Misplaced Pages

#22977

37-507: The diversion has damaged wetlands in the region and consequently the expansion project "Vilavilani II" - which would take additional water directly from the Mauri River - has engendered opposition. The canal is known in Peruvian sources as Canal Uchusuma , but also as Azucarero , Alto Uchusuma or Canal Uchusuma Alto . Canal Uchusuma is also the name of a canal near Tacna , which starts on

74-407: A commune that served as the seat of the eponymous department and province . In modern Peruvian historiography, this period is known as the cautiverio . The Treaty of Ancón was signed in 1883 between Peru and Chile, ending the war. Under the terms of the treaty, Chile was to administer the provinces of Tacna and Arica for ten years, taking control of valuable mineral deposits , after which

111-463: A plebiscite was to be held to determine the region's sovereignty. But when the ten years had elapsed, the two sides could not agree whether to include a large number of imported Chilean laborers in the vote. Throughout the administration, Chilean groups and authorities led a campaign of Chilenization in an attempt to persuade the local population to abandon their Peruvian past and accept Chilean nationality. However, Peruvian nationalists ensured that

148-516: A consequence of a contract with the Peruvian government concluded in 1960 devised a plan to extend that canal to the Mauri by pumping water from a reservoir that was to be built on the Mauri, close to the border with Bolivia. The plan was shelved owing to the lack of information on the area and the opposition of the Bolivian government (the reservoir would have extended into Bolivian territory). The Canal Mauri

185-475: A few fertile spots near the mountains. Except for Caplina , no rivers cross the entire province. Tacna has a desert climate ( BWk/BWh , according to the Köppen climate classification ). Tacna was served by a cross-border 1,435 mm ( 4 ft  8 + 1 ⁄ 2  in ) standard gauge railway to Arica , Chile . The line closed in 2012, but as of June 2014, there were plans to reopen it. It

222-567: A large Peru-Bolivian army under poor sanitary conditions the city lost a substantial part of its population to infectious diseases before its capture by Chile in May 1880 following a defeat of the allied army in the outskirts of the city by a Chilean force under General Manuel Baquedano . During the war, the Tacna—as well as neighbouring Arica —was administered by the Chilean Army and incorporated as

259-670: A neo- renaissance Cathedral , the Courthouse , the Alameda Bolognesi and the caves of Toquepala , where archaeologists have found some of the oldest human remains in Peru. The most important festivity in the city is the Semana de Tacna ("Tacna Week"), which runs from August 25–30. On 28 August, a large Peruvian flag is shown throughout the city during the Paseo de la Bandera , which celebrates

296-915: A reputation for its patriotism, with many monuments and streets named after heroes of Peru's struggle for independence (1821–1824) and the War of the Pacific (1879–1883). Residents of Tacna are known in Spanish as tacneños . [REDACTED]   Spain (1542–1811, 1811–1821) [REDACTED] American Union (1811) [REDACTED] Protectorate of Peru (1821–1822) [REDACTED] Peru (1822–1836) [REDACTED]   Peru–Bolivia (1836–1839; capital ) [REDACTED] Peru (1839–1841) [REDACTED]   Bolivia (1841; occupation ) [REDACTED] Peru (1841–1880) [REDACTED]   Chile (1880–1929; administration ) [REDACTED]   Peru (1929–present) Francisco Antonio de Zela ,

333-498: A royal accountant (similar in function to a modern-day income tax auditor), initiated the push for Peruvian Independence from Spain in 1811 in Tacna, leading to a series of commemorative actions for the city, culminating in the 1828 declaration of Tacna as the "Heroic City" ( La Heroica Ciudad de San Pedro de Tacna ) by President José de La Mar . It was the capital of the short-lived Peru–Bolivian Confederation (1836–1839). Tacna

370-462: A yield of 27,800,000 cubic metres per year (0.880 m/s). A publication in 2012 estimated a yield of 42,000,000 cubic metres per year (1.34 m/s). The amount of water withdrawn from the Uchusuma River is large enough that the river only reaches the Mauri during wet periods when the capacity of the diversion is exceeded. This has also resulted in damage to the wetlands that are located along

407-667: Is a diversion on the Quebrada Vilavilani before it reaches the Caplina at Chuschuco, which gives rise to another canal also known as Canal Uchusuma . The water is taken from the Caplina at the Piedras Blancas and Calientes water intakes. Already during Spanish colonial time plans were developed to use the waters of the Uchusuma for irrigation. After Chile had occupied what is now its northern territory and Peru's Tacna Department during

SECTION 10

#1732869043023

444-653: Is also the location of the National Railway Museum of Peru . Tacna is served by the Crnl. FAP. Carlos Ciriani Santa Rosa International Airport , with flights to Arequipa and Lima . Tacna is also served by Peru Highway 1 which heads south to Arica and north to Moquegua . Many monuments are located in this city, including the arch of the Alto de la Alianza and the Tacna Parabolic Arch . Other monuments include

