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54-540: Each year, the organization solicited families from the Ottawa–Gatineau region to volunteer for its testing program, which reviewed hundreds of games and toys made available to the Canadian market that year, as well as books authored by Canadian writers. Parents of participating families were required to pay a membership fee and attend a training session. There was often a waiting list of families that wanted to participate in

108-638: A New Englander from Woburn , Massachusetts who, on March 7, 1800, arrived with his own and five other families along with twenty-five labourers to start an agricultural community on the north bank of the Ottawa River ( Hull, Quebec ) at the portage to the Chaudière Falls . The National Capital Region was first specified by the National Capital Act (1985). Ottawa is located in the sub-region of Southern Ontario called Eastern Ontario . Gatineau

162-471: A bilingual population of 496,025, an English-only population of 507,175, and a French-only population of 102,375. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , the Ottawa - Gatineau CMA recorded a population of 1,488,307 living in 604,721 private dwellings, a change of 8.5% from its revised 2016 population of 1,371,576. With a land area of 8,046.99 km (3,106.96 sq mi), it had

216-631: A deep, common, joined bedrock region in eastern and central Canada , the shield stretches north from the Great Lakes to the Arctic Ocean , covering over half of Canada and most of Greenland ; it also extends south into the northern reaches of the continental United States . The Canadian Shield is a physiographic division comprising four smaller physiographic provinces: the Laurentian Upland , Kazan Region , Davis and James. The shield extends into

270-405: A myriad population of other birds, including ravens and crows , predatory birds and many songbirds . The Canadian Shield is one of the world's richest areas in terms of mineral ores . It is filled with substantial deposits of nickel , gold , silver , and copper . There are many mining towns extracting these minerals. The largest, and one of the best known, is Sudbury , Ontario. Sudbury

324-419: A population density of 185.0/km (479.0/sq mi) in 2021. During the decade of 1990–2000, Ottawa was home to several very successful tech companies , including Nortel Networks , JDS Uniphase , and Newbridge Networks . High-tech employment doubled in five years to reach 80,000 by 2001. With Nortel failing to meet high earnings expectations and layoffs starting in 2002 in the wake of the dot-com bubble ,

378-410: A recommended age range for each tested toy, sometimes differing from the age range specified by the manufacturer, as well as battery requirements and how quickly the toy will drain the batteries. The organization also held a toy sale every November, selling that year's tested toys at a discount. It also sold new copies of award-winning toys and games for a discount. The proceeds of the sale, representing

432-498: A single local calling area, with exchange protection measures to maintain seven-digit dialing between the two cities. However, with the implementation of ten-digit local dialing since 2006, this practice has ceased. Despite this, a "dual dialability" system remains for federal government numbers, allowing for seamless communication across the provincial border. Three main daily local newspapers are printed in Ottawa: two English newspapers,

486-582: Is a collage of Archean plates and accreted juvenile arc terranes and sedimentary basins of the Proterozoic Eon that were progressively amalgamated during the interval 2.45–1.24 Ga, with the most substantial growth period occurring during the Trans-Hudson orogeny , between c. 1.90–1.80 Ga. The Canadian Shield was the first part of North America to be permanently elevated above sea level and has remained almost wholly untouched by successive encroachments of

540-623: Is an exception to the normal process of forming minerals in the shield since the Sudbury Basin is an ancient meteorite impact crater . Ejecta from the meteorite impact was found in the Rove Formation in May 2007. The nearby but less-known Temagami Magnetic Anomaly has striking similarities to the Sudbury Basin. This suggests it could be a second metal-rich impact crater. In northeastern Quebec,

594-542: Is an official federal designation encompassing the Canadian capital of Ottawa , Ontario, the adjacent city of Gatineau , Quebec, and surrounding suburban and exurban areas . Despite its designation, the NCR is not a separate political or administrative entity and falls within the provinces of Ontario and Quebec . Defined by the National Capital Act (1985), the NCR covers an area of 4,715 km (1,820 sq mi), straddling

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648-512: Is home to Research in Motion (BlackBerry), and offices for Google , Adobe Inc. , and Microsoft . With companies such as Shopify , Halogen Software , and Kinaxis Inc, all headquartered in Ottawa, as well as over 1,700 other technology companies, Ottawa still has a significant high-tech presence today. The National Capital Commission (NCC) is a corporation established by the Canadian government in 1959 to manage federal buildings and land within

