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44-415: The province was struck by the 2001 southern Peru earthquake , which occurred on June 23, 2001. The province is divided into eight districts (Spanish: distritos , singular: distrito ): The province is inhabited by indigenous citizens of Quechua descent. Spanish is the language which the majority of the population (84.02%) learnt to speak in childhood, 13.30% of the residents started speaking using

88-712: A free port for Bolivia and manages a substantial part of that country's trade. In addition it is the end station of the Bolivian oil pipeline beginning in Oruro . The city's strategic position is enhanced by being next to the Pan-American Highway , being connected to both Tacna in Peru and La Paz in Bolivia by railroad and being served by an international airport . Arica has an extremely dry climate , with almost no rainfall. Even so,

132-607: A 10-month training there for 50 North Americans from the Esalen Institute in California. The Arica School , based in the United States of America, has influenced thousands of people all over the world. The commune of Arica is composed of 19 census districts. Source : INE 2007 report, "Territorial division of Chile" Arica is the economical powerhouse of its region. It is an enormous trade and shipping point and vital for

176-458: A 20 km section of coastline in Camana and as a result over 3,000 structures were destroyed or damaged, around 5,000 acres of farmland were covered in sand. Although great damage occurred to structures in the area, the loss of human life could have been much greater had this event occurred in the summer when the area is highly populated by tourists. Another factor that greatly reduced the loss of life

220-456: A commune, Arica is a third-level administrative division of Chile administered by a municipal council , headed by an alcalde who is directly elected every four years. The 2008–2012 alcalde is Waldo Sankán Martínez ( Independent ). Within the electoral divisions of Chile , Arica is represented in the Chamber of Deputies by Mr. Vlado Mirosevic (Partido Liberal) and Mr. Luis Rocaful as part of

264-429: A hot desert climate , abbreviated "BWh" on climate maps. Unlike many other cities with arid climates, Arica seldom sees extreme temperatures throughout the course of the year and it is also relatively overcast. Arica is also known as the driest inhabited place on Earth, at least as measured by rainfall: average annual precipitation is 0.76 mm (0.03 inches), as measured at the airport meteorological station. As

308-679: A leg of the International Bodyboarding Association's world tour event every year at the notorious "el flops" surf break. The event has been running since 2004. Other attractions include the former house of the Governor, the Former Arica Custom House , railway station Arica-La Paz, the Archaeological and Anthropological Museum of San Miguel de Azapa, Sea and Historical Arms and Arica. For evening entertainment there

352-575: A maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of XII ( Extreme ), based on damage to a road 25 km (16 mi) from the epicenter. Intensity VIII ( Severe ) was recorded in the Arequipa - Camaná - Tacna area, while VII ( Very Strong ) was observed in Arica , Chile , where shaking was also felt in the cities Iquique , Calama and Tocopilla , Chile . The earthquake was also felt in Bolivia . The size and location of

396-435: A rate of about 78mm or 3 inches per year. Southwestern Peru has a history of very large earthquakes. The June 23 shock originated just southeast of the source of a magnitude 7.7 earthquake that occurred in 1996, and it appears to have involved rupture of part of the plate boundary segment that produced an earthquake of magnitude approximately 9.0 in 1868. The 1868 earthquake was destructive in towns that were heavily damaged in

440-649: Is the capital of both the Arica Province and the Arica and Parinacota Region. Arica is located at the bend of South America's western coast known as the Arica Bend or Arica Elbow. At the location of the city are two valleys that dissect the Atacama Desert converge: Azapa and Lluta . These valleys provide citrus and olives for export. Arica is an important port for a large inland region of South America. The city serves

484-624: Is the Casino de Arica. More than 20 km of beaches, many known for the quality of surfing, span across the Coastal Range in the northern sector. The harbored location makes these beaches unique from other cities in Chile in terms of topography. From north to south the beaches are located Las Machas , Chinchorro , del Alacrán , El Laucho , La Lisera , Brava , Arenillas Negras , La Capilla , Corazones and La Liserilla . Passenger train services on

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528-668: The Peruvian regions of Arequipa , Moquegua and Tacna . It was the most devastating earthquake in Peru since the catastrophic 1970 Ancash earthquake and globally the largest earthquake since the 1965 Rat Islands earthquake . Peru lies above the destructive boundary where the Nazca plate is being subducted beneath the South American plate along the line of the Peru–Chile Trench . The two plates are converging towards each other at

