52-456: Camera Effects was a film opticals ( post-production and visual effects ) studio based in Soho , London, from 1964 till its closure in 1987. It had a world wide reputation for producing film special effects and titles for television commercial and feature film projects. The company produced title sequences for major features such as The Three Musketeers , The Rocky Horror Picture Show , Tommy ,
104-423: A non-linear editing (NLE) system. The advantage of non-linear editing is the ability to edit scenes out of order, thereby making creative changes at will. This flexibility facilitates carefully shaping the film in a thoughtful, meaningful way for emotional effect. Once the production team is satisfied with the picture editing, the editing is said to be locked . At this point the turnover process begins, in which
156-527: A rectilinear subject. Care is needed while performing this task, as the image is reprocessed using interpolation of adjacent pixels, which may reduce overall image definition . The effect mimics the use of a perspective control lens , which achieves a similar correction in-camera without loss of definition. Photo manipulation packages have functions to correct images for various lens distortions , including pincushion, fisheye , and barrel distortions. The corrections are in most cases subtle, but can improve
208-524: A "clone" tool. Removing these distracting elements draws focus to the subject, improving overall composition . Some image editors have color swapping abilities to selectively change the color of specific items in an image, given that the selected items are within a specific color range. Image editors are capable of altering an image to be rotated in any direction and to any degree. Mirror images can be created and images can be horizontally flipped or vertically flopped . A small rotation of several degrees
260-559: A button or mouse button or by selecting an option from a menu. Additionally, some automatic editing features offer a combination of editing actions with little or no user interaction. Many image file formats use data compression to reduce file size and save storage space. Digital compression of images may take place in the camera, or can be done on the computer with the image editor. When images are stored in JPEG format, compression has already taken place. Both cameras and computer programs allow
312-408: A certain range of image editing operations to the raw image format provided by a photographer or an image bank. There is a range of proprietary and free and open-source software, running on a range of operating systems available to do this work. The first of post-production usually requires loading the raw images into the post-production software. If there is more than one image, and they belong to
364-418: A change selectively without affecting the entire picture. Most graphics programs have several means of accomplishing this, such as: as well as more advanced facilities such as edge detection , masking , alpha compositing , and color and channel-based extraction. The border of a selected area in an image is often animated with the marching ants effect to help the user to distinguish the selection border from
416-407: A clipping path to a raster selection. Once the image is selected, it may be copied and pasted into another section of the same file, or into a separate file. The selection may also be saved in what is known as an alpha channel . A popular way to create a composite image is to use transparent layers . The background image is used as the bottom layer, and the image with parts to be added are placed in
468-480: A full-color image. Grayscale conversion is useful for reducing the file size dramatically when the original photographic print was monochrome, but a color tint has been introduced due to aging effects. Image editors have provisions to simultaneously change the contrast of images and brighten or darken the image. Underexposed images can often be improved by using this feature. Recent advances have allowed more intelligent exposure correction whereby only pixels below
520-535: A layer above that. Using an image layer mask , all but the parts to be merged is hidden from the layer, giving the impression that these parts have been added to the background layer. Performing a merge in this manner preserves all of the pixel data on both layers to more easily enable future changes in the new merged image. A more recent tool in digital image editing software is the image slicer. Parts of images for graphical user interfaces or web pages are easily sliced, labeled and saved separately from whole images so
572-405: A mathematical process called resampling to calculate new pixel values whose spacing is larger or smaller than the original pixel values. Images for Internet use are kept small, say 640 x 480 pixels, which would equal 0.3 megapixels . Digital editors are used to crop images . Cropping creates a new image by selecting a desired rectangular portion from the image being cropped. The unwanted part of
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#1732877291937624-454: A number of ways, such as unsharp masking or deconvolution . Portraits often appear more pleasing when selectively softened (particularly the skin and the background) to better make the subject stand out. This can be achieved with a camera by using a large aperture , or in the image editor by making a selection and then blurring it. Edge enhancement is an extremely common technique used to make images appear sharper, although purists frown on
676-407: A particular luminosity threshold are brightened, thereby brightening underexposed shadows without affecting the rest of the image. The exact transformation that is applied to each color channel can vary from editor to editor. GIMP applies the following formula: where value is the input color value in the 0..1 range and brightness and contrast are in the −1..1 range. In addition to
