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69-555: CakePHP uses well-known software engineering concepts and software design patterns , such as convention over configuration , model–view–controller , active record , association data mapping , and front controller . CakePHP started in April 2005, when the Polish programmer Michal Tatarynowicz wrote a minimal version of a rapid application development framework in PHP , dubbing it Cake. He published

138-416: A feasibility study is carried out after which schedules, resource plans and estimates for the next phase are developed. The feasibility study is an evaluation and analysis of the potential of a proposed project to support the process of decision making . It outlines and analyses alternatives or methods of achieving the desired outcome. The feasibility study helps to narrow the scope of the project to identify

207-494: A software development process , which involves defining, implementing , testing , managing , and maintaining software systems and, creating and modifying the development process. Beginning in the 1960s, software engineering was recognized as a separate field of engineering . The development of software engineering was seen as a struggle. Problems included software that was over budget, exceeded deadlines, required extensive debugging and maintenance, and unsuccessfully met

276-422: A certain category or domain of projects. Software design is the process of making high-level plans for the software. Design is sometimes divided into levels: Software construction typically involves programming (a.k.a. coding), unit testing , integration testing , and debugging so as to implement the design. “Software testing is related to, but different from, ... debugging”. Testing during this phase

345-516: A continuous ability to have human oversight on business-critical processes 24 hours per day, without paying overtime compensation or disrupting a key human resource, sleep patterns. While global outsourcing has several advantages, global – and generally distributed – development can run into serious difficulties resulting from the distance between developers. This is due to the key elements of this type of distance that have been identified as geographical, temporal, cultural and communication (that includes

414-494: A core issue with software engineering is that its approaches are not empirical enough because a real-world validation of approaches is usually absent, or very limited and hence software engineering is often misinterpreted as feasible only in a "theoretical environment." Edsger Dijkstra , a founder of many of the concepts in software development today, rejected the idea of "software engineering" up until his death in 2002, arguing that those terms were poor analogies for what he called

483-420: A decline of -7 percent from 2016 to 2026, a further decline of -9 percent from 2019 to 2029, a decline of -10 percent from 2021 to 2031. and then a decline of -11 percent from 2022 to 2032. Since computer programming can be done from anywhere in the world, companies sometimes hire programmers in countries where wages are lower. Furthermore, the ratio of women in many software fields has also been declining over

552-625: A federally funded research and development center headquartered on the campus of Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania , United States. Watts Humphrey founded the SEI Software Process Program, aimed at understanding and managing the software engineering process. The Process Maturity Levels introduced became the Capability Maturity Model Integration for Development (CMMI-DEV), which defined how

621-795: A form of engineering. Steve McConnell has said that it is not, but that it should be. Donald Knuth has said that programming is an art and a science. Edsger W. Dijkstra claimed that the terms software engineering and software engineer have been misused in the United States. Requirements engineering is about elicitation, analysis, specification, and validation of requirements for software . Software requirements can be functional , non-functional or domain. Functional requirements describe expected behaviors (i.e. outputs). Non-functional requirements specify issues like portability, security, maintainability, reliability, scalability, performance, reusability, and flexibility. They are classified into

690-439: A gap between design conception and detailed design, particularly in cases where the level of conceptualization achieved during ideation is not sufficient for full evaluation. So in this task, the overall system configuration is defined, and schematics , diagrams , and layouts of the project may provide early project configuration. (This notably varies a lot by field, industry, and product.) During detailed design and optimization,

759-563: A more balanced analysis of the licensing issue in 2002. In the U.K. the British Computer Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Chartered IT Professional (CITP) , available to fully qualified members ( MBCS ). Software engineers may be eligible for membership of the British Computer Society or Institution of Engineering and Technology and so qualify to be considered for Chartered Engineer status through either of those institutions. In Canada

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828-402: A pre-existing database schema to infer the correct data relations and data types and using that to generate a full set of controllers, model object and view templates. It can generate a basic CRUD application with zero coding. Official online training courses sponsored by CakeDC. Monthly live training covering a range of topics including: Software engineering Software engineering

897-571: A related activity), is one of the most important elements in the design process in certain industries, and this task is often performed at the same time as a feasibility analysis. The design requirements control the design of the product or process being developed, throughout the engineering design process. These include basic things like the functions, attributes, and specifications – determined after assessing user needs. Some design requirements include hardware and software parameters, maintainability , availability , and testability . In some cases,

