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35-413: The Caldas Novas State Park is in the municipalities of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente , Goiás. It has an area of 12,315 hectares (30,430 acres). The park is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the municipal center of Caldas Novas, and 174 kilometres (108 mi) from Goiânia . It protects a remnant of the cerrado biome surrounded by farms and urban areas. The park is elliptical, covering the large plateau of

70-569: A country's development status. They conclude that 11%, 21% and 34% of all countries can be interpreted as currently misclassified in the development bins due to the three sources of data error, respectively. Wolff, Chong and Auffhammer suggest that the United Nations should discontinue the practice of classifying countries into development bins because the cut-off values seem arbitrary, and the classifications can provide incentives for strategic behavior in reporting official statistics, as well as having

105-468: A depth of 1,000 metres (3,300 ft) it is 50 °C (122 °F) warmer than the average surface temperature. It then migrates up to the surface through fractures to form thermal springs. A 2005 study noted that the thermal aquifer water levels were dropping quickly due to excessive pumping by tubular wells. The park is open from 8:00 to 17:00 Tuesday to Sunday. There is a small entrance fee. There are two official trails with waterfalls, one trail through

140-526: A number of grounds, including focusing exclusively on national performance and ranking, lack of attention to development from a global perspective, measurement error of the underlying statistics, and on the UNDP's changes in formula which can lead to severe misclassification of "low", "medium", "high" or "very high" human development countries. There have also been various criticism towards the lack of consideration regarding sustainability (which later got addressed by

175-530: A period of 14 daily hours. The temperature of the water varies between 34 and 57 °C. The first references to the hot water of this region were published in Spain in 1545. In 1722, Bartolomeu Bueno da Silva , son of the famous bandeirante , Anhangüera, turning off the trail blazed by his father years before, discovered the thermal springs that form the Rio Quente. These were called Caldas Velhas and were located in

210-403: Is an accepted version of this page The Human Development Index ( HDI ) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy , education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system ), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development . A country scores a higher level of HDI when

245-454: Is best taken in the morning. From the waterfall some steep steps lead to the Paredão lookout, which gives a 360º view of the city. The short Diversiflora trail gives an interesting guide to the vegetation of the cerrado. Caldas Novas Caldas Novas ( Portuguese: [kawˈdɐz ˈnɔvɐs] ) is a Brazilian municipality in the state of Goiás . It is the largest hydro-thermal resort in

280-412: Is considered central — someone choosing to be hungry (e.g. when fasting for religious reasons ) is considered different from someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food, or because the country is going through a famine . The index does not take into account several factors, such as the net wealth per capita or the relative quality of goods in a country. This situation tends to lower

315-471: Is one of the most important sources of recharge of the hydrothermal aquifers that are the main tourist attractions of the Caldas Novas and Rio Quente region. The municipalities of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente form the largest thermal waters tourist complex in the world. Groundwater from the plateau infiltrates through the soil and through faulted and fractured rocks, gradually warming as it sinks deeper, until at

350-408: Is stored in a layer of quartzite and due to pressure is sent to the surface in a column 600 meters. The suspicion that the cold water of the reservoir of Usina Corumbá I could infiltrate the thermal watertable of Caldas Novas and Rio Quente has no basis, since the waters of the lake are at an elevation of 595 meters, well below the source of the water, at 644 meters. The municipality contains part of

385-643: Is the year when the report was published. The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific , published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countries. The Human Development Index has been criticized on

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420-516: The lifespan is higher, the education level is higher, and the gross national income GNI (PPP) per capita is higher. It was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq and was further used to measure a country's development by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)'s Human Development Report Office. The 2010 Human Development Report introduced an inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI). While

455-481: The lowest and highest values the variable x {\displaystyle x} can attain, respectively. The Human Development Index (HDI) then represents the uniformly weighted sum with 1 ⁄ 3 contributed by each of the following factor indices: The Human Development Report 2023/24 by the United Nations Development Programme was released on 13 March 2024; the report calculates HDI values based on data collected in 2022. Ranked from 1 to 69 in

490-488: The planetary pressures-adjusted HDI ), social inequality (which got addressed by the inequality-adjusted HDI ), unemployment or democracy . Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They have identified three sources of data error which are: (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresholds to classify