572-686: The Peru–Chile Trench where the Nazca Plate dives beneath the South American Plate , the city is subject to megathrust earthquakes . Chilean forces occupied the region following the War of the Pacific . The Treaty of Ancón in 1883 formally acceded the region to Chilean control. The 1929 Tacna-Arica compromise in the Treaty of Lima subsequently restored Tacna to Peru but Arica remained part of Chile. In 1958,

616-469: The Quechua language and 2.57% using Aymara ( 2007 Peru Census ). This Arequipa Region geography article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 2001 southern Peru earthquake The 2001 southern Peru earthquake occurred at 20:33:15 UTC (15:33:15 local time) on June 23 with a moment magnitude of 8.4 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of XII ( Extreme ). The quake affected

660-470: The War of the Pacific . Near to the city center is the Azapa Valley , an oasis where vegetables and, famously, Azapa olives are grown. Economically, it is also an important port for Chilean ore . The semi-tropical latitude, combined with the low humidity and the city's beaches, have made Arica a popular tourist destination. It is also a center of Chilean rail networks with Bolivia . For air travel,

704-807: The "Junta de Adelanto de Arica" was abolished. The Arica and Parinacota Region was created on October 8, 2007, under Law 20.175, promulgated on March 23, 2007, by President Michelle Bachelet in the city of Arica. In 1984-1985, the Swedish metal company Boliden Mineral AB paid a local mineral extracting company, Promel Ldta., 10 million SEK ($ 1.2 million, $ 3.15 million in 2021 dollars) to receive, treat and confine around 20,000 tonnes of smeltery sludge from Rönnskärsverken in Skellefteå, containing among other things high levels of lead, arsenic, cadmium, mercury and iron and smaller amounts of gold and silver. To earn additional income, Promel planned to extract various substances from

748-411: The 1890s. These long-established groups of Ariqueños have been augmented by various later settlers, mostly other criollos and mestizo Chileans from elsewhere around Chile, but also numerous Europeans, who arrived in the 1900s, including more Spaniards arriving from Spain, as well as Italians, Greeks, British, and French. These arrived at different times during the last century. Some Ariqueños, primarily

792-544: The 1st electoral district, which includes the entire Arica and Parinacota Region. The commune is represented in the Senate by José Miguel Insulza ( PS , 2018–2026) and José Durana (UDI, 2018–2026) as part of the 1st senatorial constituency (Arica and Parinacota Region and Tarapacá Region ). Arica was one of the four host cities of the 1962 FIFA World Cup , and it was the venue for a Rip Curl Pro Search surfing event that took place from June 20 to July 1, 2007. Arica plays host to

836-683: The 6600 people that got results back from the Chilean Health Authority, 12.9% showed arsenic in their urine samples. Studies have found very high rates of arsenic related lung cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer and skin cancer in the local population. Other health effects include non-cancerous heart and lung diseases and fertility problems such as low birth weights and spontaneous miscarriages. In 2013, 796 Arica residents, including human rights defenders, started legal action in Sweden against Boliden. The Court of Appeal for Northern Norrland held that

880-599: The Chilean Government established the "Junta de Adelanto de Arica" (Board of Development for Arica), which promulgated many tax incentives for the establishment of industries, such as vehicle assembly plants, a tax-free zone, and a casino, among others. Many car manufacturers opened plants in Arica, such as Citroën , Peugeot , Volvo , Ford and General Motors , which produced the Chevrolet LUV pickup until 2008. In 1975, together with Chile's new open economy policies,

924-620: The European Union Humanitarian Aid Office and the United Kingdom. Arica Arica ( / ə ˈ r iː k ə / ə- REE -kə ; Spanish: [aˈɾika] ) is a commune and a port city with a population of 222,619 in the Arica Province of northern Chile 's Arica y Parinacota Region . It is Chile's northernmost city, being located only 18 km (11 mi) south of the border with Peru . The city

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968-712: The June 23 earthquake. The 1868 earthquake produced a tsunami that killed thousands of people along the South American coast and also caused damage in Hawaii and the only recorded tsunami deaths in New Zealand . The earthquake occurred as a result of thrust faulting along the plate boundary interface. The initial onset consisted of two events separated by about 6 seconds. It was followed by at least one larger complex event occurring about 40 seconds later. The rupture area as determined from

1012-459: The city with an estimated magnitude of 8.0 to 9.0 Estimates on the death toll vary greatly, some estimates have the number at 25,000 to 70,000 people. Others estimate that the population of Arica was less than 3,000 people and the death toll was around 300. It triggered a tsunami , measurable across the Pacific in Hawaii , Japan and New Zealand. As Arica lies very close to the subduction zone known as