966-440: A threat to software engineering itself; a related career, computer programming does appear to have been affected. Nevertheless, the ability to smartly leverage offshore and near-shore resources via the follow-the-sun workflow has improved the overall operational capability of many organizations. When North Americans leave work, Asians are just arriving to work. When Asians are leaving work, Europeans arrive to work. This provides

1035-701: A vocational school. One standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees was defined by the Joint Task Force on Computing Curricula of the IEEE Computer Society and the Association for Computing Machinery , and updated in 2014. A number of universities have Software Engineering degree programs; as of 2010 , there were 244 Campus Bachelor of Software Engineering programs, 70 Online programs, 230 Masters-level programs, 41 Doctorate-level programs, and 69 Certificate-level programs in

1104-552: A week, but about 15 percent of software engineers and 11 percent of programmers worked more than 50 hours a week in 2008. Potential injuries in these occupations are possible because like other workers who spend long periods sitting in front of a computer terminal typing at a keyboard, engineers and programmers are susceptible to eyestrain, back discomfort, Thrombosis , Obesity , and hand and wrist problems such as carpal tunnel syndrome . The U. S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) counted 1,365,500 software developers holding jobs in

1173-439: Is a field within computer science focused on designing, developing, testing, and maintening of software applications. It involves applying engineering principles and computer programming expertise to develop software systems that meet user needs. The terms programmer and coder overlap software engineer , but they imply only the construction aspect of typical software engineer workload. A software engineer applies

1242-448: Is a prerequisite for becoming a software engineer. In 2004, the IEEE Computer Society produced the SWEBOK , which has been published as ISO/IEC Technical Report 1979:2005, describing the body of knowledge that they recommend to be mastered by a graduate software engineer with four years of experience. Many software engineers enter the profession by obtaining a university degree or training at

1311-563: Is an advanced PHP hybrid of the active record pattern and the data mapper pattern , borrowing core concepts from both. The CakePHP ORM uses two primary object types, the table class representing database tables , and entity classes representing individual table rows . Query builder was introduced in CakePHP 3 as a companion to the new ORM. The query builder provides a set of classes and methods for programmatically building SQL queries instead of writing them by hand. The ORM makes extensive use of

1380-506: Is based on the Phinx project. Automatic pagination to make it easy for developers to paginate result sets generated by the ORM or Query Builder. Form builder and validator allows for the programmatic generation of forms that are tied to the model layer for both data types and validation. CakePHP Bake is a tool for automatically generating application, skeletons and boilerplate code . It uses

1449-562: Is defined, potential solutions must be identified. These solutions can be found by using ideation , the mental process by which ideas are generated. In fact, this step is often termed Ideation or "Concept Generation." The following are widely used techniques: Various generated ideas must then undergo a concept evaluation step, which utilizes various tools to compare and contrast the relative strengths and weakness of possible alternatives. The preliminary design, or high-level design includes (also called FEED or Basic design), often bridges

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1518-415: Is eyewash: if you carefully read its literature and analyse what its devotees actually do, you will discover that software engineering has accepted as its charter "How to program if you cannot." Engineering design process The engineering design process , also known as the engineering method , is a common series of steps that engineers use in creating functional products and processes. The process

1587-471: Is formulating a problem that can be solved through design. Science is formulating a question that can be solved through investigation. The engineering design process bears some similarity to the scientific method . Both processes begin with existing knowledge, and gradually become more specific in the search for knowledge (in the case of "pure" or basic science) or a solution (in the case of "applied" science, such as engineering). The key difference between

1656-523: Is further down from their 30% 2010 to 2020 BLS estimate. Due to this trend, job growth may not be as fast as during the last decade, as jobs that would have gone to computer software engineers in the United States would instead be outsourced to computer software engineers in countries such as India and other foreign countries. In addition, the BLS Job Outlook for Computer Programmers, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational Outlook predicts

1725-465: Is generally performed by the programmer and with the purpose to verify that the code behaves as designed and to know when the code is ready for the next level of testing. Software testing is an empirical, technical investigation conducted to provide stakeholders with information about the quality of the software under test. When described separately from construction, testing typically is performed by test engineers or quality assurance instead of

1794-408: Is highly iterative – parts of the process often need to be repeated many times before another can be entered – though the part(s) that get iterated and the number of such cycles in any given project may vary. It is a decision making process (often iterative) in which the engineering sciences, basic sciences and mathematics are applied to convert resources optimally to meet a stated objective. Among