525-635: The 12,315 hectares (30,430 acres) Caldas Novas State Park which protects the Serra de Caldas plateau region that is the main source of water for the geothermal aquifers of the region. Ecotourism is also present at Caldas Novas as the city is located near the Corumbá River and the Caldas Novas State Park. In the surrounding area there is a lake - Lago de Piratininga - with boiling water; a reservoir called Lago de Corumbá with 64 square kilometers damming

560-1222: The 2010 Human Development Report calculated the HDI combining three dimensions: In its 2010 Human Development Report, the UNDP began using a new method of calculating the HDI. The following three indices are used: 1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI) = LE − 20 85 − 20 = LE − 20 65 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{85-20}}={\frac {{\textrm {LE}}-20}{65}}} 2. Education Index (EI) = MYSI + EYSI 2 {\displaystyle ={\frac {{\textrm {MYSI}}+{\textrm {EYSI}}}{2}}} 3. Income Index (II) = ln ⁡ ( GNIpc ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) ln ⁡ ( 75 , 000 ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) = ln ⁡ ( GNIpc ) − ln ⁡ ( 100 ) ln ⁡ ( 750 ) {\displaystyle ={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(75,000)-\ln(100)}}={\frac {\ln({\textrm {GNIpc}})-\ln(100)}{\ln(750)}}} Finally,

595-460: The Corumbá; and another river - the Rio Quente - which has natural warm water. One of the largest hotwater resort complexes in the world - Rio Quente Resorts - is located 20 kilometers to the west of Caldas in the municipality of Rio Quente . With seven hotels, a convention center, and 500 square kilometres of space it receives more than 1 million tourists a year. Human Development Index This

630-522: The HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices: LE: Life expectancy at birth MYS: Mean years of schooling (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in formal education) EYS: Expected years of schooling (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children under 18 years of age, incl. young men and women aged 13–17) GNIpc: Gross national income at purchasing power parity per capita The HDI combined three dimensions last used in its 2009 report: This methodology

665-828: The Serra de Caldas and its sides, which form natural walls. The Serra is also called the Caldas Ridge or the Structural Dome of Caldas. It rises to about 1,000 metres (3,300 ft), although the surrounding terrain is at about 600 metres (2,000 ft). The Caldas Novas State Park was created by law 7.282 on 25 September 1970. Its objectives are to preserve the fauna, flora, springs and their surroundings, to protect natural sites of ecological and touristic importance, and to support managed use for leisure, education and scientific research. Decree 1.531 of 21 July 1978 gave administrative responsibility to FEMAGO, now SEMARH. In 1998 funding from Furnas Centrais Elétricas in compensation for

700-495: The Wolff et al. paper. The Human Development Report Office states that they undertook a systematic revision of the methods used for the calculation of the HDI, and that the new methodology directly addresses the critique by Wolff et al. in that it generates a system for continuously updating the human-development categories whenever formula or data revisions take place. In 2013, Salvatore Monni and Alessandro Spaventa emphasized that in

735-436: The cerrado vegetation, and three look-outs with a panoramic view of the city of Caldas Novas. All the trails are easy, but may be hot. The Cascatinha waterfall trail is less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) and leads to a waterfall where visitors may swim or jump from the top of the falls. The Cascatinha lookout on this trail gives a beautiful view. The Paredão waterfall trail is 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) and has little shade, so

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770-420: The environmental impact of the Corumbá I Hydroelectric Power Plant was used to build infrastructure. This included the administrative headquarters, visitors' center and accommodation for researchers and guards. The park opened to visitors on 14 March 1999 on an experimental basis. All visitors had to be accompanied by guides. The buffer zone was established by administrative rule 69/2014. The Serra de Caldas

805-416: The focus of development economics from national income accounting to people-centered policies ". He believed that a simple composite measure of human development was needed to convince the public, academics and politicians that they can, and should, evaluate development not only by economic advances but also improvements in human well-being . Published on 4 November 2010 (and updated on 10 June 2011),

840-417: The hot water is produced by peculiar geological and topographic characteristics. For years it was thought that a volcano had existed in the area in whose crater rainwater infiltrated, heating at great depths and then returning to the surface by way of cracks in the rock. More modern studies show that there is no indication of volcanic activity in the region. Studies show that the water is formed by rainfall that

