The Fokker F27 Friendship is a turboprop airliner developed and manufactured by the Dutch aircraft manufacturer Fokker . It is the most numerous post-war aircraft manufactured in the Netherlands; the F27 was also one of the most successful European airliners of its era.
111-470: Baucau Airport ( Portuguese : Aeroporto de Baucau , Tetum : Aeroportu Baukau , IATA : BCH , ICAO : WPEC ), formerly Cakung Airport , is an unattended and mostly unused airport near Baucau , East Timor . It is the largest airport in East Timor and has a much longer runway than Dili 's Presidente Nicolau Lobato International Airport , long enough to handle large commercial airliners. The airport
222-694: A coup d'état attempt in Dili and seized several strategic locations there, including Dili airport. An Australian TAT pilot, Roger Rudduck, who was involved in the coup, then sent radio messages for the UDT coup organisers from the Dili airport control tower to the Commander of RAAF Base Darwin and the Flight Services Unit at Darwin Airport. The messages advised that there had been a coup in Dili, and that it would be unsafe for
333-793: A Bilateral Defense Dialogue, the government of East Timor asked the government of United States to assist with the rehabilitation of the airport. The request was approved at a meeting of the United States Indo-Pacific Command in Hawaii, but certain critics of the proposed project suggested that it was an attempt by the United States to set up a military base in Baucau. In March 2021, when the newly appointed United States Ambassador to East Timor , C. Kevin Blackstone , presented his credentials to
444-512: A form of Romance called Mozarabic which introduced a few hundred words from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Berber. Like other Neo-Latin and European languages, Portuguese has adopted a significant number of loanwords from Greek , mainly in technical and scientific terminology. These borrowings occurred via Latin, and later during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Portuguese evolved from
555-461: A future priority, due to its long−term potential for tourism and freight transport. In 2006, the government of Portugal chartered a Lockheed L-1011 TriStar operated by EuroAtlantic Airways to fly Republican Guards into Baucau Airport at the request of the government of East Timor, to assist in responding to that year's security crisis . The operator temporarily based a crew in Singapore, and flew
666-607: A large part of the diaspora is a part of the already-counted population of the Portuguese-speaking countries and territories, such as the high number of Brazilian and PALOP emigrant citizens in Portugal or the high number of Portuguese emigrant citizens in the PALOP and Brazil. The Portuguese language therefore serves more than 250 million people daily, who have direct or indirect legal, juridical and social contact with it, varying from
777-479: A longer fatigue life, improved aerodynamics, and a lighter structure; Fokker became the first such company after de Havilland to employ such means. In 1953, the proposed airliner received the name Friendship . A total of four prototypes were produced, two of these being flyable aircraft that were used for the test flight programme and were paid for by the Netherlands Institute of Aircraft Development ;
888-425: A military base there; he said that East Timor did not need Baucau to be a military base, and that the United States, as the world's leading military power, did not need Baucau as a military base. Soon afterwards, the rehabilitation project was the subject of a lengthy analysis by Fundasaun Mahein, an East Timorese think tank specialising in security sector monitoring, research and advocacy. Fundasaun Mahein felt that
999-644: A mixture of ATR 42 and ATR 72 aircraft by the end of 2009, the last of these aircraft were subsequently donated to the Hickory Aviation Museum . As of July 2010 a total of 65 F27s were in commercial service with almost 30 different airlines. By July 2013, only 25 Friendships remained in service, operated by 13 different airlines; most of these were F27-500s, with two -400s and a solitary -600 series aircraft in service. Italian cargo airline MiniLiner operated six F27s and Air Panama had four in its fleet. The United States Army Parachute Team has operated
1110-624: A native language by vast majorities due to their Portuguese colonial past or as a lingua franca in bordering and multilingual regions, such as on the Brazilian borders of Uruguay and Paraguay and in regions of Angola and Namibia. In many other countries, Portuguese is spoken by majorities as a second language. There remain communities of thousands of Portuguese (or Creole ) first language speakers in Goa , Sri Lanka , Kuala Lumpur , Daman and Diu , and other areas due to Portuguese colonization . In East Timor,
1221-438: A pragmatic and nuanced foreign policy which avoids "choosing sides" and maintains friendly relations with all countries which are interested to partner with us." Additionally, Fundasaun Mahein noted that many saw the Baucau region as having significant potential for agriculture, tourism and industrial development. The airport was therefore considered highly strategic not only for both civilian and military use, but also for enabling
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#17330853134531332-406: A relatively modern control tower . However, it was not fitted with major communications equipment or lighting, and ATC personnel were not stationed on site. If the airport's facilities were rehabilitated, the airport could service any passenger aircraft. As of 2022, the airport was mostly unused. The runway pavement was not being properly maintained, and could not support jet flights. Aero Dili
1443-561: A runway sweeper, and other support vehicles and airport security equipment. The aircraft will come with high-tech cameras the F-FDTL can use to monitor Timor-Leste's territorial waters as well as respond to natural disasters." On 12 July 2021, at a ceremony at the airport, the Prime Minister and the Ambassador laid the foundation stone for the rehabilitation project. In his speech at the ceremony,
1554-533: A time. Due to the political circumstances in Portuguese Timor, the very last such flight was on 7 August 1975. An F27 was due to land in Baucau from Darwin on 11 August 1975, with Fretilin political party leader José Ramos-Horta aboard. On the evening of 10 August 1975, however, an opposing political party, the Timorese Democratic Union (Portuguese: União Democrática Timorense (UDT)), staged
