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100-465: The city was founded in 1540 by Spanish conquistadores as San Francisco de Campeche atop the pre-existing Maya city of Can Pech . Little trace remains of the Pre-Columbian city. The city retains many of the old colonial Spanish city walls and fortifications which protected the city from pirates and buccaneers . The state of preservation and quality of its architecture earned it the status of

200-563: A World Heritage Site in 1999. Campeche is (along with Quebec City ) one of the only cities in North America with most of its historic old city walls intact. Originally, the Spaniards lived inside the walled city, while the indigenous Maya people lived in the surrounding barrios of San Francisco, Guadalupe, and San Román. These barrios still retain their original churches; the one in Guadalupe

300-768: A tropical savanna climate , with most rain falling in the wet season from June to October. As of 2010, the municipality had a total population of 259,005. The municipal seat, and largest settlement, is the city of San Francisco de Campeche (often shortened to Campeche). As of 2010, the city had a population of 220,389. Aside from the municipal seat, the municipality has 564 localities. The largest localities are, (with 2010 populations in parentheses): Lerma (8,281), Chiná (5,194), classified as urban, and Los Laureles (2,251), Alfredo V. Bonfil (2,060), Pich (1,756), Tikinmul (1,663), Imí (1,227), Hampolol (1,123), Castamay (1,101), and San Francisco Kobén (1,045), classified as rural. The economy of San Francisco de Campeche

400-749: A culture between the 4th millennium BC and the 3rd millennium BC, settling initially along the Mediterranean coast. Then Celts settled in Spain during the Iron Age . Some of those tribes in North-central Spain, who had cultural contact with the Iberians, are called Celtiberians . In addition, a group known as the Tartessians and later Turdetanians inhabited southwestern Spain. They are believed to have developed

500-468: A first or second language, which boosts the number of Spanish speakers to the overwhelming majority of Spain's population of 46 million. Spanish was exported to the Americas due to over three centuries of Spanish colonial rule starting with the arrival of Christopher Columbus to Santo Domingo in 1492. Spanish is spoken natively by over 400 million people and spans across most countries of the Americas; from

600-411: A fleet of filibusters appeared in the port of San Francisco de Campeche and, although it did not disembark, looted two well-loaded commercial frigates, which barely arrived and then quietly withdrew, without being chased, because that day there was no armed ship in the bay capable of hunting him. The head of this filibuster expedition was called Henry Morgan . A very feared pirate in the town of Campeche

700-663: A joining of forces to attack and conquer the Emirate of Granada. The King and Queen convinced the Pope to declare their war a crusade . The Christians were successful and finally, in January 1492, after a long siege, the Moorish sultan Muhammad XII surrendered the fortress palace, the renowned Alhambra . Spain conquered the Canary Islands between 1402 and 1496. Their indigenous Berber population,

800-402: A magnificent drain system and the rainwater reached artificial reservoirs called chultunes. Edzná had numerous religious, administrative and residential buildings distributed over an area of approximately 25 square kilometers. Of particular importance on this site is the five-story building, which is built on a large platform that gives it great architectural majesty. The "House on the sea"

900-481: A mark of their strong impact during Catholic evangelization in fortified American lands such as the Villa de San Francisco de Campeche. The sobriety of its facades are imposed on the faith when the protection of its faithful was pondering. There is the place known as Acanmul and also relatively close, the archaeological sites of Edzná and Jaina. The city can also be taken as a starting point to visit other important sites of

1000-402: A network of canals drained the valley and the water was taken to a lagoon, which was transformed into dam through retaining walls, while other canals were used to irrigate the fields. This led to an optimum degree of moisture in the soil for intensive cultivation while the canals provided abundant fishing, and were used as communication routes and in some cases served as a defense. The plazas had

1100-489: A people native to Spain . Within Spain, there are a number of national and regional ethnic identities that reflect the country's complex history , including a number of different languages, both indigenous and local linguistic descendants of the Roman -imposed Latin language , of which Spanish is the largest and the only one that is official throughout the whole country. Commonly spoken regional languages include, most notably,

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1200-603: A population of about 5,000. In 1848, during the Caste War of Yucatán , rebellious Chan Santa Cruz Maya conquered the town. It was retaken by the Mexicans in 1902. Bacalar was named a " Pueblo Mágico " in 2006. Between 2005 and 2010 so-called Russian Mennonites who speak German established a colony in Salamanca that had 967 inhabitants in 2010 and 1.175 in 2020. All inhabitants were Protestants and only one of those aged 15 and over

1300-528: A royal identity card in favor of the personal freedom of the natives, and to make sure that their interests were fulfilled, he created a City Hall Mayor for the province of Yucatán. Campeche's position in the Gulf of Mexico made it the main port of the Yucatan Peninsula , standing out as a point of connection with the foreigner, which allowed the economic boom and population growth. From there, from early times,