728-415: A physical picture. Clipping paths may be used to add silhouetted images to vector graphics or page layout files that retain vector data. Alpha compositing , allows for soft translucent edges when selecting images. There are a number of ways to silhouette an image with soft edges, including selecting the image or its background by sampling similar colors, selecting the edges by raster tracing, or converting
780-403: A printed image of 4 × 3 inches. Change the resolution to 800 ppi, and the same image now prints out at 2 × 1.5 inches. All three printed images contain the same data (1600 × 1200 pixels), but the pixels are closer together on the smaller prints, so the smaller images will potentially look sharp when the larger ones do not. The quality of the image will also depend on the capability of
832-435: A printed image of the desired size and quality. Pixels per inch of the image, pixel per inch of the computer monitor, and dots per inch on the printed document are related, but in use are very different. The Image Size dialog can be used as an image calculator of sorts. For example, a 1600 × 1200 image with a resolution of 200 ppi will produce a printed image of 8 × 6 inches. The same image with 400 ppi will produce
884-496: A set, ideally post-producers try to equalize the images before loading them. After that, if necessary, the next step would be to cut the objects in the images with the Pen Tool for a perfect and clean cut. The next stage would be cleaning the image using tools such as the healing tool, clone tool, and patch tool. The next stages depend on what the client ordered. If it is a photo montage, the post-producers would usually start assembling
936-423: A specific span of time in a changing natural or artificial lighting environment. Once captured, the exposure brackets are manually blended together into a single High Dynamic Range image using post-processing software. Dynamic Blending images serve to display a consolidated moment. This means that while the final image may be a blend of a span of time, it visually appears to represent a single instant. Controlling
988-549: Is a choice between Clone align or Clone non-align the sample area. In Photoshop this tool is called Clone Stamp, but it may also be called a Rubber Stamp tool. It is possible, using the software, to change the color depth of images. Common color depths are 2, 4, 16, 256, 65,536 and 16.7 million colors. The JPEG and PNG image formats are capable of storing 16.7 million colors (equal to 256 luminance values per color channel). In addition, grayscale images of 8 bits or less can be created, usually via conversion and down-sampling from
1040-462: Is a fundamental workflow that has become the norm for the majority of programs on the market today, and enables maximum flexibility for the user while maintaining non-destructive editing principles and ease of use. Image editors can resize images in a process often called image scaling , making them larger, or smaller. High image resolution cameras can produce large images, which are often reduced in size for Internet use. Image editor programs use
1092-440: Is associated with a cold atmosphere. The choice of music and sound increases the effect of the scenes shown to the audience. In television, the phases of post-production include: editing, video editing, color correction, assembly, sound editing, re-recording, animation and visual effects insertions, combining separately edited audio and video tracks back together and delivery for broadcast. Professional post-producers usually apply
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#17328772919371144-403: Is important if the picture was shot indoors with daylight film, or shot on a camera with the white balance incorrectly set. Special effects, like sepia tone and grayscale, can be added to an image. In addition, more complicated procedures, such as the mixing of color channels, are possible using more advanced graphics editors. The red-eye effect , which occurs when flash photos are taken when
1196-508: Is known as photo retouching , using tools such as an airbrush to modify photographs or edit illustrations with any traditional art medium . Graphic software programs, which can be broadly grouped into vector graphics editors , raster graphics editors , and 3D modelers , are the primary tools with which a user may manipulate, enhance, and transform images. Many image editing programs are also used to render or create computer art from scratch. The term "image editing" usually refers only to
1248-499: Is often enough to level the horizon , correct verticality (of a building, for example), or both. Rotated images usually require cropping afterwards, in order to remove the resulting gaps at the image edges. Some image editors allow the user to distort (or "transform") the shape of an image. While this might also be useful for special effects, it is the preferred method of correcting the typical perspective distortion that results from photographs being taken at an oblique angle to
1300-410: Is part of the process of filmmaking , video production , audio production , and photography . Post-production includes all stages of production occurring after principal photography or recording individual program segments. The traditional first part of the post-production process, non-linear (analog) film editing, has mostly been replaced by digital or video editing software , which operates as
1352-495: Is typically referred to as mixing and can also involve equalization and adjusting the levels of each individual track to provide an optimal sound experience. Contrary to the name, post-production may occur at any point during the recording and production process. Image editing Image editing encompasses the processes of altering images , whether they are digital photographs , traditional photo-chemical photographs , or illustrations . Traditional analog image editing
1404-496: Is used anywhere in the program or the program documentation. Strictly speaking, the curves tool usually does more than simple gamma correction, since one can construct complex curves with multiple inflection points , but when no dedicated gamma correction tool is provided, it can achieve the same effect. The color of images can be altered in a variety of ways. Colors can be faded in and out, and tones can be changed using curves or other tools. The color balance can be improved, which