1665-413: A total of four flights into Baucau, using an improvised communication system: a combination of the control tower at Dili Airport and two helicopters, an Australian Black Hawk and a United Nations Mi-8 . In October 2008, 5th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment deployed to East Timor, as Timor Leste Battle Group 5 on Operation Astute , the international response to the 2006 security crisis. A key task of
1776-437: A wizard') (Angola). From South America came batata (' potato '), from Taino ; ananás and abacaxi , from Tupi–Guarani naná and Tupi ibá cati , respectively (two species of pineapple ), and pipoca (' popcorn ') from Tupi and tucano (' toucan ') from Guarani tucan . Finally, it has received a steady influx of loanwords from other European languages, especially French and English . These are by far
1887-597: Is a Western Romance language of the Indo-European language family originating from the Iberian Peninsula of Europe . It is the official language of Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe , and has co-official language status in East Timor , Equatorial Guinea and Macau . Portuguese-speaking people or nations are known as Lusophone ( lusófono ). As
1998-623: Is also termed "the language of Camões", after Luís Vaz de Camões , one of the greatest literary figures in the Portuguese language and author of the Portuguese epic poem The Lusiads . In March 2006, the Museum of the Portuguese Language , an interactive museum about the Portuguese language, was founded in São Paulo , Brazil, the city with the greatest number of Portuguese language speakers in
2109-694: Is also the origin of the luso- prefix, seen in terms like " Lusophone ". Between AD 409 and AD 711, as the Roman Empire collapsed in Western Europe , the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Germanic peoples of the Migration Period . The occupiers, mainly Suebi , Visigoths and Buri who originally spoke Germanic languages , quickly adopted late Roman culture and the Vulgar Latin dialects of
2220-710: Is based on the Portuguese spoken in the area including and surrounding the cities of Coimbra and Lisbon , in central Portugal. Standard European Portuguese is also the preferred standard by the Portuguese-speaking African countries. As such, and despite the fact that its speakers are dispersed around the world, Portuguese has only two dialects used for learning: the European and the Brazilian. Some aspects and sounds found in many dialects of Brazil are exclusive to South America, and cannot be found in Europe. The same occur with
2331-412: Is considerably intelligible for lusophones, owing to their genealogical proximity and shared genealogical history as West Iberian ( Ibero-Romance languages ), historical contact between speakers and mutual influence, shared areal features as well as modern lexical, structural, and grammatical similarity (89%) between them. Portuñol /Portunhol, a form of code-switching , has a more lively use and
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#17330853134532442-504: Is either mandatory, or taught, in the schools of those South American countries. Although early in the 21st century, after Macau was returned to China and immigration of Brazilians of Japanese descent to Japan slowed down, the use of Portuguese was in decline in Asia , it is once again becoming a language of opportunity there, mostly because of increased diplomatic and financial ties with economically powerful Portuguese-speaking countries in
2553-464: Is located on a plateau about 6.5 km (4.0 mi) from the centre of Baucau, and at the western edge of the suco of Bahú [ de ] , part of the Baucau administrative post . To the north is Wetar Strait , and to the south is a range of mountains. The runway (14/32) runs broadly northwest to southeast. The airport was built by the colonial administration of the then Portuguese Timor in
2664-553: Is more readily mentioned in popular culture in South America. Said code-switching is not to be confused with the Portuñol spoken on the borders of Brazil with Uruguay ( dialeto do pampa ) and Paraguay ( dialeto dos brasiguaios ), and of Portugal with Spain ( barranquenho ), that are Portuguese dialects spoken natively by thousands of people, which have been heavily influenced by Spanish. Fokker F27 Friendship The F27
2775-681: Is understood by all. Almost 50% of the East Timorese are fluent in Portuguese. No data is available for Cape Verde, but almost all the population is bilingual, and the monolingual population speaks the Portuguese-based Cape Verdean Creole . Portuguese is mentioned in the Constitution of South Africa as one of the languages spoken by communities within the country for which the Pan South African Language Board
2886-613: Is usually listed as the fifth-most spoken native language , the third-most spoken European language in the world in terms of native speakers and the second-most spoken Romance language in the world, surpassed only by Spanish . Being the most widely spoken language in South America and the most-spoken language in the Southern Hemisphere , it is also the second-most spoken language, after Spanish, in Latin America , one of
2997-669: The Darwin – Singapore – Hong Kong route were expected to stop in Baucau from 1 January 1948. As of March 1948, no such stopovers had occurred, but plans for a Sydney–Darwin–Baucau–Shanghai–Hong Kong route were said by Schuller to be 'getting stronger'. Schuller also noted that local airline Transportes Aéreos de Timor (TAT) was expected soon to start flying Douglas DC-3 or Lockheed Hudson aircraft. However, subsequent reports by Dutch officials in 1948 and 1949 commented that at that time nothing had come of any of these plans. Eventually, international flights did start serving Baucau Airport. During
3108-673: The Economic Community of West African States , the Southern African Development Community and the European Union . According to The World Factbook ' s country population estimates for 2018, the population of each of the ten jurisdictions is as follows (by descending order): The combined population of the entire Lusophone area was estimated at 300 million in January 2022. This number does not include