1400-476: A separate culture influenced by Phoenicia . The seafaring Phoenicians , Greeks , and Carthaginians successively settled trading colonies along the Mediterranean coast over a period of several centuries. Interaction took place with Indigenous peoples. The Second Punic War between the Carthaginians and Romans was fought mainly in what is now Spain and Portugal. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during

1500-445: A significant number of Moriscos — (Muslims who had been baptized Catholic) were expelled by royal decree. Although initial estimates of the number of Moriscos expelled such as those of Henri Lapeyre reach 300,000 moriscos (or 4% of the total Spanish population), the extent and severity of the expulsion has been increasingly challenged by modern historians. Nevertheless, the eastern region of Valencia, where ethnic tensions were highest,

1600-459: A strong boost in the State of Campeche . Underpinning the tourist activity the emblematic places in the capital city are: The centro histórico of Campeche is a beautiful example of a fortified urban center in the viceregal baroque style. It contains many examples of Spanish Colonial architecture , and the fortifications system of Campeche is an important example of Spanish military architecture of

1700-579: A totally independent Suebic Kingdom . In 447 AC they converted to Roman Catholicism under King Rechila . After being checked and reduced in 456 AD by the Visigoths, the Suebic Kingdom survived to 585 AD. It was decimated as an independent political unit by the Visigoths, after having been involved in the internal affairs of their kingdom. After two centuries of domination by the Visigothic Kingdom ,

1800-445: A vibrant sense of life in those who visit them, each street is full of stories and legends. The walls around part of the city are a reminder of the viceroyalty of the 17th and 18th centuries. Religious and civil architecture are merged with civil and military architecture , as modest bastions of faith that protected the population during pirate offensives; Franciscan bulrush churches and baroque altarpieces with Solomon columns leave

1900-517: A village on the coast. This village was Can Pech , the capital of the Maya city-state of the same name. This happened to be the day of veneration of Saint Lazarus of Bardiaboch , which is why Hernández de Córdoba baptized the place with that name. In need of water, the Spaniards landed and supplied themselves from a well. As the Mayans approached, the Spaniards indicated by means of signs that they came in peace;

2000-481: Is almost 500 years old. The modern city of San Francisco de Campeche was founded in 1540 by Francisco de Montejo upon the site of Can Pech , the former capital city of a Maya chiefdom. The city of Campeche was terrorized by pirates and marauders (such as the 1633 Sack of Campeche and the 1663 Sack of Campeche ) until the city constructed major fortifications. The fortifications were started in 1686 and completed in 1704. The Hernández de Córdoba expedition of 1517

2100-474: Is an entire organization that allows nesting and refuge for a large number of bird and mammal species. In the coastal mangroves of the reserve, there are innumerable natural paths that make up attractive routes, in them the sport of fishing tarpon and the observation of birds and other animal species are carried out. The enormous natural wealth of the area, forms the ideal scenario for the development and enjoyment of various activities ecotourism . The city

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2200-652: Is an example of urbanism in a baroque colonial city, with a reticular and regular plan, its urban trace, a model of colonial port cities, reflects the main role that it played as a commercial, religious and military connection point characterized by its high level of integrity and homogeneity. More than one thousand buildings with a historic value have survived as witnesses of space and temporal superimposition of several significant historic periods of Mexico. Spaniards Hundreds of millions of Hispanic Americans of full or partial Spanish ancestry Nationals abroad: 2,183,043 Spaniards , or Spanish people , are

2300-412: Is based primarily on the services sector: commerce, tourism, communications, public administration, public services. There are also various maquiladoras textiles installed in the city, and small and medium-sized enterprises generally associated with the exploitation of primary products, forming the secondary sector. The primary sector persists through fishing activity. In recent years tourism has had

2400-522: Is not collected in Spain, although the Government's statistical agency CIS estimated in 2007 that the number of Gitanos present in Spain is probably around one million. Most Spanish Roma live in the autonomous community of Andalusia, where they have traditionally enjoyed a higher degree of integration than in the rest of the country. A number of Spanish Calé also live in Southern France, especially in

2500-536: Is one of the aspects (including laws and general "ways of life") that causes Spaniards to be labelled a Latin people . Spanish has a significant Arabic influence in vocabulary; between the 8th and 12th centuries, Arabic was the dominant language in Al-Andalus and some 4,000 words are of Arabic origin, including nouns, verbs and adjectives. It also has influences from other Romance languages such as French , Italian , Catalan , Galician or Portuguese . Traditionally,