1056-572: The city. Following the collapse of Spanish rule, in 1821, Arica was part of the recently independent Peruvian Republic. The Peruvian Constitution of 1823 regards it as a province of the Department of Arequipa . In 1855, Peru inaugurated the Arica- Tacna railroad (53 km long), one of the first in Latin America. The rail line still functions today. The earthquake of August 13, 1868 struck near

1100-540: The claims of the victims were time limited, and the Swedish Supreme Court declined to hear the case. According to the 2017 census by the National Statistics Institute , Arica spans an area of 4,799.4 km (1,853 sq mi) and has 222,619 inhabitants (110,115 men and 112,504 women). The population grew by 20% (37,351 people) between the 2002 and 2017 censuses. Arica is home to 97.7% of

1144-466: The desert and the Peru-Chile border. The Azapa Valley has developed a year-round agricultural economy due to improvements in irrigation and transportation of its products. The villages that make up the commune are Villa Frontera and San Miguel de Azapa. Some hamlets are Poconchile, Molinas, Sora, Las Maitas and Caleta Vitor. Arica was made famous in 1970 by the spiritual master Oscar Ichazo when he held

1188-630: The different ministries of Government to provide aid and relief efforts. Multilateral Organizations including UNICEF, the United Nations and the International Federation of Red Cross and Red crescent societies. In addition numerous governments provided aid in form of either resources or money. These governments include but are not limited to Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, Uruguay, Venezuela, Belgium, France, USA, Canada, Germany, Italy, Japan, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

1232-409: The distribution of aftershocks was 320 km x 100 km. The rupture propagated unilaterally from the hypocenter towards the southeast. The earthquake resulting in many instances of ground failure effects. These ground failure effects included landslides, collapsed drainage banks, ground cracking and more. These failures can have long term effects on the landscape and the local habitats. It had

1276-753: The earthquake and tsunami, mostly in the Arequipa-Camana-Tacna area. Landslides blocked highways in the epicentral area. In Arequipa , up to 70% of buildings were damaged, including many historic buildings such as the left tower of the Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa . Around 80% of buildings were also damaged in Moquegua . In Arica , Chile, 30 people were injured, four of them seriously, and buildings were damaged. The resulting tsunami destroyed over 2,000 buildings, killed 26 people and left 64 others missing Camaná -Chala area. It caused severe damage to

1320-553: The earthquake caused a local tsunami in Peru as well as smaller tsunamis in other countries and on other continents. The magnitude of the local tsunami that was caused by the earthquake was measured as Mt=8.2 by the Earthquake Research Institute and waves from the local tsunami were recorded to be 5 to 8 meters high. Tsunami runup heights near Camana were estimated from field evidence to have reached approximately 7 m (23 ft) at some locations; at other locations,

1364-451: The former plant and the residential area existed at the time. Residents of the new neighborhood had no knowledge about the contents of the sludge at the site, which became used as a playground by children. In the 1990s, many residents around the former plant began to show symptoms of lead and arsenic poisoning. In 1998, the Chilean authorities ordered Promel to move the toxic waste. Promel moved

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1408-552: The frequent maritime winds from the cold waters nearby renders a moderate desert climate. Its mild weather has made Arica known as the "city of the eternal spring" in Chile while its beaches are frequented by Bolivian society. The city was an important port already during Spanish colonial rule . Chile seized the city from Peru in 1880 during the War of the Pacific , being recognized as Chilean by Peru in 1929 . A substantial part of African Chileans live in or trace their origins to Arica. Archaeological findings indicate that Arica

1452-467: The indigenous Amerindians, but also the afro-descendants, share cultural affinities to counterpart populations in neighbouring border areas of Peru, and more distantly, Bolivia. The urban area of Arica has 175,441 inhabitants in an area of 41.89 km . Arica in 2007 had more than 185,000 inhabitants (not counting the inhabitants of the valleys and Lluta Azapa, with that reach almost to the 194.000 inhabitants). The growing city of Arica spreads outward into

1496-461: The maritimal access of Bolivia . The Morro de Arica is a tall, nearly-vertical rock formation and hill located in the city, situated approximately 139 meters above sea level. It was the last bulwark of defense for the Peruvian troops who garrisoned the city. It was attacked and captured on 7 June 1880 by Chilean troops, as the final effort of their Campaña del Desierto ( Desert Campaign ) during