3219-821: The Kopasgat infantry and special forces corps, together with other Indonesian troops, parachuted into Baucau as part of the Indonesian invasion of East Timor . The objective of the Kopasgat troops was to capture the airport. The following day, 10 December 1975, Baucau fell to the Indonesians. As a consequence, the airport was taken over by the Indonesian military and closed to civilian traffic, although at least nominally it remained accessible to large civilian airliners such as Airbus A300s , Boeing 747s and McDonnell Douglas DC-10s . During
3330-455: The Prime Minister of East Timor , Taur Matan Ruak , he said that he intended quickly to complete the procedures necessary for the rehabilitation to go ahead. On 28 June 2021, he and José Maria dos Reis , Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Planning and Territory of East Timor, signed two Memoranda of Understanding for bilateral cooperation. One was for the rehabilitation of the airport, and
3441-789: The Red Cross (alongside English, German, Spanish, French, Arabic and Russian), Amnesty International (alongside 32 other languages of which English is the most used, followed by Spanish, French, German, and Italian), and Médecins sans Frontières (used alongside English, Spanish, French and Arabic), in addition to being the official legal language in the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights , also in Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization formed essentially by lusophone countries . Modern Standard European Portuguese ( português padrão or português continental )
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3552-555: The Republic of the Congo , Senegal , Namibia , Eswatini , South Africa , Ivory Coast , and Mauritius . In 2017, a project was launched to introduce Portuguese as a school subject in Zimbabwe . Also, according to Portugal's Minister of Foreign Affairs, the language will be part of the school curriculum of a total of 32 countries by 2020. In such countries, Portuguese is spoken either as
3663-575: The West Iberian branch of the Romance languages , and it has special ties with the following members of this group: Portuguese and other Romance languages (namely French and Italian ) share considerable similarities in both vocabulary and grammar. Portuguese speakers will usually need some formal study before attaining strong comprehension in those Romance languages, and vice versa. However, Portuguese and Galician are fully mutually intelligible, and Spanish
3774-756: The pre-Roman inhabitants of Portugal , which included the Gallaeci , Lusitanians , Celtici and Cynetes . Most of these words derived from the Hispano-Celtic Gallaecian language of northwestern Iberia, and are very often shared with Galician since both languages have the same origin in the medieval language of Galician-Portuguese. A few of these words existed in Latin as loanwords from other Celtic sources, often Gaulish . Altogether these are over 3,000 words, verbs, toponymic names of towns, rivers, surnames, tools, lexicon linked to rural life and natural world. In
3885-507: The -s- form. Most of the lexicon of Portuguese is derived, directly or through other Romance languages, from Latin. Nevertheless, because of its original Lusitanian and Celtic Gallaecian heritage, and the later participation of Portugal in the Age of Discovery , it has a relevant number of words from the ancient Hispano-Celtic group and adopted loanwords from other languages around the world. A number of Portuguese words can still be traced to
3996-571: The 10 most influential languages in the world. When the Romans arrived in the Iberian Peninsula in 216 BC, they brought with them the Latin language , from which all Romance languages are descended. The language was spread by Roman soldiers, settlers, and merchants, who built Roman cities mostly near the settlements of previous Celtic civilizations established long before the Roman arrivals. For that reason,
4107-584: The 10 most spoken languages in Africa , and an official language of the European Union , Mercosul , the Organization of American States , the Economic Community of West African States , the African Union , and the Community of Portuguese Language Countries , an international organization made up of all of the world's officially Lusophone nations. In 1997, a comprehensive academic study ranked Portuguese as one of
4218-460: The 15th century, the Portuguese maritime explorations led to the introduction of many loanwords from Asian languages. For instance, catana (' cutlass ') from Japanese katana , chá ('tea') from Chinese chá , and canja ('chicken-soup, piece of cake') from Malay . From the 16th to the 19th centuries, because of the role of Portugal as intermediary in the Atlantic slave trade , and
4329-715: The 5th century, the Iberian Peninsula (the Roman Hispania ) was conquered by the Germanic , Suebi and Visigoths . As they adopted the Roman civilization and language, however, these people contributed with some 500 Germanic words to the lexicon. Many of these words are related to: The Germanic languages influence also exists in toponymic surnames and patronymic surnames borne by Visigoth sovereigns and their descendants, and it dwells on placenames such as Ermesinde , Esposende and Resende where sinde and sende are derived from
4440-440: The 9th and early 13th centuries, Portuguese acquired some 400 to 600 words from Arabic by influence of Moorish Iberia . They are often recognizable by the initial Arabic article a(l)- , and include common words such as aldeia ('village') from الضيعة aḍ-ḍayʿa , alface ('lettuce') from الخسة al-khassa , armazém ('warehouse') from المخزن al-makhzan , and azeite ('olive oil') from الزيت az-zayt . Starting in
4551-651: The 9th century until the 12th-century independence of the County of Portugal from the Kingdom of León , which had by then assumed reign over Galicia . In the first part of the Galician-Portuguese period (from the 12th to the 14th century), the language was increasingly used for documents and other written forms. For some time, it was the language of preference for lyric poetry in Christian Hispania , much as Occitan