702-735: Is known for its examples of Gothic Revival architecture. Annual events include the music festival Bluesfest , winter festival Winterlude , the Canadian Tulip Festival , Capital Pride , RCMP Musical Ride , Gatineau Hot Air Balloon Festival , Buskers festival , and the largest Canada Day celebrations in the nation. The region hosts several national museums, such as the Canadian Museum of History , Canadian War Museum , Canadian Museum of Nature , Canada Science and Technology Museum , National Art Gallery , and Canada Aviation Museum . Prominent buildings include Parliament Hill ,

756-492: Is located in southwestern Quebec . Although overall Ontario is west of Quebec, the boundary in this region is situated in such a way that Gatineau is north of Ottawa, and northwest of the city centre. The National Capital Region is situated close to where the Canadian shield and the Saint Lawrence Lowlands intersect. The area has several major fault lines and small earthquakes do occur somewhat regularly, including

810-568: Is one of the world's best preserved mineralized Neoarchean caldera complexes, which is 2.7 Ga. The Canadian Shield also contains the Mackenzie dike swarm , which is the largest dike swarm known on Earth. The North American craton is the bedrock forming the heart of the North American continent, and the Canadian Shield is the largest exposed part of the craton's bedrock. The Canadian Shield

864-712: Is part of an ancient continent called Arctica , which was formed about 2.5 Ga during the Neoarchean era. Mountains have deep roots and float on the denser mantle much like an iceberg at sea . As mountains erode, their roots rise and are eroded in turn. The rocks that now form the surface of the shield were once far below the Earth's surface. The high pressures and temperatures at those depths provided ideal conditions for mineralization. Although these mountains are now heavily eroded, many large mountains still exist in Canada's far north called

918-540: Is −14.4 °C (6.1 °F). In Gatineau, the average July maximum is 26 °C (78.8 °F) while the average January minimum temperature is −15 °C (5 °F). Most of the National Capital Region is recognized as a bilingual region for federal language-of-work purposes. In addition, the City of Ottawa has a bilingualism policy, but is not declared "officially bilingual" (which would require amendments to

972-750: The Ottawa Citizen and the Ottawa Sun , and one French newspaper, Le Droit . Proposals have been made to separate the National Capital Region and establish it as a distinct capital district , similar to the District of Columbia or the Australian Capital Territory . These gained attention during periods when the Parti Québécois held power in Quebec, particularly due to the federalist inclination of

1026-598: The 2010 Central Canada earthquake that occurred in Quebec. The Gatineau Hills are the foothills of the Laurentian Mountains and located in the region. The National Capital Region experiences a humid continental climate ( Köppen Dfb ), with four distinct seasons and is between Zones 5a and 5b on the Canadian Plant Hardiness Scale. In Ottawa, the average July maximum temperature is 26.6 °C (80 °F). The average January minimum temperature

1080-492: The 401 near the Ogdensburg-Prescott International Bridge and continues north for 75 km until it ends at the 417 in Ottawa's west end. The freeway section of Highway 7 branches off the 417 in Ottawa's west end near Stittsville and is currently undergoing a 4-lane expansion to reach the eastern fringe of Carleton Place at McNeely Avenue. Public transportation is handled by OC Transpo on

1134-653: The 417 , Ontario Highway 416 , Quebec Autoroute 5 , Quebec Autoroute 50 , Regional Road 174 , and Highway 7 in Ontario. The 417 is Ottawa's east–west commuter expressway. It begins at the Ontario-Quebec border (continuing the route of Quebec Autoroute 40 ), reaches the urban portion of Ottawa at the 417 - 174 split, bisects the urban area, and continues westward to just beyond the city boundary where it gives way to Highway 17 in Renfrew County . The 416 starts at

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1188-464: The Arctic Cordillera . This is a vast, deeply dissected mountain range, stretching from northernmost Ellesmere Island to the northernmost tip of Labrador. The range's highest peak is Nunavut's Barbeau Peak at 2,616 metres (8,583 ft) above sea level. Precambrian rock is the major component of the bedrock. The current surface expression of the shield is one of very thin soil lying on top of