1456-401: Is used to create and modify vector images, which are stored as descriptions of lines , Bézier curves , and text instead of pixels. It is easier to rasterize a vector image than to vectorize a raster image; how to go about vectorizing a raster image is the focus of much research in the field of computer vision . Vector images can be modified more easily because they contain descriptions of
1508-570: The Superman films and Supergirl . The company was started by Roy Pace using an animation rostrum camera in a basement at 2 Bourchier Street in 1964. It moved premises to 6 Dean Street, then to 147 Wardour Street before finally settling at 8–11 Bateman Street as the biggest optical house in Soho with six camera rooms, an optical printer and two film studios. Film opticals were created using Oxberry aerial image cameras, with "many animation techniques used in
1560-470: The " pseudo-solarisation " effect, better known in photographic circles as the Sabattier-effect . The Clone Stamp tool selects and samples an area of your picture and then uses these pixels to paint over any marks. The Clone Stamp tool acts like a brush so you can change the size, allowing cloning from just one pixel wide to hundreds. You can change the opacity to produce a subtle clone effect. Also, there
1612-457: The "edge" is this may be more or less difficult to do cleanly. For example, individual hairs can require a lot of work. Hence the use of the "green screen" technique (chroma key) which allows one to easily remove the background. Image editors have provisions to create an image histogram of the image being edited. The histogram plots the number of pixels in the image (vertical axis) with a particular brightness value (horizontal axis). Algorithms in
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1664-549: The appearance of some photographs. In computer graphics , the enhancement of an image is the process of improving the quality of a digitally stored image by manipulating the image with software. It is quite easy, for example, to make an image lighter or darker, or to increase or decrease contrast. Advanced photo enhancement software also supports many filters for altering images in various ways. Programs specialized for image enhancement are sometimes called image editors. Graphics programs can be used to both sharpen and blur images in
1716-439: The capability of changing the images' brightness and/or contrast in a non-linear fashion, most current image editors provide an opportunity to manipulate the images' gamma value . Gamma correction is particularly useful for bringing details that would be hard to see on most computer monitors out of shadows. In some image editing software, this is called "curves", usually, a tool found in the color menu, and no reference to "gamma"
1768-551: The company in April 1984, bringing the company back into private ownership for a few years before selling to Rushes in 1986. The Virgin Group bought Rushes the following year, shutting Camera Effects down in 1987 as the industry embraced new digital technologies, keeping the profitable motion control film studio side of the business going. The Virgin Group dissolved Camera Effects on 25 September 2001. Post-production Post-production
1820-411: The complete editing, color correction, and the addition of music and sound. The process of editing a movie is also seen as the second directing, because through post-production it is possible to change the intention of the movie. Furthermore, through the use of color grading tools and the addition of music and sound, the atmosphere of the movie can be heavily influenced. For instance, a blue-tinted movie
1872-502: The different images into the final document, and start to integrate the images with the background. In advertising, it usually requires assembling several images together in a photo composition. Types of work usually done: Techniques used in music post-production include comping (short for compositing, or compiling the best portions of multiple takes into a single composite take), timing and pitch correction (perhaps through beat quantization ), and adding effects . This process
1924-456: The digital editor allow the user to visually adjust the brightness value of each pixel and to dynamically display the results as adjustments are made. Improvements in picture brightness and contrast can thus be obtained. Image editors may feature a number of algorithms which can add or remove noise in an image. Some JPEG artifacts can be removed; dust and scratches can be removed and an image can be de-speckled. Noise reduction merely estimates
1976-628: The editing of 2D images, not 3D ones. Raster images are stored on a computer in the form of a grid of picture elements, or pixels . These pixels contain the image's color and brightness information. Image editors can change the pixels to enhance the image in many ways. The pixels can be changed as a group or individually by the sophisticated algorithms within the image editors. This article mostly refers to bitmap graphics editors, which are often used to alter photographs and other raster graphics. However, vector graphics software, such as Adobe Illustrator , CorelDRAW , Xara Designer Pro or Inkscape ,
2028-408: The image background. Another feature common to many graphics applications is that of Layers , which are analogous to sheets of transparent acetate (each containing separate elements that make up a combined picture), stacked on top of each other, each capable of being individually positioned, altered, and blended with the layers below, without affecting any of the elements on the other layers. This