2600-664: Is one of the best in Mexico. Remembering the "Cruise Poet" Yucatecan , Campeche's deep admirer: "Two things have Campeche that cause admiration: His pickled branch   ... And his rich Cazón Bread." Among its dishes is the seafood cocktail, pickled fish, and Cazón bread. Other dishes include the Sierra Frita, the Pámpano in Verde, as well as appetizers from region such as panuchos and tamales coladas, among others. Pay TV The city of Campeche

2700-471: Is one of the most interesting places in the region due mainly to its fame as a Mayan necropolis . A little more than a thousand human burials have been explored around the site, in which extraordinary pieces of clay have been found that were possibly deposited as mortuary offerings. At the time of their discovery, these pieces helped cultivate a new appreciation of the art Mayan Culture made in mud, since its quality far exceeded what had previously been found in

2800-562: Is served with commercial airline flights at Campeche International Airport . Essentially composed of three pieces, the upper part has its origin in the huipil or mestizo hipil, it differs in that it is embroidered in black and with motifs inspired by the flowers of onion and pumpkin. The suit complements an overflow of Santa Maria; The skirt is of Spanish origin and reaches the ankles is made of calico or zaraza, fine printed taffeta or Spanish brocade. Campechanos like music in all its forms, from romantic serenades to cheerful dances. Gastronomy

2900-618: Is the municipal seat and largest city in Bacalar Municipality (until 2011 a part of Othón P. Blanco Municipality) in the Mexican state of Quintana Roo , about 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of Chetumal . In the 2010 census the city had a population of 11,084. At that time it was still part of Othón P. Blanco, and was its second-largest city (locality), after Chetumal. The name most likely derives from Mayan languages : bʼak halal , (Sian Ka'an Bakhalal) meaning "surrounded by reeds",

3000-411: Is the official state language, although the other languages are co-official in a number of autonomous communities. Peninsular Spanish is typically classified in northern and southern dialects; among the southern ones Andalusian Spanish is particularly important. The Canary Islands have a distinct dialect of Spanish which is close to Caribbean Spanish . The Spanish language is a Romance language and

3100-665: The 1543–1544 Pachecos entrada ). In 1545 Gaspar Pacheco established the Spanish town here with the name Salamanca de Bacalar with the help of Juan de la Cámara . The southern half of what is now Quintana Roo was governed from Bacalar, answerable to the Captain General of Yucatán in Mérida . After pirates sacked the town in the 17th century, the Fortress de San Felipe Bacalar was completed in 1729, and may be visited today. In 1848 Bacalar had

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3200-706: The Almohads , another Berber dynasty, after the victory of Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur over the Castilian Alfonso VIII at the Battle of Alarcos in 1195. In 1212 a coalition of Christian kings under the leadership of the Castilian Alfonso VIII defeated the Almohads at the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. But the Almohads continued to rule Al-Andalus for another decade, though with much reduced power and prestige. The civil wars following

3300-607: The Basque language has been considered a key influence on Spanish, though nowadays this is questioned. Other changes are borrowings from English and other Germanic languages, although English influence is stronger in Latin America than in Spain. The number of speakers of Spanish as a mother tongue is roughly 35.6 million, while the vast majority of other groups in Spain such as the Galicians , Catalans , and Basques also speak Spanish as

3400-506: The Battle of Sagrajas . By 1094, Yusuf ibn Tashfin had removed all Muslim princes in Iberia and had annexed their states, except for the one at Zaragoza. He also regained Valencia from the Christians. About this time a massive process of conversion to Islam took place, and Muslims comprised the majority of the population in Spain by the end of the 11th century. The Almoravids were succeeded by

3500-518: The Campeche Cathedral , the Royal Audience and the houses of the highest-ranking officials. A pillory — a column that served as a symbol of Spanish power and justice — stood in the center of the plaza. The jail, the municipal palace and the defense tower would be built soon after. The market was located around a smaller plaza. The Spanish residents lived and worked near the main square, in

3600-517: The Castilians , Aragonese , Catalans , Andalusians , Valencians , Balearics , Canarians , Basques and the Galicians among others. The earliest modern humans inhabiting the region of Spain are believed to have been Paleolithic peoples , who may have arrived in the Iberian Peninsula as early as 35,000–40,000 years ago. The Iberians are believed to have arrived or emerged in the region as

3700-630: The Catholic Monarchs , generally considered the point of emergence of Spain as a unified country. The Conquest of Navarre occurred in 1512. There was also a period called Iberian Union , the dynastic union of the Kingdom of Portugal and the Spanish Crown ; during which, both countries were ruled by the Spanish Habsburg kings between 1580 and 1640. In the early modern period, Spain had one of

3800-505: The Galicians (who speak Galician , a descendant of old Galician-Portuguese ). Respect to the existing cultural pluralism is important to many Spaniards. In many regions there exist strong regional identities such as Asturias , Aragon , the Canary Islands , León , and Andalusia , while in others (like Catalonia , Basque Country or Galicia ) there are stronger national sentiments . Many of them refuse to identify themselves with