1863-571: The Canadian Information Processing Society has developed a legally recognized professional certification called Information Systems Professional (ISP) . In Ontario, Canada, Software Engineers who graduate from a Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) accredited program, successfully complete PEO's ( Professional Engineers Ontario ) Professional Practice Examination (PPE) and have at least 48 months of acceptable engineering experience are eligible to be licensed through

1932-641: The Department of Computing at Imperial College London introduced the first three-year software engineering bachelor's degree in the world; in the following year, the University of Sheffield established a similar program. In 1996, the Rochester Institute of Technology established the first software engineering bachelor's degree program in the United States; however, it did not obtain ABET accreditation until 2003,

2001-472: The Professional Engineers Ontario and can become Professional Engineers P.Eng. The PEO does not recognize any online or distance education however; and does not consider Computer Science programs to be equivalent to software engineering programs despite the tremendous overlap between the two. This has sparked controversy and a certification war. It has also held the number of P.Eng holders for

2070-411: The U.S. in 2018. Due to its relative newness as a field of study, formal education in software engineering is often taught as part of a computer science curriculum, and many software engineers hold computer science degrees. The BLS estimates from 2023 to 2033 that computer software engineering would increase by 17%. This is down from the 2022 to 2032 BLS estimate of 25% for software engineering. And,

2139-430: The manufacturing process. Tasks to complete in this step include selecting materials, selection of the production processes, determination of the sequence of operations, and selection of tools such as jigs, fixtures, metal cutting and metal or plastics forming tools. This task also involves additional prototype testing iterations to ensure the mass-produced version meets qualification testing standards. Engineering

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2208-416: The "radical novelty" of computer science : A number of these phenomena have been bundled under the name "Software Engineering". As economics is known as "The Miserable Science", software engineering should be known as "The Doomed Discipline", doomed because it cannot even approach its goal since its goal is self-contradictory. Software engineering, of course, presents itself as another worthy cause, but that

2277-579: The Apollo missions to give what they were doing legitimacy. At the time there was perceived to be a " software crisis ". The 40th International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2018) celebrates 50 years of "Software Engineering" with the Plenary Sessions' keynotes of Frederick Brooks and Margaret Hamilton . In 1984, the Software Engineering Institute (SEI) was established as

2346-778: The Canadian Engineering Accreditation Board (CEAB) of the Canadian Council of Professional Engineers has recognized several software engineering programs. In 1998, the US Naval Postgraduate School (NPS) established the first doctorate program in Software Engineering in the world. Additionally, many online advanced degrees in Software Engineering have appeared such as the Master of Science in Software Engineering (MSE) degree offered through

2415-581: The Certified Software Development Associate (CSDA). The ACM had a professional certification program in the early 1980s, which was discontinued due to lack of interest. The ACM and the IEEE Computer Society together examined the possibility of licensing of software engineers as Professional Engineers in the 1990s, but eventually decided that such licensing was inappropriate for the professional industrial practice of software engineering. John C. Knight and Nancy G. Leveson presented

2484-609: The Computer Science and Engineering Department at California State University, Fullerton . Steve McConnell opines that because most universities teach computer science rather than software engineering, there is a shortage of true software engineers. ETS (École de technologie supérieure) University and UQAM (Université du Québec à Montréal) were mandated by IEEE to develop the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge ( SWEBOK ), which has become an ISO standard describing

2553-656: The Information Systems Professional (I.S.P.) designation. In Europe, Software Engineers can obtain the European Engineer (EUR ING) professional title. Software Engineers can also become professionally qualified as a Chartered Engineer through the British Computer Society . In the United States, the NCEES began offering a Professional Engineer exam for Software Engineering in 2013, thereby allowing Software Engineers to be licensed and recognized. NCEES ended

2622-606: The June 1965 issue of "Computers and Automation" and was used more formally in the August 1966 issue of Communications of the ACM (Volume 9, number 8) in "President's Letter to the ACM Membership" by Anthony A. Oettinger. It is also associated with the title of a NATO conference in 1968 by Professor Friedrich L. Bauer . Margaret Hamilton described the discipline of "software engineering" during

2691-661: The US Government evaluates the abilities of a software development team. Modern, generally accepted best-practices for software engineering have been collected by the ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 7 subcommittee and published as the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK). Software engineering is considered one of the major computing disciplines. Notable definitions of software engineering include: The term has also been used less formally: Margaret Hamilton promoted