1540-557: The region is serviced by Chacalluta International Airport . Arica has strong ties with the city of Tacna , Perú . Many people cross the border daily as they travel between the two cities, partially due to the many services (for example, dentists, doctors, etc.) that are cheaper in Perú. Arica is connected to both Tacna and to La Paz via separate railroad lines. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Arica has

1584-444: The sludge to a walled area on the other side of a nearby hill and covered the material with a plastic mat. It was supposed to be a temporary storage site, yet the material remains there to this day. Cleanup of the remaining parts of Sitio F finished as late as 2010. Even after the removal of the sludge, the health effects on the local population continue to be devastating. Almost 8,000 residents were tested for toxic substances in 2010. Of

1628-543: The third and last shipment of sludge arrived to Promel's plant in Arica in July 1985, contact between Boliden and Promel ceased. In the late 1980s, Promel ceased all activities at Sitio F for unknown reasons and abandoned the remaining 10,000 tons of the highly toxic smelting sludge out in the open exposed to the elements. The area surrounding the plant was later used by the local authorities to build state-sponsored social housing aimed at low-income families. No physical barrier between

1672-756: The total population of the region. The population of Arica is made up of various long-established groups in the region, and other more recent arrivals settled at differing times. Among the long-established groups, the oldest consists of indigenous Amerindians , such as the Aymara , whose presence in the region is of several millennia. These are followed by the second oldest, the local colonial-era groups, which includes local mestizos (of mixed Spanish-Amerindian origin), local criollos (whites of colonial Spanish origin), and local afrodescendants of colonial-era slaves. The third oldest group consists of early post-colonial Chinese Chileans who first arrived as miners and rail workers in

1716-661: The tsunami inundation distance extended more than 1 km inland from the coast. Tsunami wave heights (peak-to-trough) recorded from selected tide stations: 2.5 m (8.2 ft) at Arica ; 1.5 m (4.9 ft) at Iquique ; 1.0 m (3.3 ft) at Coquimbo , Chile. Other areas that also recorded tsunamis associated with the earthquake include the Galapagos Islands, Mexico, California, Hawaii, Alaska, Fiji, Samoan Islands, Japan, New Zealand, Tonga, and Russia. At least 74 people were killed, 3,812 others were injured, 22,052 homes were destroyed and 33,570 homes damaged by

1760-564: The waste at its processing plant at Sitio F in the outskirts of Arica. The end products were mainly raw arsenic and iron-silver-gold oxides. The first shipment arrived in Arica in August 1984 and the processing of 500 kg test batches in October 1984 gave positive results with oversight from an official from the Chilean Health Authority in Santiago . After the sludge processing had begun at large scale and

1804-657: Was inhabited by different native groups dating back 10,000 years. These people are the first known culture to mummify their dead, predating the Egyptians by 2,000 years, and their mummies have been discovered as recently as 2004 and buried as shallow as <1 meter beneath the city's surface. Spaniards settled the land under captain Lucas Martinez de Begazo in 1541, and in 1570, the area was grandly retitled as "La Muy Ilustre y Real Ciudad San Marcos de Arica" (the very illustrious and royal city of San Marcos of Arica). By 1545, Arica

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1848-496: Was particularly concerning due to the weather being able to go below freezing temperatures in some of the areas. After a state of emergency was declared in some affected areas on the 24th of June, International assistance was requested by the Government of Peru and a total of $ 215 million was allocated with $ 70 million going to relief and $ 140 million going to reconstruction. Most of the funds were gotten from loans and were split between

1892-537: Was the fact that a majority of the population is knowledgeable about earthquakes and their resulting tsunamis. Many of the residents who felt the earthquake and noticed the receding water evacuated to higher ground to avoid the tsunami. The Government of Peru and the National Institute of Civil Defence (INDECI) were at the center of relief efforts after the earthquake and tsunami. At least 36,000 homes were damaged with another minimum of 24,000 homes destroyed. This

1936-581: Was the main export entrepot for Bolivian silver coming down from Potosí , which then possessed the world's largest silver mine . Arica thus held a crucial role as one of the leading ports of the Spanish Empire . These enviable riches made Arica the target for pirates , buccaneers , and privateers , among whom Francis Drake , Thomas Cavendish , Richard Hawkins , Joris van Spilbergen , John Watling , Baltazar de Cordes , Bartholomew Sharp , William Dampier , and John Clipperton all took part in looting

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