3900-618: The Guanches , were gradually absorbed by intermarrying with Spanish settlers. Spanish conquest of the Iberian part of Navarre was begun by Ferdinand II of Aragon and completed by Charles V. The series of military campaigns extended from 1512 to 1524, while the war lasted until 1528 in the Navarre to the north of the Pyrenees. Between 1568 and 1571, Charles V armies fought and defeated a general insurrection of

4000-609: The Iberian Peninsula and established relatively independent realms in its western provinces, including the Suebi , Alans and Vandals . Eventually, the Visigoths would forcibly integrate all remaining independent territories in the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Spania , into the Visigothic Kingdom , which more or less unified politically, ecclesiastically, and legally all

4100-759: The Iberian Peninsula was invaded by a Muslim force under Tariq Bin Ziyad in 711. This army consisted mainly of ethnic Berbers from the Ghomara tribe, who were reinforced by Arabs from Syria once the conquest was complete. Only a remote mountainous area in the far north retained independence, eventually developing as the Christian Kingdom of Asturias . Muslim Iberia became part of the Umayyad Caliphate and would be known as Al-Andalus . The Berbers of Al Andalus revolted as early as 740 AD, halting Arab expansion across

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4200-648: The Jesuits or the Dominicans were competing for the territory from that point forward. In 1542, the king proclaimed the calls New Laws , which established the freedom of the Indians as subjects of the Crown. Slavery was legally abolished, but would continue by other means. The parcel subject a certain number of peoples to a Spaniard, to whom they had to pay in kind (wax, cotton blankets) and labor. Those who were not entrusted were under

4300-446: The Maya chief asked them if they came from where the sun rises, mentioning the word "castilán". The Spaniards, surprised to hear this word, responded affirmatively, and the chief invited them to his city, where copal was lit. By means of signs, the Maya chief indicated to the expeditionaries that they should leave the city before the fire went out. Meanwhile, Mayan warriors were arriving at

4400-635: The Mediterranean Sea , like other Southern European countries, the land that is now Spain also had contact with other Mediterranean peoples such as the ancient Phoenicians , Greeks and Carthaginians who briefly settled along the Iberian Mediterranean coast, the Sephardi Jewish community, and Berbers and Arabs arrived during Al-Andalus , all of them leaving some North African and Middle Eastern genetic contributions, particularly in

4500-597: The Pontic–Caspian steppe of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago. The Spanish people's genetic pool largely derives from the pre-Roman inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula: There are also some genetic influences from Germanic tribes who arrived after the Roman period, including the Suebi , Hasdingi Vandals , Alans and Visigoths . Due to its position on

4600-660: The Pyrenee Mountains into France. Upon the collapse of the Umayyad in Damascus , Spain was seized by Yusuf al Fihri . The exiled Umayyad Prince Abd al-Rahman I next seized power, establishing himself as Emir of Cordoba . Abd al Rahman III , his grandson, proclaimed a Caliphate in 929, marking the beginning of the Golden Age of Al Andalus. This policy was the effective power of the peninsula and Western North Africa; it competed with

4700-511: The Roman Empire and produced notable historical figures such as Trajan , Hadrian , Seneca , Martial , Theodosius , and Quintilian . The Germanic Vandals and Suebi , with Iranian Alans under King Respendial , arrived in the peninsula in 409 AD. Part of the Vandals with the remaining Alans, now under Geiseric , removed to North Africa after a few conflicts with another Germanic tribe,

4800-547: The Shiite rulers of Tunis and frequently raided the small Christian kingdoms in the North. The Caliphate of Córdoba effectively collapsed during a ruinous civil war between 1009 and 1013; it was not finally abolished until 1031, when al-Andalus broke up into a number of mostly independent mini-states and principalities called taifas . These were generally too weak to defend themselves against repeated raids and demands for tribute from

4900-456: The Visigoths . The latter were established in Toulouse and supported Roman campaigns against the Vandals and Alans in 415–19 AD. The Visigoths became the dominant power in Iberia and reigned for three centuries. They were highly romanized in the eastern Empire and already Christians, so they became fully integrated into the late Iberian-Roman culture. The Suebi were another Germanic tribe in

5000-489: The 17th and 18th centuries. These qualities have earned it the designation of Cultural Heritage of Humanity by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. Its aligned streets allow us to take a tour admiring the decoration of its houses, some of them with strong Moorish and Spanish reminiscences of the 18th century and some modifications of the 19th century. The color of its facades print

5100-583: The 2nd and 1st centuries BC, and established a series of Latin -speaking provinces in the region. As a result of Roman colonization , the majority of local languages, with the exception of Basque , stem from the Vulgar Latin that was spoken in Hispania (Roman Iberia). A new group of Romance languages of the Iberian Peninsula including Spanish , which eventually became the main language in Spain evolved from Roman expansion. Hispania emerged as an important part of