2080-408: The image is discarded. Image cropping does not reduce the resolution of the area cropped. Best results are obtained when the original image has a high resolution. A primary reason for cropping is to improve the image composition in the new image. Using a selection tool, the outline of the figure or element in the picture is traced/selected, and then the background is removed. Depending on how intricate
2132-407: The local contrasts and sharpening the images. Many graphics applications are capable of merging one or more individual images into a single file. The orientation and placement of each image can be controlled. When selecting a raster image that is not rectangular, it requires separating the edges from the background, also known as silhouetting. This is the digital-analog of cutting out the image from
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2184-638: The parts can be handled individually by the display medium. This is useful to allow dynamic swapping via interactivity or animating parts of an image in the final presentation. Image editors usually have a list of special effects that can create unusual results. Images may be skewed and distorted in various ways. Scores of special effects can be applied to an image which include various forms of distortion, artistic effects, geometric transforms and texture effects, or combinations thereof. Using custom Curves settings in Image editors such as Photoshop , one can mimic
2236-450: The picture is prepared for lab and color finishing, and the sound is spotted and turned over to the composer and sound designers for sound design, composing, and sound mixing. Post-production consists of many different processes grouped under one name. These typically include: The post-production phase of creating a film usually takes longer than the actual shooting of the film. It can take several months to complete, because it includes
2288-469: The print size and quality of digital images requires an understanding of the pixels-per-inch (ppi) variable that is stored in the image file and sometimes used to control the size of the printed image. Within Adobe Photoshop 's Image Size dialog, the image editor allows the user to manipulate both pixel dimensions and the size of the image on the printed document. These parameters work together to produce
2340-439: The process." The combination of an animation stand with a 35mm projector enabled the fast turnaround of film opticals and was a system popular with designers demanding precise title layouts by rotoscoping directly from the animation stand . Referring to her own experience at the company, Janet Yale said "This was before computer graphics and all film effects work was done with chemicals, rostrum cameras and optical printers. It
2392-413: The pupil is too widely open (so that light from the flash that passes into the eye through the pupil reflects off the fundus at the back of the eyeball), can also be eliminated at this stage. Advanced Dynamic Blending is a concept introduced by photographer Elia Locardi in his blog Blame The Monkey to describe the photographic process of capturing multiple bracketed exposures of a land or cityscape over
2444-449: The result as appearing unnatural. Another form of image sharpening involves a form of contrast. This is done by finding the average color of the pixels around each pixel in a specified radius, and then contrasting that pixel from that average color. This effect makes the image seem clearer, seemingly adding details. An example of this effect can be seen to the right. It is widely used in the printing and photographic industries for increasing
2496-498: The shapes for easy rearrangement. They are also scalable, being rasterizable at any resolution . Camera or computer image editing programs often offer basic automatic image enhancement features that correct color hue and brightness imbalances as well as other image editing features, such as red eye removal, sharpness adjustments, zoom features and automatic cropping . These are called automatic because generally they happen without user interaction or are offered with one click of
2548-522: The state of the scene without the noise and is not a substitute for obtaining a "cleaner" image. Excessive noise reduction leads to a loss of detail, and its application is hence subject to a trade-off between the undesirability of the noise itself and that of the reduction artifacts. Noise tends to invade images when pictures are taken in low light settings. A new picture can be given an 'antiqued' effect by adding uniform monochrome noise. Most image editors can be used to remove unwanted branches, etc., using
2600-530: The user to set the level of compression. Some compression algorithms, such as those used in PNG file format, are lossless , which means no information is lost when the file is saved. By contrast, the more popular JPEG file format uses a lossy compression algorithm (based on discrete cosine transform coding) by which the greater the compression, the more information is lost, ultimately reducing image quality or detail that can not be restored. JPEG uses knowledge of
2652-454: The way the human visual system perceives color to make this loss of detail less noticeable. Listed below are some of the most used capabilities of the better graphics manipulation programs. The list is by no means all-inclusive. There are a myriad of choices associated with the application of most of these features. One of the prerequisites for many of the applications mentioned below is a method of selecting part(s) of an image, thus applying
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#17328772919372704-733: Was basically a craft skill, there was no formal training for it." As demand grew in the Spanish and Turkish commercials sectors, Camera Effects set up a production office in Barcelona and an independent aerial image camera unit in Istanbul, with cameramen from London doing 'tour of duties' on a rotation basis. Roy Pace sold Camera Effects to Brent Walker in 1979 who in turn sold on to the Rank Organization in 1981. The company directors (Sheldon Elbourne, Malcolm Bubb, Gary Pearlman and Pat Conway) acquired
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