875-437: The land and established a ranch on the left bank of the river, which he named "Fazenda das Caldas". Gold was found in small quantities attracting prospectors and others in search of cures in the hot waters. In 1850 another settlement arose on the right bank of the river near the hot springs, where a church was soon built. In 1857 Caldas Novas became a district and in 1911 it became a municipality. The main source of income of

910-467: The municipal seat there are the "povoados" (villages) of Nossa Senhora de Fátima and Vila de Furnas; and the "aglomerados" (hamlets) of Junqueilândia, Paraíso and Sapé. In 1777 Martinho Coelho and Gustavo- Mauricio Silva De Carvalho Alves discovered the hot water springs that became known as Caldas de Piratinga, later changing the name to Caldas, on the banks of the Caldas River . The discover registered

945-445: The municipality is tourism. Caldas Novas is known throughout Brazil as one of the largest hydrothermal resorts in the world so in the high season the city receives as many as 100,000 tourists and at carnival as many as 300,000 people. Almost two thousand people are employed in this sector. The infrastructure of the city has more than 80 hotels and pensions (12,000 beds), (many with heated swimming pools and all with hot water produced by

980-616: The natural thermal system), chalets, clubs, nightclubs, bars and restaurants. (All data are from Sepin/IBGE) Economic Data (2007) Main agricultural products in ha.(2006) Farm Data (2006)in ha. In the United Nations Human Development Index Caldas Novas had a rating of 0.802,which ranked it 10 out of a total of 242 municipalities in the state of Goiás . Nationally it was ranked 533 out of 5,507 municipalities. In Caldas Novas there are 86 active wells, pumping an average of 1,200 m³ an hour, in

1015-528: The place where the Rio Quente Resorts is now located. The most important study about the thermal ism of Caldas Novas and the Rio Quente was carried out by the state enterprise Furnas Centrais Elétricas, due to the possible influence of the Usina Hidrelétrica Corumbá I dam on the thermal water table of the region, which would be under the risk of cooling. According to Furnas, the phenomenon of

1050-510: The potential to misguide politicians, investors, charity donors and the public who use the HDI at large. In 2010, the UNDP reacted to the criticism by updating the thresholds to classify nations as low, medium, and high human development countries. In a comment to The Economist in early January 2011, the Human Development Report Office responded to an article published in the magazine on 6 January 2011 which discusses

1085-447: The ranking of some of the most developed countries , such as the G7 members and others. The origins of the HDI are found in the annual Human Development Reports produced by the Human Development Report Office of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). These annual reports were devised and launched by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul-Haq in 1990, and had the explicit purpose "to shift

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1120-771: The simple HDI remains useful, it stated that "the IHDI is the actual level of human development (accounting for this inequality ), while the HDI can be viewed as an index of 'potential' human development (or the maximum level of HDI) that could be achieved if there was no inequality." The index is based on the human development approach, developed by Mahbub ul-Haq, anchored in Amartya Sen 's work on human capabilities, and often framed in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable things in life. Examples include — being: well-fed, sheltered, and healthy; doing: work, education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice

1155-516: The world. Caldas Novas is located 170 km south of state capital, Goiânia . It belongs to the Meia Ponte Microregion , which has 338,147 inhabitants (2007) in 21 cities and a total area of 21,229.00 km . Highway connections are made by BR-352 / Bela Vista de Goiás / GO-147 / Piracanjuba / GO-217 / GO-139 / GO-213. Neighboring municipalities are: The city and region are served by Nelson Ribeiro Guimarães Airport . Besides

1190-493: The year 2022, the following countries are considered to be of "very high human development": The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest sixteen times, Canada eight times, and Switzerland, Japan, and Iceland have each ranked twice. The year represents the time period from which the statistics for the index were derived. In parentheses

1225-556: Was used by the UNDP until their 2011 report. The formula defining the HDI is promulgated by the United Nations Development Programme ( UNDP ). In general, to transform a raw variable , say x {\displaystyle x} , into a unit-free index between 0 and 1 (which allows different indices to be added together), the following formula is used: where a {\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} are

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