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45-442: The Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional ( Portuguese: [kɐ̃sjuˈnɐjɾu ðɐ βiβliuˈtɛkɐ nɐsjuˈnal] , Galician: [kanθjoˈnejɾʊ ðɐ βiβljoˈtɛkɐ naθjoˈnal] ; "The National Library Songbook"), commonly called Colocci-Brancuti , is a compilation of Galician-Portuguese lyrics by both troubadours and jograes (non-noble performers and composers) . These cantigas (songs) are classified, following indications in

90-453: A common language rather than two separate ones. The Fala language , spoken in a small region of the Spanish autonomous community of Extremadura , underwent a similar development to Galician. Today Galician is the regional language of Galicia (sharing co-officiality with Spanish), and it is spoken by the majority of its population, but with a large decline of use and efficient knowledge among

135-541: A common heritage considered in danger of extinction as the traditional way of living is replaced by modern life, and the jargon of fisherman, the names of tools in traditional crafts, and the oral traditions which form part of celebrations are slowly forgotten. A Galician–Portuguese "baixo-limiao" lect is spoken in several villages. In Galicia, it is spoken in Entrimo and Lobios and in northern Portugal in Terras de Bouro (lands of

180-548: A lexical, phonetic, morphological and syntactic similarity. Also part of the common heritage of oral traditions are the markets and festivals of patron saints and processions, religious celebrations such as the magosto, entroido or Corpus Christi , with ancient dances and tradition – like the one where Coca the dragon fights with Saint George ; and also traditional clothing and adornments, crafts and skills, work-tools, carved vegetable lanterns, superstitions, traditional knowledge about plants and animals. All these are part of

225-448: A number of names – anthroponyms , ethnonyms , theonyms , toponyms – contained in inscriptions, or surviving as the names of places, rivers or mountains. In addition, some isolated words of Celtic origin preserved in the present-day Romance languages of north-west Iberia, including Galician , Portuguese , Asturian and Leonese are likely to have been inherited from ancient Gallaecian. Classical authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny

270-557: A time but eventually merging in most dialects. See History of Portuguese for more information. As far as it is known, Galician–Portuguese (from 11th to 16th centuries) had a 7-oral-vowel system /a, e, ɛ, i, o, ɔ, u/ (like in most of Romance languages), reduced to 5 vowels [ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ] when nasalized in contact with syllable-final nasal consonants /n, ŋ, ɲ/ . The vowels /e – ɛ, o – ɔ/ were raised to /e, o/ in unstressed syllables, even in final syllables (like in modern Spanish); e.g. vento [ˈvẽnto] , quente [ˈkẽnte] . However,

315-533: A yearning as I must carry for my Lady in mine. There has been a sharing of folklore in the Galician–Portuguese region going back to prehistoric times. As the Galician–Portuguese language spread south with the Reconquista , supplanting Mozarabic, this ancient sharing of folklore intensified. In 2005, the governments of Portugal and Spain jointly proposed that Galician–Portuguese oral traditions be made part of

360-460: Is a sample of Galician-Portuguese lyric: Proençaes soen mui ben trobar e dizen eles que é con amor, mays os que troban no tempo da frol e non-en outro, sei eu ben que non an tan gran coita no seu coraçon qual m' eu por mha senhor vejo levar Provençal [poets] tend to compose very well and they say it is out of love, but those who compose when flowers bloom and at no other time, I know well that they don't have in their hearts so great

405-679: Is also noteworthy the ethnonyms Equaesi ( < PIE *ek̂wos 'horse'), a people from southern Gallaecia, and the Querquerni ( < *perkʷ- 'oak'). Nevertheless, some old toponyms and ethnonyms, and some modern toponyms, have been interpreted as showing kw / kʷ > p: Pantiñobre ( Arzúa , composite of *kʷantin-yo- '(of the) valley' and *brix-s 'hill(fort)') and Pezobre ( Santiso , from *kweityo-bris ), ethnonym COPORI "the Bakers" from *pok ero- 'to cook', old place names Pintia , in Galicia and among

450-556: Is assumed that the Pre-Roman languages spoken by the native people , each used in a different region of Roman Hispania, contributed to the development of several different dialects of Vulgar Latin and that these diverged increasingly over time, eventually evolving into the early Romance languages of Iberia. An early form of Galician–Portuguese was already spoken in the Kingdom of the Suebi and by

495-688: Is probably a slightly later translation of a Latin original. Galician–Portuguese had a special cultural role in the literature of the Christian kingdoms of Crown of Castile ( Kingdoms of Castile , Leon and Galicia , part of the medieval NW Iberian Peninsula ) comparable to the Catalan language of the Crown of Aragon ( Principality of Catalonia and Kingdoms of Aragon , Valencia and Majorca , NE medieval Iberian Peninsula), or that of Occitan in France and Italy during