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4662-466: The Airbus's arrival took place on the 65th anniversary of the first ever arrival of a Portuguese aircraft in the then Portuguese Timor: on 18 November 1934, a de Havilland DH.85 Leopard Moth crewed by pilot Humberto da Cruz [ pt ] and mechanic António Lobato [ pt ] landed at the original Dili airport, now part of the site of East Timor's Nicolau Lobato Presidential Palace , at
4773-584: The Americas are independent languages. Portuguese, like Catalan , preserves the stressed vowels of Vulgar Latin which became diphthongs in most other Romance languages; cf. Port., Cat., Sard. pedra ; Fr. pierre , Sp. piedra , It. pietra , Ro. piatră , from Lat. petra ("stone"); or Port. fogo , Cat. foc , Sard. fogu ; Sp. fuego , It. fuoco , Fr. feu , Ro. foc , from Lat. focus ("fire"). Another characteristic of early Portuguese
4884-595: The Baucau and Dili airfields to Darwin , Australia. Subsequently, the International Force East Timor (INTERFET), a multinational non- United Nations peacemaking task force, was organised to address the humanitarian and security crisis. On 22 September 1999, INTERFET secured Baucau Airport. An airbridge was then created there to support a major expansion of an airbridge INTERFET that had already established between Darwin and Dili. No. 382 Expeditionary Combat Support Squadron RAAF assumed responsibility for
4995-414: The Baucau to Darwin route. In the early 1970s, Baucau was the very last stop before Australia on the "hippy trail" from Europe. In 1974 and 1975, there were scheduled TAT domestic services between Baucau and Dili, and the Baucau to Darwin services flown for TAT by TAA had become thrice-weekly. After Cyclone Tracy devastated Darwin at the end of 1974, the flights between Baucau and Darwin were suspended for
5106-548: The DC-3, the F27 possessed superior levels of efficiency, enabling faster flight times, greater passenger comfort and a higher level of reliability. In 1960, the base purchase price for an RDa.6-powered F27 was £239,000. By the end of the production run for the Fokker F27 in 1987, a total of 592 units had been completed by Fokker (additionally, another 207 F-27s and FH-227s had been produced in
5217-423: The F27 to land in Portuguese Timor. The 11 August 1975 flight therefore never took off, with the intended result that Ramos-Horta was left stranded outside the colony. As of late August and early September 1975, the airport at Baucau was under the control of the UDT. However, armed skirmishing was underway between the UDT and Fretilin to the west of Baucau. On 9 December 1975, 156 Indonesian Air Force troops of
5328-572: The F27 was manufactured in the United States by the latter; Fairchild went on to independently develop a stretched version of the airliner, which was designated as the Fairchild FH-227 . During the 1980s, Fokker developed a modernised successor to the F27, the Fokker 50 , which eventually replaced it in production. In the aftermath of the Second World War , twin-engine all-metal monoplanes such as
5439-484: The F27 were developed and made available for commercial operators. Several military transport models were also produced. Fokker also chose to design a dedicated model of the F27 for conducting maritime reconnaissance missions. During 1952, Fokker established a relationship with the US aircraft manufacturer Fairchild , which was interested in the upcoming F27. In 1956, Fokker signed a licensing deal with Fairchild, under which
5550-570: The F27. The Fokker 50 ultimately replaced the F27 in production. In November 1958, the first production aircraft, an F27-100 model, was delivered to Irish airline Aer Lingus ; it performed its first revenue flight in the following month. Other early customers of the Friendship included Braathens SAFE and Luxair in Europe; New Zealand National Airways Corporation ; Trans Australia Airlines and its Australian competitors Ansett and East-West Airlines ; and Turkish Airlines . Initial sales for
5661-480: The Germanic sinths ('military expedition') and in the case of Resende, the prefix re comes from Germanic reths ('council'). Other examples of Portuguese names, surnames and town names of Germanic toponymic origin include Henrique, Henriques , Vermoim, Mandim, Calquim, Baguim, Gemunde, Guetim, Sermonde and many more, are quite common mainly in the old Suebi and later Visigothic dominated regions, covering today's Northern half of Portugal and Galicia . Between
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#17330853134535772-407: The Lusophone diaspora , estimated at 10 million people (including 4.5 million Portuguese, 3 million Brazilians, although it is hard to obtain official accurate numbers of diasporic Portuguese speakers because a significant portion of these citizens are naturalized citizens born outside of Lusophone territory or are children of immigrants, and may have only a basic command of the language. Additionally,
5883-533: The Portuguese acronym CPLP) consists of the nine independent countries that have Portuguese as an official language : Angola , Brazil , Cape Verde , East Timor , Equatorial Guinea , Guinea-Bissau , Mozambique , Portugal and São Tomé and Príncipe . Equatorial Guinea made a formal application for full membership to the CPLP in June 2010, a status given only to states with Portuguese as an official language. Portuguese became its third official language (besides Spanish and French ) in 2011, and in July 2014,
5994-405: The Prime Minister observed that the discussions about the project had begun in 2008, when he was still a General in the Timor Leste Defence Force (F-FDTL). He explained that the rehabilitated airport would be used by the F-FDTL Air Component, and, in the future, as a multi-purpose airport, for large aircraft that cannot land at Dili Airport . He also denied that the United States was going to build
6105-483: The Santomean, Mozambican, Bissau-Guinean, Angolan and Cape Verdean dialects, being exclusive to Africa. See Portuguese in Africa . Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between the areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Audio samples of some dialects and accents of Portuguese are available below. There are some differences between
6216-423: The US by Fairchild), more than any other western European civil turboprop airliner at the time. In later service, many aircraft have been modified from their original configurations for passenger service to perform cargo or express-package freighter duties instead. The last major cargo user of the F27 in the United States was FedEx Express , using it as a cargo "feeder" aircraft. These were retired and replaced by