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5200-621: The 2nd and 1st centuries BC. Hispania , the name given to Iberia by the Romans as a province of their Empire, underwent a process of linguistic and cultural Romanization , and as such, the majority of local languages in Spain today, with the exception of Basque , evolved out of Vulgar Latin which was introduced by the ancient Romans . At the end of the Western Roman Empire , the Germanic tribal confederations migrated from Central Europe, invaded

5300-399: The Almoravids, Muslim Berber rulers of the Maghreb . But the Almoravids went on to conquer and annex all the Taifa kingdoms. In 1086 the Almoravid ruler of Morocco, Yusuf ibn Tashfin , was invited by the Muslim princes in Iberia to defend them against Alfonso VI , King of Castile and León. In that year, Tashfin crossed the straits to Algeciras and inflicted defeat on the Christian army at

5400-425: The Christian states to the north and west, which were known to the Muslims as "the Galician nations". These had expanded from their initial strongholds in Galicia, Asturias, Cantabria, the Basque country, and the Carolingian Marca Hispanica to become the Kingdoms of Navarre, León, Portugal, Castile and Aragon, and the County of Barcelona. Eventually they began to conquer territory, and the Taifa kings asked for help from

5500-428: The City of Campeche perfectly disguised. In the city, he spoke with certain slaves to whom he promised freedom if they obeyed him. They accepted his promises and stealing a canoe at night, threw themselves into the sea with El Olonés. The coat of arms held by the city of San Francisco de Campeche was granted in 1777 by the king of Spain Carlos III , being elevated from the title of villa to that of city . Before

5600-424: The Maya. In the second stage (1530-1535), Montejo ventured into the west, where he founded “Salamanca de Campeche” in 1531. Montejo sent Alonso Dávila to cross the peninsula south, where he founded “Villa Real” in Bacalar , but this position soon had to be abandoned. Montejo’s son was defeated in battle at Chichén Itzá towards the end of 1534, after which the Spaniards abandoned the peninsula for five years. In

5700-410: The Muslims of the mountains of Granada. Charles V then ordered the expulsion of up to 80,000 Granadans from the province and their dispersal throughout Spain. The union of the Christian kingdoms of Castile and Aragon as well as the conquest of Granada , Navarre and the Canary Islands led to the formation of the Spanish state as known today. This allowed for the development of a Spanish identity based on

5800-404: The Southern and Western Iberian Peninsula . Within Spain, there are various nationalities and regional populations including the Andalusians , Castilians , Catalans , Valencians and Balearics (who speak Catalan , a distinct Romance language in eastern Spain), the Basques (who live in the Basque country and north of Navarre and speak Basque , a non-Indo-European language), and

5900-460: The Southwestern United States in North America down to Tierra del Fuego , the southernmost region of South America in Chile and Argentina . A variety of the language, known as Judaeo-Spanish or Ladino (or Haketia in Morocco), is still spoken by descendants of Sephardim (Spanish and Portuguese Jews) who fled Spain following a decree of expulsion of practising Jews in 1492. Also, a Spanish creole language known as Chabacano , which developed by

6000-430: The Spanish ethnic group and prefer some of the following: Spain is home to one of the largest communities of Romani people (commonly known by the English exonym "gypsies", Spanish: gitanos ). The Spanish Roma, which belong to the Iberian Kale subgroup ( calé ), are a formerly-nomadic community, which spread across Western Asia, North Africa, and Europe, first reaching Spain in the 15th century. Data on ethnicity

6100-443: The Spanish language and a local form of Catholicism. This gradually developed in a territory that remained culturally, linguistically and religiously very diverse. A majority of Jews were forcibly converted to Catholicism during the 14th and 15th centuries and those remaining were expelled from Spain in 1492. The open practice of Islam by Spain's sizeable Mudejar population was similarly outlawed. Furthermore, between 1609 and 1614,

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6200-470: The Spanish pursued them, killing most of them and wounding El Olonés. Needing to escape, he saved his life through a ploy: he took handfuls of sand, mixed it with the blood from his wounds and smeared his face and other parts of his body. Then, hiding with great skill among the dead, he remained motionless until the Spaniards left the battlefield. When they were gone, he retired to the forest, cleaned his wounds and took care of them until healed and then headed to

6300-449: The State of Campeche . The "Casa de los Itzáes", is a place where we find about twenty monumental buildings that tell us about the concentration of political, economic and religious power that occurred in pre-Columbian times. Due to the type of soil, the valley in which it is located, is flooded in the rainy season and retains high humidity almost all year. To remedy this problem, the Maya developed an advanced system of hydraulic works:

6400-486: The Yucatán Peninsula. In 1526, the Spanish crown granted Montejo the title of "Adelantado, governor, sheriff and captain general of Yucatan". His conquest of Chakán Putum and Can Pech were part of the Spanish conquest of Yucatán , which was carried out in three stages. In the first stage (1527 to 1529), Montejo ventured along the eastern coast of the peninsula with the help of the captain Alonso Dávila , whom he had known since Cortes' expedition, but they were repelled by

6500-407: The area. Part of the urban area of San Francisco de Campeche borders the Los Petenes Biosphere Reserve . Curious circular forms of vegetation have been called petenes where the origin of a source of fresh water, in the middle of an area of salt water, promotes the development of plants less resistant to salt, leading to islets where flora has taken hierarchy around the origin of fresh water. It

6600-405: The attacks, threw the entire load into the sea so that the ship achieved greater speed and, with wind in favor, moved away quickly. Another pirate was El Olonés whose real name was Jean David Nau . He committed innumerable and famous attacks against the Spanish viceregency on the mainland. In a terrible storm, he lost his ship on the coast of Campeche. All the men were saved, but, arriving on land,

6700-566: The beginning of the 20th century. By the end of the Spanish Civil War , some 500,000 Spanish Republican refugees had crossed the border into France. From 1961 to 1974, at the height of the guest worker in Western Europe, about 100,000 Spaniards emigrated each year. The nation has formally apologized to expelled Jews and since 2015 offers the chance for people to reclaim Spanish citizenship. By 2019, over 132,000 Sephardic Jewish descendants had reclaimed Spanish citizenship. The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of

6800-557: The cargoes of the so-called palo de Campeche , also known as "dye stick", a native product of the region that would lead to large estates, among which are counted, Uayamón , Xanabchakán and Mucuychacán, to mention three of them, and also of salt . The port of Campeche also gained fame for its Shipyards industry. The commercial monopoly of Spain , implemented by the House of Hiring of the Indies to their domains, which prohibited them from trading even among themselves and with other nations, led to illegal practices such as piracy . One of

6900-461: The conquest of the rest of Yucatán (1542–1546), beginning with the occupation of Ti'ho , an abandoned settlement of the Mayan Itza people , where the Spanish founded Mérida , the provincial capital, in 1542. The armed conquest was followed by an ideological conquest which consisted of the indoctrination of the Maya people with European cultural ideology, particularly that of the Catholic religion. The first religious order that arrived in Campeche

7000-468: The country declined. By the end of this period, Spain was becoming a net emigrant country. Spanish people, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages: Mesolithic hunter-gatherers , descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic Epigravettian culture; Neolithic Early European Farmers who migrated from Anatolia during the Neolithic Revolution 9,000 years ago; and Yamnaya Steppe herders who expanded into Europe from

7100-422: The current neighborhood of San Román, while the indigenous Maya people lived in the old pre-Hispanic settlements — currently the neighborhoods of San Francisco and Siete de Agosto. The Naboríos, indigenous Mexicans who arrived with the conquistadors, occupied the San Román neighborhood, while the slaves from Africa lived in the neighborhoods of Santa Ana and Santa Lucía. The city served as the base of operations for

7200-464: The current shield was adopted, there was a process to constitute a shield as an officer. The first project was presented in 1772 before the possible elevation to the title of city of the town of San Francisco de Campeche, when requested by the Cabildo de Campeche in a contest for the election of shield de Armas . The first design was submitted by Juan Antonio Rexo and Peñuelas on September 24 of that year but

7300-521: The death of Abu Ya'qub Yusuf II rapidly led to the re-establishment of taifas. The taifas, newly independent but weakened, were quickly conquered by the kingdoms of Portugal, Castile, and Aragon. After the fall of Murcia (1243) and the Algarve (1249), only the Emirate of Granada survived as a Muslim state, tributary of Castile until 1492. In 1469 the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile signaled

7400-533: The dominant culture. The last mass prosecution against Moriscos for crypto-Islamic practices took place in Granada in 1727, with most of those convicted receiving relatively light sentences. By the end of the 18th century, Indigenous Islam and Morisco identity were considered to have been extinguished in Spain. In the 16th century, following the military conquest of most of the new continent, perhaps 240,000 Spaniards entered American ports. They were joined by 450,000 in

7500-645: The expected results, neither did the military garrison to protect the city implanted by Mayor Centeno Maldonado. The constant pressures from other European nations and the continuing uprisings in their Dutch positions made it impossible to adopt new measures against piracy, which remained in full swing. Among the pirates most famous that docked at Campeche are John Hawkins , Francis Drake , Laurens de Graaf , Cornelius Jol , Jacobo Jackson, Michel de Grandmont , Portuguese Bartholomew, William Parker, Jean David Nau , Edward Mansvelt , Henry Morgan , Lewis Scot , Roche Brasiliano and Jean Lafitte . On January 27, 1661,