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540-568: Is the Carta de dotação e fundação da Igreja de S. Miguel de Lardosa . In fact, many Latin documents written in Portuguese territory contain Romance forms. The Notícia de fiadores , written in 1175, is thought by some to be the oldest known document written in Galician–Portuguese. The Pacto dos irmãos Pais , discovered in 1999 (and possibly dating from before 1173), has been said to be even older, but despite

585-434: The cantigas d'amor (male-voiced love lyric), the cantigas d'amigo (female-voiced love lyric) and the cantigas d'escarnho e de mal dizer (including a variety of genres from personal invective to social satire, poetic parody and literary debate). All told, nearly 1,700 poems survive in these three genres, and there is a corpus of over 400 cantigas de Santa Maria (narrative poems about miracles and hymns in honor of

630-484: The /a – ɐ/ distribution is still dubious and under discussion; some either stating that these two vowels were allophones and in complementary distribution (like in Spanish and Modern Galician, only treated as /a/ ): Alamanha [alaˈmaɲa] , mannãa [maˈɲãŋa] ; or stating they were not allophones and under distribution like in European Portuguese nowadays, Alemanha [ɐlɨˈmɐɲɐ] , manhã [mɐˈɲɐ̃] . Here

675-554: The Buri ) and Castro Laboreiro including the mountain town (county seat) of Soajo and surrounding villages. About the Galician–Portuguese languages About Galician–Portuguese culture Manuscripts containing Galician–Portuguese ('secular') lyric (cited from Cohen 2003 [see below under critical editions ]): Manuscripts containing the Cantigas de Santa Maria : Critical editions of individual genres of Galician–Portuguese poetry (note that

720-514: The Holy Virgin ). The Castilian king Alfonso X composed his cantigas de Santa Maria and his cantigas de escárnio e maldizer in Galician–Portuguese, even though he used Castilian for prose. King Dinis of Portugal , who also contributed (with 137 extant texts, more than any other author) to the secular poetic genres, made the language official in Portugal in 1290. Until then, Latin had been

765-483: The Masterpiece of Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . The work of documenting and transmitting that common culture involves several universities and other organizations. Galician–Portuguese folklore is rich in oral traditions. These include the cantigas ao desafio or regueifas , duels of improvised songs, many legends, stories, poems, romances, folk songs, sayings and riddles, and ways of speech that still retain

810-464: The Rexurdimento , followed by the appearance of journals and, in the 20th century, scientific publications. Because until comparatively recently, most Galicians lived in many small towns and villages in a relatively remote and mountainous land, the language changed very slowly and was only very slightly influenced from outside the region. That situation made Galician remain the vernacular of Galicia until

855-584: The Vulgar Latin (common Latin) that had been introduced by Roman soldiers, colonists and magistrates during the time of the Roman Empire . Although the process may have been slower than in other regions, the centuries of contact with Vulgar Latin, after a period of bilingualism, completely extinguished the native languages, leading to the evolution of a new variety of Latin with a few Gallaecian features. Gallaecian and Lusitanian influences were absorbed into

900-665: The cantigas d'amor are split between Michaëlis 1904 and Nunes 1932): On the biography and chronology of the poets and the courts they frequented, the relation of these matters to the internal structure of the manuscript tradition, and myriad relevant questions in the field, please see: For Galician–Portuguese prose, the reader might begin with: There is no up-to-date historical grammar of medieval Galician–Portuguese. But see: A recent work centered on Galician containing information on medieval Galician–Portuguese is: Latin Lexica: Historical and Comparative Grammar of Latin: On

945-463: The 19th and 20th centuries, it has been influenced by Castilian. Two cities at the time of separation, Braga and Porto , were within the County of Portugal and have remained within Portugal. Further north, the cities of Lugo , A Coruña and the great medieval centre of Santiago de Compostela remained within Galicia. Galician was the main written language in Galicia until the 16th century, but later it

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990-499: The Elder wrote about the existence of Celtic and non-Celtic populations in Gallaecia and Lusitania , but several modern scholars have postulated Lusitanian and Gallaecian as a single archaic Celtic language . Others point to major unresolved problems for this hypothesis, such as the mutually incompatible phonetic features, most notably the proposed preservation of Indo-European *p and

