over time can erase the effects of both craters and volcanoes . In addition, since liquids cannot exist without pressure, an atmosphere allows liquid to be present at the surface, resulting in lakes , rivers and oceans . Earth and Titan are known to have liquids at their surface and terrain on the planet suggests that Mars had liquid on its surface in

3009-513: The tornado's progress became unclear as it passed through mostly rural areas and an industrial complex. Currently, it is believed to have continued a nearly straight northeastward track through the entire county. However, reports from locals indicate that the tornado turned slightly more northward. Near the Leesburg community, the tornado reached its maximum strength of F5, where multiple homes were swept away, large swaths of trees were leveled, pavement

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3068-488: The tornado, reassessments on the history of the storm have been made; most notably the Jackson, Mississippi branch of the National Weather Service and meteorologist Thomas P. Grazulis both indicate that there were two separate tornadoes. Based on reports from residents who experienced the tornado, a second one formed as the original dissipated, a common occurrence in cycling supercell thunderstorms . Though there

3127-399: The towns of Philadelphia and Smithville . Overall, the tornado ranks as the second-deadliest and longest-tracked in the state's history, having killed 57-58 and traveled 202.5 mi (325.9 km); however, excluding outside portions of the track, it ranks third. In general, it is also regarded as one of the most devastating tornadoes to ever strike Mississippi. In the decades following

3186-401: Was 2.57 and the average family size was 3.11. In the county, the population was spread out, with 25.40% under the age of 18, 12.50% from 18 to 24, 25.20% from 25 to 44, 21.80% from 45 to 64, and 15.10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 92.20 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.30 males. The median income for

3245-593: Was at its height in the decades around the turn of the 20th century, which followed the state's disenfranchisement of most blacks in 1890 through creating barriers to voter registration. In 1877 the Chisolm Massacre occurred, the murder by a mob of a judge, his children, and two of their friends while they were in protective custody in jail. In 1890, blacks made up the majority of the county' population: 10,084 blacks to 7,845 whites. They generally worked as sharecroppers or tenant farmers. Often illiterate, many of

3304-461: Was determined is HD 209458b , a gas giant with a close orbit around a star in the constellation Pegasus . Its atmosphere is heated to temperatures over 1,000 K, and is steadily escaping into space. Hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and sulfur have been detected in the planet's inflated atmosphere. The atmosphere of Earth is composed of layers with different properties, such as specific gaseous composition, temperature, and pressure. The troposphere

3363-434: Was scoured, and chicken houses were obliterated. Similar damage took place as the system moved into Scott County , though specifics are scarce for this portion of the storm's history. Crossing into Leake County along MS 35 , the tornado took a more northeasterly track, passing near the communities of Madden and Salem . In Neshoba County , the storm began to weaken and may have lifted several times as it moved through both

3422-408: Was still unrest, because he felt they were not being treated properly. By the end of the day on December 26, white men in Scooba had killed another five black men. The county sheriff arrested several whites for these murders, and called for the state militia to go to Scooba. "All the men killed at Scooba today are said to be innocent of any crime, having been shot down merely as a matter of revenge by

3481-498: Was strongly opposed by former Republican State Chairman Clarke Reed of Greenville , who favored a less-expensive natural gas -fueled plant. Reed called the project "... a horrible thing." He said it would be a political issue that could be used against Republicans for years. The Kemper Project was scheduled to open in the third quarter of 2016, more than two years behind schedule. Its cost increased to $ 6.6 billion—three times original cost estimate. As of February 2017 ,

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