2760-573: The United States. In addition to university education, many companies sponsor internships for students wishing to pursue careers in information technology. These internships can introduce the student to real-world tasks that typical software engineers encounter every day. Similar experience can be gained through military service in software engineering. Half of all practitioners today have degrees in computer science , information systems , or information technology . A small but growing number of practitioners have software engineering degrees. In 1987,

2829-465: The best scenario. A feasibility report is generated following which Post Feasibility Review is performed. The purpose of a feasibility assessment is to determine whether the engineer's project can proceed into the design phase . This is based on two criteria: the project needs to be based on an achievable idea, and it needs to be within cost constraints . It is important to have engineers with experience and good judgment to be involved in this portion of

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2898-546: The body of knowledge covered by a software engineer. Legal requirements for the licensing or certification of professional software engineers vary around the world. In the UK, there is no licensing or legal requirement to assume or use the job title Software Engineer. In some areas of Canada, such as Alberta, British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec, software engineers can hold the Professional Engineer (P.Eng) designation and/or

2967-411: The detailed design phase more efficient. For example, a CAD program can provide optimization to reduce volume without hindering a part's quality. It can also calculate stress and displacement using the finite element method to determine stresses throughout the part. The production planning and tool design consists of planning how to mass-produce the product and which tools should be used in

3036-514: The distance / time zone difference that prevented human interaction between clients and developers and the massive job transfer. This had a negative impact on many aspects of the software engineering profession. For example, some students in the developed world avoid education related to software engineering because of the fear of offshore outsourcing (importing software products or services from other countries) and of being displaced by foreign visa workers . Although statistics do not currently show

3105-609: The engineering design process delineates the following stages: research, conceptualization, feasibility assessment, establishing design requirements, preliminary design, detailed design, production planning and tool design, and production . Others, noting that "different authors (in both research literature and in textbooks) define different phases of the design process with varying activities occurring within them," have suggested more simplified/generalized models – such as problem definition, conceptual design , preliminary design, detailed design, and design communication . Another summary of

3174-522: The exam after April 2019 due to lack of participation. Mandatory licensing is currently still largely debated, and perceived as controversial. The IEEE Computer Society and the ACM , the two main US-based professional organizations of software engineering, publish guides to the profession of software engineering. The IEEE's Guide to the Software Engineering Body of Knowledge – 2004 Version , or SWEBOK , defines

3243-649: The existing applicable literature, problems and successes associated with existing solutions, costs, and marketplace needs. The source of information should be relevant. Reverse engineering can be an effective technique if other solutions are available on the market. Other sources of information include the Internet, local libraries , available government documents, personal organizations, trade journals , vendor catalogs and individual experts available. Establishing design requirements and conducting requirement analysis , sometimes termed problem definition (or deemed

3312-432: The feasibility study. A concept study ( conceptualization , conceptual design ) is often a phase of project planning that includes producing ideas and taking into account the pros and cons of implementing those ideas. This stage of a project is done to minimize the likelihood of error, manage costs, assess risks , and evaluate the potential success of the intended project. In any event, once an engineering issue or problem

3381-702: The field and describes the knowledge the IEEE expects a practicing software engineer to have. The most current SWEBOK v3 is an updated version and was released in 2014. The IEEE also promulgates a "Software Engineering Code of Ethics". There are an estimated 26.9 million professional software engineers in the world as of 2022, up from 21 million in 2016. Many software engineers work as employees or contractors. Software engineers work with businesses, government agencies (civilian or military), and non-profit organizations. Some software engineers work for themselves as freelancers . Some organizations have specialists to perform each of

3450-446: The field of software engineering: Some call for licensing, certification and codified bodies of knowledge as mechanisms for spreading the engineering knowledge and maturing the field. Some claim that the concept of software engineering is so new that it is rarely understood, and it is widely misinterpreted, including in software engineering textbooks, papers, and among the communities of programmers and crafters. Some claim that

3519-404: The following types: interface constraints, performance constraints (such as response time, security, storage space, etc.), operating constraints, life cycle constraints (maintainability, portability, etc.), and economic constraints. Knowledge of how the system or software works is needed when it comes to specifying non-functional requirements. Domain requirements have to do with the characteristic of

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3588-712: The framework under the Public Domain license - which was soon changed to MIT License - and opened it up to the online community of developers. In December 2005, L. Masters and G. J. Woodworth founded the Cake Software Foundation to promote development related to CakePHP. Version 1.0 was released in May 2006. One of the project's inspirations was Ruby on Rails , using many of its concepts. The community has since grown and spawned several sub-projects. In October 2009, project manager Woodworth and developer N. Abele resigned from