1242-776: The Gillies Grove and House in Arnprior , the Manoir Papineau in Montebello and the Symmes Hotel in the Aylmer sector of Gatineau . The NCR is home to various sports teams, including the Ottawa Senators (NHL), Ottawa Redblacks (CFL), and Atlético Ottawa (CPL). The Ottawa 67's (OHL) and Quebec Maritimes Junior Hockey League (QMJHL). Universities like Carleton University and

1296-620: The Greenland section is included, the Canadian Shield is approximately circular, bounded on the northeast by the northeast edge of Greenland, with Hudson Bay in the middle. It covers much of Greenland, all of Labrador and the Great Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland , most of Quebec north of the St. Lawrence River , much of Ontario including northern sections of the Ontario Peninsula ,

1350-691: The Laurentian Shield or the Laurentian Plateau , is a geologic shield , a large area of exposed Precambrian igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks . It forms the North American Craton (or Laurentia) , the ancient geologic core of the North American continent. Glaciation has left the area with only a thin layer of soil , through which exposures of igneous bedrock resulting from its long volcanic history are frequently visible. As

1404-537: The Ottawa River , which serves as the boundary between Ontario and Quebec. This area is smaller than the Ottawa–Gatineau census metropolitan area (CMA), which spans 8,046.99 km (3,106.96 sq mi). Ottawa–Gatineau is the only CMA in Canada that crosses provincial boundaries. The Algonquins are indigenous to Ottawa-Gatineau. The first European settlement in the region was led by Philemon Wright ,

1458-644: The Sir George-Étienne Cartier Parkway . The NCC reports to Parliament through the Minister of Heritage , and is governed by the National Capital Act. Its headquarters are in the Chambers Building on Elgin Street, between Queen and Sparks Streets. The National Capital Region (NCR) has numerous attractions, including festivals, national museums, iconic buildings, sports, and entertainment. Ottawa

1512-628: The University of Ottawa compete in U Sports , with teams like the Carleton Ravens and Ottawa Gee-Gees achieving national recognition. Gatineau's Université du Québec en Outaouais offers a range of sports activities at its large sports center where you can practice a multitude of sports like Yoga , Zumba and more. Algonquin College has also won numerous national championships. The National Capital Region (NCR) has several major freeways including

1566-738: The Adirondack Mountains of New York , the northernmost part of Lower Michigan and all of Upper Michigan , northern Wisconsin , northeastern Minnesota , the central and northern portions of Manitoba , northern Saskatchewan , a small portion of northeastern Alberta , mainland Northwest Territories to the east of a line extended north from the Saskatchewan-Alberta border, most of Nunavut's mainland and, of its Arctic Archipelago , Baffin Island and significant bands through Somerset , Southampton , Devon and Ellesmere islands. In total,

1620-491: The Caribbean, and Europe. Additionally, it is a key component of some of the nation's busiest air routes, offering hourly flights to and from Montreal-Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport and Toronto Pearson International Airport . The National Capital Region uses 613, 343, and 753 on the Ontario side of the Ottawa River , while 819, 873, and 468 are used on the Quebec side. Previously, Ottawa and Hull operated as

1674-493: The Hull/Gatineau area. However, any potential federal support waned after the 1995 Quebec referendum , where the predominantly federalist vote in Hull/Gatineau significantly influenced the outcome. Recent efforts for a separate capital district haven't gained momentum, with no active movement as of 2024. Canadian shield The Canadian Shield ( French : Bouclier canadien [buklje kanadjɛ̃] ), also called

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1728-589: The National Capital Region (NCR). While the NCR is not a separate political jurisdiction, the NCC has a mandate to develop the region into a source of pride and unity for Canadians by engaging in political, cultural, and land use planning matters that are typically powers reserved for the provincial government under the Constitution of Canada . In the Supreme Court of Canada case of Munro v. National Capital Commission , it

1782-573: The Ontario side, and the STO on the Quebec side. Together they serve a population over 1,130,761 and have an estimated annual ridership of over 113.2 million. OC Transpo operates a light rail transit (LRT) system named the O-Train with two lines in operation. The O-Train Trillium Line is a north–south line using diesel-powered units and has just over 2 million riders per year. The Confederation Line links