481-562: Is currently a major source of water for the Tacna valley, and most of its water is used for irrigation. The regional aquifer is also recharged from the groundwater. Further plans published in 2015 envisaged the transfer of water directly from the Mauri River (at Villachaullani) to the Calachaca canal and from the Ojos de Copapujo springs by 2017 and from the Chiliculco River by 2019; this concept

518-579: Is known as "Vilavilani II". Hydrological analysis of this concept (along with two planned reservoirs at Chuapalca and Chilicollpa) suggest that the Mauri River would lose about 50% of its flow through such diversions and even more during drought periods. Additional wetlands would be impacted. This has resulted in opposition by inhabitants of affected areas and by the Puno Region . Such water disputes about reservoirs and river diversions have become common in Peru. Minsur 's Pucamarca gold mine lies close to

555-575: The Cordillera Barroso through the 2.2 kilometres (1.4 mi) long Huaylillas Sur tunnel, the water then enters the Quebrada Vilavilani proper. The Canal Mauri has a capacity of 2 cubic metres per second (71 cu ft/s). The Quebrada Vilavilani descends the Andes in southwestward direction, where it has several different names, and ends close to the city of Tacna into the Caplina River . There

592-414: The Puno Region living there. Its economy is based on mercantile activities with the north of Chile (Arica and Iquique ). Since it is part of a duty-free zone, Tacna has come to rival Arequipa as southern Peru's main business area. The city has one of the largest artifact markets in the world with imports from Japan and China , and traditional Peruvian handicrafts. The area is generally desert, with

629-524: The War of the Pacific , it examined the possibility of transferring water from the Mauri River into Tacna to enable irrigated agriculture . Construction of the canal finally began in 1921, over the objection of Bolivia which was concerned about navigation on the Desaguadero River (where the Mauri ends into) being impeded by the loss of water and water supply issues; Bolivia however succeeded insofar as

666-462: The 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) Patapujo I canal, which also receives water from groundwater sources. These canals have capacities of 0.8 cubic metres per second (28 cu ft/s), they collect water from tributaries of the Mauri River to transfer it to the Uchusuma. In 2016 another canal named Calachaca was put into service for the same purpose, since the Patapujo canal was leaky. Another diversion on

703-449: The Chilean propaganda failed and the planned plebiscite was never held. The commune was formally created through a decree on 22 December 1891, taking into account the limits assigned by the decrees of 9 November 1885 and 10 May 1886, and was composed of four subdelegations: El Callao , San Ramón , El Mercado and El Alto de Lima . According to the 1907 census, the population that year

740-508: The Desaguadero. In fact the Mauri is much larger than the Desaguadero at this point, but below the confluence the name Desaguadero prevails. 17°17′46″S 68°36′33″W  /  17.2961°S 68.6092°W  / -17.2961; -68.6092 This article related to a river in Bolivia is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This article related to a river in Peru

777-542: The Mauri River itself was not diverted. In 1929, the Treaty of Lima transferred the canal and Tacna back to Peru, which thus became the owner of the system; further the treaty established that Peru had a right to maintain the parts of the canal that still laid in Chile. An early proposal by the engineer Jorge Vargas Salcedo envisaged transferring 5.8 cubic metres per second (200 cu ft/s) of water 65 kilometres (40 mi) from

SECTION 20

#1732869043023

814-485: The Mauri to the Laguna Blanca northwest of General Lagos on the present-day Peru-Chile border. Laguna Blanca would operate as a reservoir and receive additional waters through 45 kilometres (28 mi) and 27 kilometres (17 mi) long canals from the Uchusuma and Putani rivers, respectively. The plan projected that about 14,000 hectares (35,000 acres) of land could be irrigated at a capital cost of US$ 4,443,020;

851-581: The Quebrada Queñuta collects its water separately in the Canal Queñuta and diverts it to the Uchusuma River. The canal proper starts at a diversion dam on the Uchusuma River and runs for 47.5 kilometres (29.5 mi) (25 kilometres (16 mi) of it through Chilean territory) in a rectangular canal. The Patapujo I canal joins it soon afterwards, and there are two gauging stations there. The path of

888-463: The Quebrada Vilavilani at Chuschuco; this canal is also known as Canal Uchusuma Bajo . The Patapujo Canal is for parts of its path also known as Chuapalca-Uchusuma. According to measurements taken in the years 1936–1956, the amount of water transferred was about 13,581,269 cubic metres per year (0.430 m/s) through both the Canal Mauri and Canal Uchusuma; further measurements in 1952-1972 indicated

925-554: The Uchusuma, as well as complaints by the Bolivian government. Canal Mauri is a transbasin diversion that transports water from the Lake Titicaca watershed to the Pacific slope. The construction of the canals was facilitated by the gentle terrain of the Mauri River valley. Other infrastructure associated with the Canal Mauri are the reservoirs Paucarani (8,500,000 cubic metres (6,900 acre⋅ft)) and Condorpico (800,000 cubic metres (650 acre⋅ft)); they store water for Tacna and