6327-454: The aftermath of World War II. Construction began in 1946, and for the most part was carried out manually, with thousands of Timorese preparing the runway by hand. The then Australian consul to the colony, Charles Eaton , who took up his post in January 1946, was a retired officer of the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF). He had been involved in the RAAF bombing of Timor during the war. While serving as consul, he became an unofficial advisor to
6438-588: The areas but these are the best approximations possible. IPA transcriptions refer to the names in local pronunciation. Você , a pronoun meaning "you", is used for educated, formal, and colloquial respectful speech in most Portuguese-speaking regions. In a few Brazilian states such as Rio Grande do Sul , Pará, among others, você is virtually absent from the spoken language. Riograndense and European Portuguese normally distinguishes formal from informal speech by verbal conjugation. Informal speech employs tu followed by second person verbs, formal language retains
6549-406: The colony on civil aviation matters. Soon after his arrival, the Governor, Óscar Freire de Vasconcelos Ruas [ de ; pt ] , asked him to inspect the proposed site of the airport. On a subsequent visit to Australia, he lobbied the Chief of Air Staff and Director of Aviation of the RAAF to ensure that the airport was equipped with the best available technology. In May 1947, the airport
6660-417: The country was accepted as a member of the CPLP. Portuguese is also one of the official languages of the Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China of Macau (alongside Chinese ) and of several international organizations, including Mercosul , the Organization of Ibero-American States , the Union of South American Nations , the Organization of American States , the African Union ,
6771-448: The deployment was to protect Baucau Airport, and the battalion set up a forward operating base there. In June 2009, the battalion returned to Australia after handing over to 2nd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment . Since the last UN peacekeeping mission ended in 2012, the airport has been mostly unused. As of 2017, the runway pavement was not being properly maintained, and could not support jet flights. In 2018, following discussions at
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#17330853134536882-460: The design team chose to incorporate various new technologies into the tentative design. Fokker evaluated several potential configurations for the airliner, including the use of Wright Cyclone radial engines , before finally settling upon a high- wing aircraft, which was furnished with a pair of Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engines and a pressurised cabin which contained a total of 28 passengers. The Dart engine had already proven successful on
6993-421: The development of the F-FDTL’s Air Component and small-scale construction to improve security and storage capabilities at Baucau Airfield. The project includes the donation of an American-made Cessna 206 aircraft, the installation of a security fence, the construction of an equipment storage warehouse, and high-quality American equipment including a fuel truck, fire truck, forklift, two Ford F-350 utility trucks,
7104-405: The early 1980s, Fokker decided to develop a modernised successor to the F27 Friendship, designated as the F27 Mark 050 and marketed as the Fokker 50 . Although originating from the F27-500 airframe, the Fokker 50 was virtually a new aircraft, complete with Pratt & Whitney Canada engines and modern systems, which led to its general performance and passenger comfort being noticeably improved over
7215-415: The early models of the Vickers Viscount , while a high-mounted wing had been selected as it produced a higher lift coefficient than a lower counterpart, it also enabled easier ground loading due to a lower floor level and provided unfettered external views to passengers without any weight increase. In the aircraft's construction, Fokker used an innovative metal-to-metal bonding technique, Redux , resulting in
7326-659: The end of a 14-day long flight from Amadora , near Lisbon. From 28 February 2000, when INTERFET handed over command of military operations to United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), until 2012, the airport was a key logistics hub for various UN missions based in East Timor. Soon after the handover, UNTAET reported that "[t]he airports in Dili and Baucau have suffered damages owing to inadequate maintenance, destruction, theft of equipment, and heavy use over recent months". The Tibar Conference, held in May 2000 to analyse East Timor's prospects, identified Dili Airport as an immediate priority, and Baucau Airport as
7437-467: The end of the 20th century, being most frequent among youngsters, and a number of studies have also shown an increase in its use in a number of other Brazilian dialects. Differences between dialects are mostly of accent and vocabulary , but between the Brazilian dialects and other dialects, especially in their most colloquial forms, there can also be some grammatical differences. The Portuguese-based creoles spoken in various parts of Africa, Asia, and
7548-407: The ensuing Indonesian occupation , the airport was used by the Indonesian Air Force . In June 1999, ahead of that year's referendum on East Timorese independence administered by United Nations Mission in East Timor (UNAMET), the United States undertook assessments of the airport to determine whether it could handle Lockheed C-141 and Boeing C-17 operations. After the result of the referendum
7659-577: The establishment of large Portuguese colonies in Angola, Mozambique, and Brazil, Portuguese acquired several words of African and Amerind origin, especially names for most of the animals and plants found in those territories. While those terms are mostly used in the former colonies, many became current in European Portuguese as well. From Kimbundu , for example, came kifumate > cafuné ('head caress') (Brazil), kusula > caçula ('youngest child') (Brazil), marimbondo ('tropical wasp') (Brazil), and kubungula > bungular ('to dance like