1836-976: The Prime Minister's home 24 Sussex Drive , the Governor General's home Rideau Hall , the Canadian Museum of History, the National Gallery of Canada , the Supreme Court of Canada , the Royal Canadian Mint , the American Embassy , and the National Library . There are 29 National Historic Sites of Canada within the National Capital Region, including landmarks like the Former Almonte Post Office and Rosamond Woollen Mill in Almonte ,

1890-472: The Quebec side of the Ottawa River, some routes crossing into downtown Ottawa. Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport serves as the primary international airport for the NCR. In 2023, it accommodated over 4 million passengers, ranking it as the sixth busiest airport in Canada and the second busiest in Ontario. The airport provides non-stop flights to various destinations in Canada, the United States,

1944-756: The United States as the Adirondack Mountains (connected by the Frontenac Axis ) and the Superior Upland . The Canadian Shield is a U-shaped subsection of the Laurentia craton signifying the area of greatest glacial impact (scraping down to bare rock) creating the thin soils. The age of the Canadian Shield is estimated to be 4.28 Ga . The Canadian Shield once had jagged peaks, higher than any of today's mountains, but millions of years of erosion have changed these mountains to rolling hills. The Canadian Shield

1998-426: The bedrock, with many bare outcrops . This arrangement was caused by severe glaciation during the ice ages that covered the shield and scraped the rock clean. The lowlands of the Canadian Shield have a very dense soil that is not suitable for forestation; it also contains many marshes and bogs ( muskegs ). The rest of the region has coarse soil that does not retain moisture well and is frozen with permafrost throughout

2052-731: The bulk of the organization's budget, were used to fund travel to toy fairs in Toronto or New York City . Information gathered at these fairs was used to generate lists of prospective toys to test, which were then requested from the manufacturers. The organization ceased operations in June 2015 after failing to acquire sufficient operational funding and corporate sponsorships. In April 2015, it sold its remaining book and toy inventory. National Capital Region (Canada) The National Capital Region ( NCR ) ( Région de la capitale nationale ), also known as Canada's Capital Region and Ottawa–Gatineau ,

2106-583: The case of polar bears ( Ursus maritimus ), the shield area contains many of their denning locations, such as the Wapusk National Park . The many lakes and rivers on the shield contain a plentiful quantity of different sports fish species, including walleye , northern pike , lake trout , yellow perch , whitefish , brook trout , arctic grayling , and many types of baitfish. The water surfaces are also home to many waterfowl , most notably Canada geese , loons and gulls . The vast forests contain

2160-437: The company started to decline, a devastating shock to the tech industry in Ottawa. Others described it as an 'anchor' for the industry in Ottawa, and an 'incubator' and that without it the Ottawa high-tech industry could not sustain itself. By the mid 2000, other Canadian regions were competing for the title of Silicon Valley North. The term was being adopted to refer to the area between Toronto and Kitchener-Waterloo , which

2214-603: The exposed area of the shield covers approximately 8,000,000 km (3,100,000 sq mi). The true extent of the shield is greater still and stretches from the Western Cordillera in the west to the Appalachians in the east and as far south as Texas , but these regions are overlaid with much younger rocks and sediment. The Canadian Shield is among the oldest geologic areas on Earth, with regions dating from 2.5 to 4.2 billion years. The multitude of rivers and lakes in

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2268-502: The giant Manicouagan Reservoir is the site of an extensive hydroelectric project (Manic-cinq, or Manic-5). This is one of the largest-known meteorite impact craters on Earth , though not as large as the Sudbury crater. The Flin Flon greenstone belt in central Manitoba and east-central Saskatchewan "is one of the largest Paleoproterozoic volcanic-hosted massive sulfide ( VMS ) districts in

2322-480: The highest scores from the children would then be selected by the council's Evaluation Committee for final review. Others received a "not recommended" rating, and those that posed safety risks such as choking hazards were "red flagged". It also reported toys with such safety risks to Health Canada . Every November, it published its annual Toy Report based on these reviews, and also announced the "Children's Choice Award" and "Best Bet" recommendations. The report included