962-433: The anniversary of the reincorporation of Tacna into Peruvian sovereignty and is one of the most important patriotic demonstrations in the whole country. This tradition started in 1901, during the Chilean administration of Tacna, by a group of tacneños who defied the prohibition of showing Peruvian flags imposed by the Chilean authorities. There is an agrarian and industrial fair as part of these celebrations. In September,

999-446: The canal Canal Mauri was modified to reduce seepage losses. Plans to expand the diversion system to the Mauri River itself hit opposition by Bolivia in 2009 and 2010. In 1977 it was suggested that creating a reservoir in the Uchusuma River would increase the availability of water for the system, since the capacity of the Uchusuma diversion is limited and excess water flows past the diversion. The Electric Power Development Company as

1036-616: The canal takes it through Chilean territory from Laguna Blanca along the Arica–La Paz railway southwestward between the mountains Tacora and Caracarani , close to the Canal Uchusuma . It turns around Tacora, crosses the Rio Azufre and ends close to the Peru-Chile border between the mountains Cerro Huaylillas and Cerro Tabajchuno (Paso Huaylillas Sur) into the Quebrada Vilavilani. It crosses

1073-424: The canal, raising concerns about water in the canal becoming polluted and causing an interstate dispute in 2007. The mine with reserves estimated to be 555,000 ounces gold as of 2015 is 0.5 kilometres (0.31 mi) from the canal. Minsur as a compromise undertook a project to cover part of the canal to resolve issues. The first part of this project was completed in 2014 and covered about 840 metres (2,760 ft) of

1110-548: The canal. Tacna Tacna , officially known as San Pedro de Tacna , is a city in southern Peru and the regional capital of the Tacna Region . A very commercially active city, it is located only 35 km (22 mi) north of the border with Arica y Parinacota Region from Chile , inland from the Pacific Ocean and in the valley of the Caplina River . It is Peru's tenth most populous city. The city has gained

1147-400: The creation of the communes of Palca and Sama , which together with Tacna formed a single municipal group; That is, neither Palca and Sama had their own communal government as in most communes in Chile. In 1929, the Treaty of Lima was signed in which Chile kept Arica, whilst Peru reacquired Tacna and received a $ 6 million indemnity and other concessions. The commune ceased to exist when

Canal Mauri - Misplaced Pages Continue

1184-487: The festival of the Señor de Locumba is celebrated, which draws thousands of faithful people from all over the world. 18°00′53″S 70°14′56″W  /  18.01466°S 70.24887°W  / -18.01466; -70.24887 Mauri River The Mauri River is a river of Bolivia and Peru . It rises on the frontier between Chile and Bolivia near Charaña and flows east-northeast for about 100 km where it joins

1221-507: The revenue from the irrigated land would be sufficient to offset the investment. The Canal Uchusuma already existed since 1820; it intercepted water from the Uchusuma River . The Canal Mauri replaces the Uchusuma canal, but according to a report in 1977, the Canal Uchusuma is still used when the other canal is under maintenance. Groundwater wells were added to the system in 1970 and 1995. The Canal Patapujo became operative in 1992. In 2001

1258-441: The treaty became effective on 28 August, in a ceremony held at the home of the prefect Federico Fernandini, in which an agreement was signed between the interim mayor of the Chilean province of Tacna, Gonzalo Robles, and a delegation of Peru headed by Foreign Minister Pedro José Rada y Gamio . At 4 p.m. that day, the Peruvian municipality of Tacna began its functions. Today, Tacna is a mostly commercial city with many migrants from

1295-602: The valley and regulate water flows in the Uchusuma River. Laguna Casiri is an additional reservoir in the system. A series of diversion dams on the Quebrada Casillaco, Quebrada Chungará, Quebrada Iñuma of the Kallapuma River basin (a tributary of the Mauri) are the source of the 44.5 kilometres (27.7 mi) long Patapujo II canal, whose final part has a construction aimed to dissipate water energy. This canal in turn becomes

1332-399: Was known for its mining industry; it had significant deposits of sodium nitrate and other resources. Its economic prosperity attracted a wave of immigrants from Italy . Today, their Italian Peruvian descendants live in the city and many of them still have Italian surnames. This era of successful commerce and agriculture ended drastically with the start of the War of the Pacific . Hosting

1369-432: Was numbered at 10,593 people. During this period, people such as Jorge Basadre and Salvador Allende (as well as his family ) lived in the city. Starting in 1 February 1928, by virtue of Decree with Force of Law No. 8,583 published that 28 January under the government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo , the commune of Tacna was composed of three subdelegations: Intendencia , Comercio and Pocollay . This decree also ordered

#22977