7770-414: The first Portuguese university in Lisbon (the Estudos Gerais , which later moved to Coimbra ) and decreed for Portuguese, then simply called the "common language", to be known as the Portuguese language and used officially. In the second period of Old Portuguese, in the 15th and 16th centuries, with the Portuguese discoveries , the language was taken to many regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas . By
7881-501: The form of Latin during that time), which greatly enriched the lexicon. Most literate Portuguese speakers were also literate in Latin; and thus they easily adopted Latin words into their writing, and eventually speech, in Portuguese. Spanish author Miguel de Cervantes once called Portuguese "the sweet and gracious language", while the Brazilian poet Olavo Bilac described it as a última flor do Lácio, inculta e bela ("the last flower of Latium , naïve and beautiful"). Portuguese
7992-462: The formal você , followed by the third person conjugation. Conjugation of verbs in tu has three different forms in Brazil (verb "to see": tu viste? , in the traditional second person, tu viu? , in the third person, and tu visse? , in the innovative second person), the conjugation used in the Brazilian states of Pará, Santa Catarina and Maranhão being generally traditional second person,
8103-519: The formation of creole languages such as that called Kristang in many parts of Asia (from the word cristão , "Christian"). The language continued to be popular in parts of Asia until the 19th century. Some Portuguese-speaking Christian communities in India , Sri Lanka , Malaysia , and Indonesia preserved their language even after they were isolated from Portugal. The end of the Old Portuguese period
8214-406: The kind that is used in other Portuguese-speaking countries and learned in Brazilian schools. The predominance of Southeastern-based media products has established você as the pronoun of choice for the second person singular in both writing and multimedia communications. However, in the city of Rio de Janeiro, the country's main cultural center, the usage of tu has been expanding ever since
8325-544: The language has kept a relevant substratum of much older, Atlantic European Megalithic Culture and Celtic culture , part of the Hispano-Celtic group of ancient languages. In Latin, the Portuguese language is known as lusitana or (latina) lusitanica , after the Lusitanians , a pre-Celtic tribe that lived in the territory of present-day Portugal and Spain that adopted the Latin language as Roman settlers moved in. This
8436-563: The latter was authorised to manufacture the F27 in the USA. On 12 April 1958, the first American-built aircraft conducted its first flight. Production of Fairchild built aircraft would continue until July 1973. Fairchild proceeded to independently develop a stretched version of the airliner, designated as the FH-227 . The majority of sales completed by Fairchild fell within the North American market. In
8547-485: The maximum number of passengers which could be carried to 32. These aircraft were also powered by the Dart Mk 528 engine, which was capable of generating greater thrust. Throughout the F27's production life, Fokker proceeded to adapt the design for various purposes and roles. Via modifications such as the adoption of improved engines, rearranged loading doors, elongated fuselages, and other changes, several different models of
8658-436: The medieval language spoken in the northwestern medieval Kingdom of Galicia , which the County of Portugal once formed part of. This variety has been retrospectively named Galician-Portuguese , Old Portuguese, or Old Galician by linguists. It is in Latin administrative documents of the 9th century that written Galician-Portuguese words and phrases are first recorded. This phase is known as Proto-Portuguese, which lasted from
8769-599: The mid-16th century, Portuguese had become a lingua franca in Asia and Africa, used not only for colonial administration and trade but also for communication between local officials and Europeans of all nationalities. The Portuguese expanded across South America, across Africa to the Pacific Ocean, taking their language with them. Its spread was helped by mixed marriages between Portuguese and local people and by its association with Roman Catholic missionary efforts, which led to
8880-549: The minority Swiss Romansh language in many equivalent words such as maun ("hand"), bun ("good"), or chaun ("dog"). The Portuguese language is the only Romance language that preserves the clitic case mesoclisis : cf. dar-te-ei (I'll give thee), amar-te-ei (I'll love you), contactá-los-ei (I'll contact them). Like Galician , it also retains the Latin synthetic pluperfect tense: eu estivera (I had been), eu vivera (I had lived), vós vivêreis (you had lived). Romanian also has this tense, but uses
8991-1119: The most important languages when referring to loanwords. There are many examples such as: colchete / crochê ('bracket'/'crochet'), paletó ('jacket'), batom ('lipstick'), and filé / filete ('steak'/'slice'), rua ('street'), respectively, from French crochet , paletot , bâton , filet , rue ; and bife ('steak'), futebol , revólver , stock / estoque , folclore , from English "beef", "football", "revolver", "stock", "folklore." Examples from other European languages: macarrão ('pasta'), piloto ('pilot'), carroça ('carriage'), and barraca ('barrack'), from Italian maccherone , pilota , carrozza , and baracca ; melena ('hair lock'), fiambre ('wet-cured ham') (in Portugal, in contrast with presunto 'dry-cured ham' from Latin prae-exsuctus 'dehydrated') or ('canned ham') (in Brazil, in contrast with non-canned, wet-cured ( presunto cozido ) and dry-cured ( presunto cru )), or castelhano ('Castilian'), from Spanish melena ('mane'), fiambre and castellano. Portuguese belongs to
9102-462: The newspaper The Portugal News publishing data given from UNESCO, the highest potential for growth as an international language in southern Africa and South America . Portuguese is a globalized language spoken officially on five continents, and as a second language by millions worldwide. Since 1991, when Brazil signed into the economic community of Mercosul with other South American nations, namely Argentina , Uruguay and Paraguay , Portuguese