7600-552: The former Roman provinces or successor kingdoms of what was then documented as Hispania. In the early eighth century, the Visigothic Kingdom was conquered by the Umayyad Islamic Caliphate that arrived to the peninsula in the year 711. The Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, termed al-Andalus , soon became autonomous from Baghdad. The handful of small Christian pockets in the north left out of Muslim rule, along

7700-691: The immigrant population topped over 4.5 million. These immigrants came mainly from Europe , Latin America , Asia , North Africa , and West Africa . Languages spoken in Spain include Spanish ( castellano or español ) (74%), Catalan ( català , called valencià , in the Valencian Community ) (17%), Galician ( galego ) (7%), and Basque ( euskara ) (2%). Other languages with a lower level of official recognition are Asturian ( asturianu ), Aranese Gascon ( aranés ), Aragonese ( aragonés ), and Leonese , each with their own various dialects. Spanish

7800-558: The largest empires in history , which was also one of the first global empires, leaving a large cultural and linguistic legacy that includes over 570 million Hispanophones , making Spanish the world's second-most spoken native language , after Mandarin Chinese . During the Golden Age there were also many advancements in the arts, with the rise of renowned painters such as Diego Velázquez . The most famous Spanish literary work, Don Quixote ,

7900-552: The largest population of people with ancestors from Spain. These include people of full or partial Spanish ancestry. The listings above shows the nine countries with known collected data on people with ancestors from Spain, although the definitions of each of these are somewhat different and the numbers cannot really be compared. Spanish Chilean of Chile and Spanish Uruguayan of Uruguay could be included by percentage (each at above 40%) instead of numeral size. Bacalar Bacalar ( Spanish: [bakaˈlaɾ] )

8000-481: The late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States ). Immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. But Spain's prolonged economic crisis between 2008 and 2015 reduced economic opportunities, and both immigration rates and the total number of foreigners in

8100-650: The measures to stop them was promulgated in 1616 by the Mayor of Yucatan Luis de Céspedes y Oviedo, which involved the creation of a license on the cutting and trade of the Campeche stick, as well Like new taxes. This first measure was insufficient and counterproductive, because far from bringing down piracy, he encouraged it. In 1629, the King of Spain Felipe IV created a navy coast guard to protect trade, but this measure also did not give

8200-875: The mixing of Spanish and native Tagalog and Cebuano languages during Spain's rule of the country through Mexico from 1565 to 1898, is spoken in the Philippines (by roughly 1 million people). Roman Catholicism is by far the largest denomination present in Spain , although its share of the population has been decreasing for decades. According to a study by the Spanish Centre for Sociological Research in 2013 about 71% of Spaniards self-identified as Catholics , 2% other faith, and about 25% identified as atheists or declared they had no religion . Survey data for 2019 show Catholics down to 69%, 2.8% "other faith" and 27% atheist-agnostic-non-believers. Outside of Europe, Latin America has

8300-528: The name of the locality attested at the time of the 16th century arrival of the Spanish . Lake Bacalar , a lagoon, is on the east side of the town. Bacalar was a city of the Maya civilization in Pre-Columbian times, and was founded in 415 A.D. with the name of "Sian Ka'an Bakhalal". It was the first city in the region that the Spanish Conquistadores succeeded in taking and holding, in 1543 (during

8400-419: The next century. It is estimated that during the colonial period (1492–1832), a total of 1.86 million Spaniards settled in the Americas and a further 3.5 million immigrated during the post-colonial era (1850–1950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century, and most during the 18th century as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon Dynasty. After the conquest of Mexico and Peru these two regions became

8500-470: The night of 8 November 1546 ( 5 Cimi 19 Xul , end of the Mesoamerican Long Count calendar ). Montejo’s son and nephew took up arms to end the rebellions the following year. Like most cities constructed by the Spanish conquistadors, the city of Campeche was designed in a standard military fashion based on a grid plan , with a Plaza de Armas near its center. Around this main square were located

8600-485: The place. Based on their recent experience at Cabo Catoche, the Spanish decided to leave. They would later encounter rough seas which caused them to lose the water they had just collected. This in turn forced them to land at Chakán Putum , where a fierce battle between Mayans and Spaniards took place. After the Spanish conquest of the Aztec Empire , Francisco de Montejo requested permission from Charles V to conquer

8700-711: The presence of the Carolingian Empire near the Pyrenean range, would eventually lead to the emergence of the Christian kingdoms of León , Castile , Aragon , Portugal and Navarre . Along seven centuries, an intermittent southwards expansion of the latter kingdoms (known in historiography as the Reconquista ) took place, culminating with the Christian seizure of the last Muslim polity (the Nasrid Kingdom of Granada ) in 1492,