2376-413: The most northerly parts of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. Hydrologic drainage is generally poor, the soil compacting effects of glaciation being one of the many causes. Tundra typically prevails in the northern regions. Many mammals such as beaver , caribou , white-tailed deer , moose , wolves , wolverines , weasels , mink , otters , grizzly bear , polar bears and black bears are present. In

2430-631: The plateau during the Cenozoic Era. During the Pleistocene Epoch, continental ice sheets depressed the land surface (creating Hudson Bay ) but also tilted up its northeastern "rim" (the Torngat ), scooped out thousands of lake basins, and carried away much of the region's soil. The northeastern portion, however, became tilted up so that, in northern Labrador and Baffin Island , the land rises to more than 1,500 metres (5,000 feet) above sea level. When

2484-492: The provincial law). About 19% of the population of the City of Ottawa has French as their first language, while 40% of the total population of the city declares itself fluent in both languages. As for Gatineau , it is the most bilingual city in Canada, above Montreal . About 64% of the population is able to speak both English and French. The National Capital Region includes the majority English-speaking (Ottawa) and majority French-speaking (Gatineau) cores. The metro region has

2538-446: The region is classical example of a deranged drainage system , caused by the watersheds of the area being disturbed by glaciation and the effect of post-glacial rebound . The shield was originally an area of very large, very tall mountains (about 12,000 m or 39,000 ft) with much volcanic activity, but the area was eroded to nearly its current topographic appearance of relatively low relief over 500 Ma. Erosion has exposed

2592-522: The roots of the mountains, which take the form of greenstone belts in which belts of volcanic rock that have been altered by metamorphism are surrounded by granitic rock. These belts range in age from 3.6 to 2.7 Ga. Much of the granitic rock belongs to the distinctive tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite family of rocks, which are characteristic of Archean continental crust . Many of Canada's major ore deposits are associated with greenstone belts. The Sturgeon Lake Caldera in Kenora District , Ontario,

2646-427: The sea upon the continent. It is the Earth's greatest area of exposed Archean rock. The metamorphic base rocks are mostly from the Precambrian (between 4.5 Ga and 540 Ma) and have been repeatedly uplifted and eroded. Today it consists largely of an area of low relief 300–610 m (980–2,000 ft) above sea level with a few monadnocks and low mountain ranges (including the Laurentian Mountains ) probably eroded from

2700-421: The toy testing program. Children, infants to 16 years of age, from about 300 families would play with up to 25 games for 6 to 12 weeks, providing feedback to the organization on the game's assembly, design, durability, function, play value, and safety. Each game or toy was given to six families for testing. Each tested game received a rating from a low of 1 star to a high of 3 stars. The games and toys receiving

2754-548: The western suburbs and the eastern suburbs via downtown, and uses electrically powered light-rail vehicles. The Confederation Line is 12.5 km long with 13 stations, 3 of which are underground in downtown Ottawa. There is a proposed LRT system in Gatineau that would connect with the Confederation and Trillium Lines in Ottawa. Gatineau's bus transitway, the Rapibus , commenced operation in October 2013. OC Transpo has about 1,050 buses which run on city streets and an expansive Transitway . The STO has around 300 buses that serve

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2808-408: The world, containing 27 copper - zinc -( gold ) deposits from which more than 183 million tonnes of sulfide have been mined." The portion in the Northwest Territories has recently been the site of several major diamond discoveries. The kimberlite pipes in which the diamonds are found are closely associated with cratons, which provide the deep lithospheric mantle required to stabilize diamond as

2862-448: The year. Forests are not as dense in the north. The shield is covered in parts by vast boreal forests in the south that support natural ecosystems as well as a major logging industry. The boreal forest area gives way to the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga that covers northern Quebec and most of Labrador. The Midwestern Canadian Shield forests that run westwards from Northwestern Ontario have boreal forests that give way to taiga in

2916-405: Was determined that the NCC has authority to be involved in zoning matters in the NCR. In 2006, the NCC completed work on Confederation Boulevard , a ceremonial route connecting key attractions in the NCR on both sides of the Ottawa River. The NCC River House, originally constructed in 1914, underwent substantial restoration from 2019 to July 2023. It is located adjacent to the Ottawa River near

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