9213-544: The north of the country), Paraguay (10.7% or 636,000 people), Switzerland (550,000 in 2019, learning + mother tongue), Venezuela (554,000), and the United States (0.35% of the population or 1,228,126 speakers according to the 2007 American Community Survey ). In some parts of former Portuguese India , namely Goa and Daman and Diu , the language is still spoken by about 10,000 people. In 2014, an estimated 1,500 students were learning Portuguese in Goa. Approximately 2% of
9324-417: The number of Portuguese speakers is quickly increasing as Portuguese and Brazilian teachers are making great strides in teaching Portuguese in the schools all over the island. Additionally, there are many large Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities all over the world. According to estimates by UNESCO , Portuguese is the fastest-growing European language after English and the language has, according to
9435-481: The only language used in any contact, to only education, contact with local or international administration, commerce and services or the simple sight of road signs, public information and advertising in Portuguese. Portuguese is a mandatory subject in the school curriculum in Uruguay . Other countries where Portuguese is commonly taught in schools or where it has been introduced as an option include Venezuela , Zambia ,
9546-485: The operation of the airport, and No. 2 Airfield Defence Squadron RAAF provided security. On 18 November 1999, an Air Macau Airbus A320 became the first Portuguese aircraft to visit East Timor for 24 years, when it landed at Baucau with 67 Timorese refugees and direct humanitarian aid to the National Council of Timorese Resistance (Portuguese: Conselho Nacional de Resistência Timorense (CNRT)). Coincidentally,
9657-416: The other two prototypes were for static and fatigue testing. On 24 November 1955, the first prototype, registered PH-NIV , performed its maiden flight . The second prototype and initial production machines were 0.9 m (3 ft) longer than the first prototype in order to address a revealed tendency for slightly tail-heavy handling as well as to provide additional space for four more passengers, raising
9768-448: The other was for potential U.S. support for the development of East Timor's civil aviation sector. According to the official US Government announcement of the signing: "The project ... allocates an initial $ 10.6 million intended to enhance Timor-Leste’s capacity in the areas of security, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response operations to contribute to the development of a resilient and diversified economy. This includes support for
9879-459: The peninsula and over the next 300 years totally integrated into the local populations. Some Germanic words from that period are part of the Portuguese lexicon, together with place names, surnames, and first names. With the Umayyad conquest beginning in 711, Arabic became the administrative and common language in the conquered regions, but most of the remaining Christian population continued to speak
9990-621: The people of Macau, China are fluent speakers of Portuguese. Additionally, the language is being very actively studied in the Chinese school system right up to the doctorate level. The Kristang people in Malaysia speak Kristang , a Portuguese-Malay creole; however, the Portuguese language itself is not widely spoken in the country. The Community of Portuguese Language Countries (in Portuguese Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa , with
10101-456: The population of urban Angola speaks Portuguese natively, with approximately 85% fluent; these rates are lower in the countryside. Just over 50% (and rapidly increasing) of the population of Mozambique are native speakers of Portuguese, and 70% are fluent, according to the 2007 census. Portuguese is also spoken natively by 30% of the population in Guinea-Bissau, and a Portuguese-based creole
10212-450: The rehabilitation agreement raised difficult and complex questions about the foreign policy of East Timor: On one hand, we agree with the concern of civil society groups that we should be very careful about our engagement with big countries in relation to security cooperation. ... However, we also believe that we need to continue with our existing bilateral cooperation programs which have improved our security sector's capacity, while adopting
10323-500: The rest of the Portuguese colonial era, the airport was the colony's main airfield. As of 1960, TAT was operating international flights between Baucau and Darwin, using small de Havilland airliners: either a Dove or a Heron . On 26 January 1960, the Heron flying one of these services crashed into the Timor Sea . In 1963, work on adapting the runway to make it capable of handling Boeing 707s
10434-539: The result of expansion during colonial times, a cultural presence of Portuguese speakers is also found around the world. Portuguese is part of the Ibero-Romance group that evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in the medieval Kingdom of Galicia and the County of Portugal , and has kept some Celtic phonology. With approximately 236 million native speakers and 27 million second language speakers, Portuguese has approximately 263.8 million total speakers. It
10545-586: The socio-economic development of the Baucau region. The rehabilitation project was scheduled to begin in October 2021, but did not start until January 2022. The delayed perimeter fence repair and warehouse construction tasks were completed in April 2022, and the Cessna 206 was scheduled to arrive later in the year. Immediately before the Indonesian invasion in 1975, the airport had a long concrete runway with modern facilities and
10656-539: The successful Douglas DC-3 airliner dominated commuter aviation. Over 10,000 DC-3s had been manufactured during wartime, which led to the type being highly available and thus encouraging its adoption by hundreds of operators across the world. By the early 1950s, various aircraft manufacturers had begun considering the post-war requirements of the civil aviation market and several commenced work upon projects aiming to produce designs for new aircraft which would be viewed as best meeting these requirements; Dutch firm Fokker
10767-501: The type were slow, which led to Fokker seeking financial support from banks and from the Dutch government in order to maintain production of the airliner while more customers were sought. In 1960, demand for the F27 increased rapidly as multiple airlines placed sizable orders for the type. This is in part due to the spreading reputation of the type, having been found by operators that, in comparison to its piston-engine wartime counterparts like