8800-495: The principal destinations of Spanish colonial settlers in the 16th century. In the period 1850–1950, 3.5 million Spanish left for the Americas , particularly Argentina , Uruguay , Mexico , Brazil , Chile , Venezuela , and Cuba . From 1840 to 1890, as many as 40,000 Canary Islanders emigrated to Venezuela . 94,000 Spaniards chose to go to Algeria in the last years of the 19th century, and 250,000 Spaniards lived in Morocco at

8900-505: The region of Perpignan . The population of Spain has become increasingly diverse due to recent immigration. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second highest absolute net migration in the World (after the United States ) and immigrants now make up about 10% of the population. Since 2000, Spain has absorbed more than 3 million immigrants, with thousands more arriving each year. In 2008,

9000-474: The royal jurisdiction and received the name of "peoples of the Royal Crown." The indigenous tributaries of the encomiendas español , continued to suffer a treatment that was practically slavery. The friars of the different religious orders present fought to defend the rights of the indigenous people, preserve their freedom and limit the abuses of the conquerors. Thanks to this, in 1547, Felipe II of Spain issued

9100-583: The same year Christopher Columbus arrived in the New World . During the centuries after the Reconquista, the Christian kings of Spain persecuted and expelled ethnic and religious minorities such as Jews and Muslims through the Spanish Inquisition . A process of political conglomeration among the Christian kingdoms also ensued, and the late 15th-century saw the dynastic union of Castile and Aragon under

9200-465: The sole surviving indigenous language of Iberia , Basque , as well as other Latin-descended Romance languages like Spanish itself, Catalan and Galician . Many populations outside Spain have ancestors who emigrated from Spain and share elements of a Hispanic culture. The most notable of these comprise Hispanic America in the Western Hemisphere. The Roman Republic conquered Iberia during

9300-465: The third stage (1540-1547), Montejo arrived in Ciudad Real de Chiapa ( San Cristóbal de las Casas ) in 1540, where he gave instructions to Francisco Gil to be in charge of Champotón . In 1546, when the conquest of Yucatan seemed to be over, Montejo and his wife traveled to San Francisco de Campeche to meet with his son and his nephew . The Maya had organized in secret, and a great rebellion broke out on

9400-466: The west of the peninsula; some sources said that they became established as federates of the Roman Empire in the old Northwestern Roman province of Gallaecia (roughly, present-day northern Portugal and Galicia ). But they were largely independent and raided neighboring provinces to expand their political control over ever-larger portions of the southwest after the Vandals and Alans left. They created

9500-442: Was Laurens de Graaf or Lorencillo , who was Dutch and had served the king of Spain fighting filibusters. But then he also dedicated himself to piracy. In 1685 he attacked and took the town of Campeche and twenty other towns in the area. He spent two months and captured so many prisoners and stole so many jewels and pieces of silver that filled the cargo of his ship. He was chased by three Spanish frigates with cannons. The pirate dodged

9600-471: Was also published during the Golden Age of the Spanish Empire. The population of Spain has become more diverse due to immigration of the late 20th and early 21st centuries. From 2000 to 2010, Spain had among the highest per capita immigration rates in the world and the second-highest absolute net migration in the world (after the United States ). The diverse regional and cultural populations mainly include

9700-657: Was particularly affected by the expulsion, suffering economic collapse and depopulation of much of its territory. The Islamic legacy in Spain has been long lasting, and among many others, accounts for two of the eight masterpieces of Islamic architecture from around the world: the Alhambra of Granada and the Cordoba Mosque ; the Palmeral of Elche is listed as a World Heritage Site due to its uniqueness. Those who avoided expulsion or who managed to return to Spain merged into

9800-458: Was rejected on October 17 for not being subject to the rules of heraldry . Ramón Zazo and Ortega subsequently presented three projects; the first two were rejected but finally the third was approved in council on November 7, 1777. The shield was approved by his majesty Carlos III of Spain with the certificate of: "the City Title is granted to the town of San Francisco de Campeche." Campeche has

9900-527: Was that of the Franciscans , who arrived in Campeche in 1535. They were soon forced to leave due to a series of difficulties raised by both indigenous and Spanish people, but they returned in 1540. That year, they began the construction of a temple and convent dedicated to San Francisco . The Franciscans evangelized throughout the Yucatán Peninsula with no competition from other religious orders , such as

10000-544: Was the first Spanish expedition to reach Campeche, and its members were among the first Europeans to set foot on the Yucatán Peninsula . The expedition left the island of Cuba on February 8 and reached Isla Mujeres and Cabo Catoche in early March. They continued westward around the peninsula. Bernal Díaz del Castillo was the only member of that expedition to write an account of these events. In his account , he wrote that on Sunday March 22, they sighted and debarked at

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