1035-519: The Vaccei, from PIE *penk tó- > Celtic *k enχto- 'fifth'. In the 19th century a group of Romantic and Nationalist writers and scholars, among them Eduardo Pondal and Manuel Murguía , led a Celtic revival initially based on the historical testimonies of ancient Roman and Greek authors (Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Strabo and Ptolemy), who wrote about the Celtic peoples who inhabited Galicia; there

1080-564: The differences in Ancient Greek dialects, the alleged differences between 13th-century Portuguese and Galician are trivial. As a result of political division, Galician–Portuguese lost its unity when the County of Portugal separated from the Kingdom of Leon to establish the Kingdom of Portugal . The Galician and Portuguese versions of the language then diverged over time as they followed independent evolutionary paths. As Portugal's territory

1125-530: The early documents cited from the late 12th century, please see Ivo Castro, Introdução à História do Português. Geografia da Língua. Português Antigo . (Lisbon: Colibri, 2004), pp. 121–125 (with references). Gallaecian language As with the Illyrian , Ligurian and Thracian languages, the surviving corpus of Gallaecian is composed of isolated words and short sentences contained in local Latin inscriptions or glossed by classical authors, together with

1170-586: The elision of unstressed vowels and the lenition of plosive consonants; actually, many Galician Latin charters written during the Middle Ages show interferences of the local Galician–Portuguese contemporary language. As for the oldest document written in Galician–Portuguese in Galicia, it is probably a document from the monastery of Melón dated to 1231, since the Charter of the Boo Burgo of Castro Caldelas , dated to 1228,

1215-480: The enthusiasm of some scholars, it has been shown that the documents are not really written in Galician–Portuguese but are in fact a mixture of Late Latin and Galician–Portuguese phonology, morphology and syntax. The Noticia de Torto , of uncertain date ( c.  1214? ), and the Testament of Afonso II  [ pt ] (27 June 1214) are most certainly Galician–Portuguese. The earliest poetic texts (but not

1260-727: The history of each modern language, was a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Middle Ages , in the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula . Alternatively, it can be considered a historical period of the Galician , Fala , and Portuguese languages . Galician–Portuguese was first spoken in the area bounded in the north and west by the Atlantic Ocean and by the Douro River in the south, comprising Galicia and northern Portugal, but it

1305-786: The influence of local Celtic languages (as in Old French ). The nasal vowels would thus be a phonologic characteristic of the Vulgar Latin spoken in Roman Gallaecia , but they are not attested in writing until after the 6th and 7th centuries. The oldest known document to contain Galician–Portuguese words found in northern Portugal is called the Doação à Igreja de Sozello and dated to 870 but otherwise composed in Late / Medieval Latin . Another document, from 882, also containing some Galician–Portuguese words

1350-642: The late 19th and early 20th centuries and its most spoken language till the early 21st century. The draft of the 1936 Galician Statute of Autonomy considered an official status for (Modern) Galician in the region but it never came into force, as Galicia fell to Rebel control upon the early stages of the Spanish Civil War . The linguistic classification of Galician and Portuguese is still discussed today. There are those among Galician independence groups who demand their reunification as well as Portuguese and Galician philologists who argue that both are dialects of

1395-532: The local Vulgar Latin dialect, which can be detected in some Galician–Portuguese words as well as in placenames of Celtic and Iberian origin. In general, the more cultivated variety of Latin spoken by the Hispano-Roman elites in Roman Hispania had a peculiar regional accent, referred to as Hispano ore and agrestius pronuntians . The more cultivated variety of Latin coexisted with the popular variety. It

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1440-751: The loss of *d in Lusitanian and the inconsistent outcome of the vocalic liquid consonants, which has led them to the conclusion that Lusitanian is a non-Celtic language and is not closely related to Gallaecian. Gallaecian is also believed to have been related to the Goidelic languages . Under the P/Q Celtic hypothesis , Gallaecian appears to be a Q-Celtic language, as evidenced by the following occurrences in local inscriptions: ARQVI, ARCVIVS, ARQVIENOBO, ARQVIENI[S], ARQVIVS, all probably from IE Paleo-Hispanic *arkʷios 'archer, bowman', retaining proto-Celtic *kʷ . It

1485-636: The manuscript was acquired by the Portuguese government in 1924 and since then has been in the holdings of the Portuguese National Library in Lisbon . A closely related songbook (sister or cousin), kept in the Vatican Library , is called the Cancioneiro da Vaticana . The Cancioneiro was copied by six different hands, according to the most recent analysis, using both gothic and cursive scripts. Of