10878-506: The world. Portuguese, being a language spread on all continents, has official status in several international organizations. It is one of twenty official languages of the European Union , an official language of NATO, the Organization of American States (alongside Spanish, French and English), and one of eighteen official languages of the European Space Agency . Portuguese is a working language in nonprofit organisations such as
10989-575: The world. The museum is the first of its kind in the world. In 2015 the museum was partially destroyed in a fire, but restored and reopened in 2020. Portuguese is spoken by approximately 200 million people in South America, 30 million in Africa, 15 million in Europe, 5 million in North America and 0.33 million in Asia and Oceania. It is the native language of the vast majority of the people in Portugal, Brazil and São Tomé and Príncipe (95%). Around 75% of
11100-425: Was cabin pressurisation . Innovative manufacturing techniques were also employed in the aircraft's construction. On 24 November 1955, the F27 made its maiden flight ; on 19 November 1958, the type was introduced to revenue service. Shortly after its introduction, the F27 was recognised as being a commercial success. Under a licensing arrangement reached between Fokker and the U.S. aircraft manufacturer Fairchild ,
11211-467: Was amongst the companies pursuing development of such an aircraft. By 1951, figures within Fokker were urging that design work be undertaken on a prospective 32-seat airliner intended as a direct replacement for the popular DC-3. Fokker sought the opinions of existing DC-3 operators on what performance increases and refinements they would expect of a new model of commuter aircraft. On the basis of this feedback,
11322-542: Was announced on 4 September 1999, violent clashes, instigated by a suspected anti-independence militia , sparked a humanitarian and security crisis in the region. On 6 September 1999, at the request of the UN and in coordination with Indonesian officials, the Australian Defence Force executed Operation Spitfire, under which RAAF C-130 Hercules aircraft were used to evacuate UNAMET staff, foreign nationals and refugees from
11433-424: Was charged with promoting and ensuring respect. There are also significant Portuguese-speaking immigrant communities in many territories including Andorra (17.1%), Bermuda , Canada (400,275 people in the 2006 census), France (1,625,000 people), Japan (400,000 people), Jersey , Luxembourg (about 25% of the population as of 2021), Namibia (about 4–5% of the population, mainly refugees from Angola in
11544-417: Was completed, although the airport was still not equipped with an instrument landing system . As of 1964, TAT was using a chartered Trans Australia Airlines (TAA) Fokker F27 Friendship to operate the Baucau to Darwin flights, every week. In 1967, TAT was operating flights between Baucau and Oecusse , and between Baucau and Darwin, using two Doves. As of 1969, TAT was again using a chartered TAA F27 to fly
11655-543: Was developed during the early 1950s with the intent of producing a capable successor to the earlier piston engine -powered airliners that had become commonplace on the market, such as the Douglas DC-3 . A key innovation of the F27 was the adoption of the Rolls-Royce Dart turboprop engine, which produced substantially less vibration and noise which provided improved conditions for passengers; another major comfort feature
11766-523: Was marked by the publication of the Cancioneiro Geral by Garcia de Resende , in 1516. The early times of Modern Portuguese, which spans the period from the 16th century to the present day, were characterized by an increase in the number of learned words borrowed from Classical Latin and Classical Greek because of the Renaissance (learned words borrowed from Latin also came from Renaissance Latin ,
11877-575: Was opened. The persons invited to the opening ceremony included Resident C.W. Schuller, the head of the colonial administration in Dutch (West) Timor . He noted that Baucau was clearly designed as an international airport and rival to Penfui Airport in Kupang , Dutch Timor, which was then a staging post on flights between Australia and Java, but not yet officially an international facility. In late 1947, Ruas told Schuller that Lockheed Constellation aircraft operating
11988-510: Was operating flights from and to Dili using a Cessna 207 piston-engined aircraft. Mission Aviation Fellowship (MAF) Timor-Leste occasionally uses other piston-engined aircraft to operate medevac flights to and from the airport, including for victims of crocodile attacks, which usually take place at the eastern end of the country. [REDACTED] Media related to Baucau Airport at Wikimedia Commons Portuguese language Portuguese ( endonym : português or língua portuguesa )
12099-550: Was the language of the poetry of the troubadours in France. The Occitan digraphs lh and nh , used in its classical orthography, were adopted by the orthography of Portuguese , presumably by Gerald of Braga , a monk from Moissac , who became bishop of Braga in Portugal in 1047, playing a major role in modernizing written Portuguese using classical Occitan norms. Portugal became an independent kingdom in 1139, under King Afonso I of Portugal . In 1290, King Denis of Portugal created
12210-585: Was the loss of intervocalic l and n , sometimes followed by the merger of the two surrounding vowels, or by the insertion of an epenthetic vowel between them: cf. Lat. salire ("to exit"), tenere ("to have"), catena ("jail"), Port. sair , ter , cadeia . When the elided consonant was n , it often nasalized the preceding vowel: cf. Lat. manum ("hand"), ranam ("frog"), bonum ("good"), Old Portuguese mão , rãa , bõo (Portuguese: mão , rã , bom ). This process
12321-462: Was the source of most of the language's distinctive nasal diphthongs. In particular, the Latin endings -anem , -anum and -onem became -ão in most cases, cf. Lat. canis ("dog"), germanus ("brother"), ratio ("reason") with Modern Port. cão , irmão , razão , and their plurals -anes , -anos , -ones normally became -ães , -ãos , -ões , cf. cães , irmãos , razões . This also occurs in
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