1530-472: The manuscripts in which they are found) date from c. 1195 to c. 1225. Thus, by the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th there are documents in prose and verse written in the local Romance vernacular. In Galicia the oldest document showing traces of the underlying Romance language is a royal charter by king Silo of Asturias , dated to 775: it uses substrate words as arrogio and lagena , now arroio 'stream' and laxe 'stone', and presents also

1575-483: The official (written) language for royal documents; the spoken language did not have a name and was simply known as lingua vulgar ("ordinary language", that is Vulgar Latin) or á lenguage ("the language") until it was named "Portuguese" in King Dinis' reign. "Galician–Portuguese" and português arcaico ("Old Portuguese") are modern terms for the common ancestor of modern Portuguese and modern Galician. Compared to

1620-659: The original 1664 songs only 1560 remain. Some of the composers found in it are King Dinis of Portugal , D. Sancho I , D. Pedro, count of Barcelos , Pay Soares de Taveirós, Johan Garcia de Guilhade, Johan Airas de Santiago, Airas Nunes, Martin Codax . All told there are about 160 poets. Galician-Portuguese Galician–Portuguese ( Galician : galego–portugués or galaico–portugués ; Portuguese : galego–português or galaico–português ), also known as Old Galician–Portuguese , Old Galician or Old Portuguese , Medieval Galician or Medieval Portuguese when referring to

1665-485: The poems themselves and in the manuscript tradition, into three main genres: cantigas de amigo (female-voiced love songs, about a boyfriend), cantigas de amor (male-voiced love songs) and cantigas de escárnio e mal-dizer (songs of mockery and insult). The poems were copied in Italy (presumably from a manuscript from Portugal or Spain) around 1525-1526 by the order of humanist Angelo Colocci (1467-1549), who numbered all

1710-552: The same historical period. The main extant sources of Galician–Portuguese lyric poetry are these: The language was used for literary purposes from the final years of the 12th century to roughly the middle of the 14th century in what are now Spain and Portugal and was, almost without exception, the only language used for the composition of lyric poetry. Over 160 poets are recorded, among them Bernal de Bonaval , Pero da Ponte, Johan Garcia de Guilhade, Johan Airas de Santiago, and Pedr' Amigo de Sevilha. The main secular poetic genres were

1755-477: The songs, made an index (commonly called the Tavola Colocciana [Colocci's table]), and annotated the codex. In the 19th century the cancioneiro belonged to Count Paolo Brancuti di Cagli, from Ancona , in whose private library it was discovered in 1878. The count later sold the manuscript to Italian philologist Ernesto Monaci, who left it to his heirs on the condition that it not leave Italy. Nevertheless,

1800-519: The year 800 Galician–Portuguese had already become the vernacular of northwestern Iberia. The first known phonetic changes in Vulgar Latin, which began the evolution to Galician–Portuguese, took place during the rule of the Germanic groups, the Suebi (411–585) and Visigoths (585–711). And the Galician–Portuguese "inflected infinitive" (or "personal infinitive") and the nasal vowels may have evolved under

1845-420: The younger generations, and the phonetics and lexicon of many occasional users is heavily influenced by Spanish. Portuguese continues to grow and, today, is the sixth most spoken language in the world. /s/ and /z/ were apico-alveolar , and /ts/ and /dz/ were lamino-alveolar . Later, all the affricate sibilants became fricatives, with the apico-alveolar and lamino-alveolar sibilants remaining distinct for

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1890-402: Was displaced by Castilian Spanish , which was the official language of the Crown of Castille . Galician slowly became mainly an oral language, preserved by the majority rural or "uneducated" population living in the villages and towns, and Castilian was taught as the "correct" language to the bilingual educated elite in the cities. During most of the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, its written use

1935-521: Was extended southward during the Reconquista, the increasingly-distinctive Portuguese language was adopted by the people in those regions, supplanting the earlier Arabic and other Romance/Latin languages that were spoken in these conquered areas during the Moorish era. Meanwhile, Galician was influenced by the neighbouring Leonese language, especially during the time of kingdoms of Leon and Leon-Castile, and in

1980-523: Was largely reduced to popular literature and theatre and private letters. From the 18th century onward grew the interest for the language by the studies of illustrious writers such as Martin Sarmiento , who studied the evolution of Galician from Latin and prepared the foundations for the first dictionary of Galician, José Cornide, and father Sobreira. In the 19th century a true literature in Galician emerged during

2025-532: Was later extended south of the Douro by the Reconquista . It is the common ancestor of modern Portuguese , Galician , and Fala varieties, all of which maintain a very high level of mutual intelligibility . The term "Galician–Portuguese" also designates the subdivision of the modern West Iberian group of Romance languages. Galician–Portuguese developed in the region of the former Roman province of Gallaecia , from

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