3657-560: The fundamental elements of the design process are the establishment of objectives and criteria, synthesis, analysis, construction, testing and evaluation. It's important to understand that there are various framings/articulations of the engineering design process. Different terminology employed may have varying degrees of overlap, which affects what steps get stated explicitly or deemed "high level" versus subordinate in any given model. This, of course, applies as much to any particular example steps/sequences given here. One example framing of

3726-522: The means of allocated requirements. There they become ‘whats’ and drive preliminary design to address ‘hows’ at this lower level.” Following FEED is the Detailed Design (Detailed Engineering) phase, which may consist of procurement of materials as well. This phase further elaborates each aspect of the project/product by complete description through solid modeling , drawings as well as specifications . Computer-aided design (CAD) programs have made

3795-401: The needs of consumers or was never even completed. In 1968, NATO held the first software engineering conference where issues related to software were addressed. Guidelines and best practices for the development of software were established. The origins of the term software engineering have been attributed to various sources. The term appeared in a list of services offered by companies in

3864-404: The parameters of the part being created will change, but the preliminary design focuses on creating the general framework to build the project on. S. Blanchard and J. Fabrycky describe it as: “The ‘whats’ initiating conceptual design produce ‘hows’ from the conceptual design evaluation effort applied to feasible conceptual design concepts. Next, the ‘hows’ are taken into preliminary design through

3933-486: The process, from European engineering design literature, includes clarification of the task, conceptual design, embodiment design, detail design . (NOTE: In these examples, other key aspects – such as concept evaluation and prototyping – are subsets and/or extensions of one or more of the listed steps.) Various stages of the design process (and even earlier) can involve a significant amount of time spent on locating information and research . Consideration should be given to

4002-678: The profession exceptionally low. The vast majority of working professionals in the field hold a degree in CS, not SE. Given the difficult certification path for holders of non-SE degrees, most never bother to pursue the license. The initial impact of outsourcing, and the relatively lower cost of international human resources in developing third world countries led to a massive migration of software development activities from corporations in North America and Europe to India and later: China, Russia, and other developing countries. This approach had some flaws, mainly

4071-593: The programmers who wrote it. It is performed at the system level and is considered an aspect of software quality . Program analysis is the process of analyzing computer programs with respect to an aspect such as performance , robustness , and security . Software maintenance refers to supporting the software after release. It may include but is not limited to: error correction , optimization, deletion of unused and discarded features, and enhancement of existing features. Usually, maintenance takes up 40% to 80% of project cost. Knowledge of computer programming

4140-556: The project to focus on their own projects, including the Lithium web framework (previously part of the CakePHP project). The remaining development team continued to focus on the original roadmap that was previously defined. Plugins allow developers to package combinations of controllers, models, views and other classes for reuse in multiple applications and by other developers. Since CakePHP 3 it has been possible to install plugins using Composer . CakePHP ORM ( object-relational mapping )

4209-815: The query builder. Routing and reverse routing . The CakePHP router allows for complex HTTP application routing, routing incoming requests to the correct controller and action. Reverse routing creates a relationship between routes and links, ensuring that links are always generated with the correct uniform resource locator . View Cells provide small, mini-controllers that can invoke view logic and render templates. These are ideal for creating small, reusable page components. Migrations provide version control for database schemas . These make it possible to ensure that changes to application logic and corresponding database changes are kept synchronised. This greatly simplifies both CakePHP application deployment, but also development in multi-developer teams. The CakePHP migration tool

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4278-531: The same year as Rice University , Clarkson University , Milwaukee School of Engineering , and Mississippi State University . In 1997, PSG College of Technology in Coimbatore, India was the first to start a five-year integrated Master of Science degree in Software Engineering. Since then, software engineering undergraduate degrees have been established at many universities. A standard international curriculum for undergraduate software engineering degrees, SE2004 ,

4347-620: The tasks in the software development process . Other organizations require software engineers to do many or all of them. In large projects, people may specialize in only one role. In small projects, people may fill several or all roles at the same time. Many companies hire interns , often university or college students during a summer break, or externships . Specializations include analysts , architects , developers , testers , technical support , middleware analysts , project managers , software product managers , educators , and researchers . Most software engineers and programmers work 40 hours

4416-493: The term "software engineering" during her work on the Apollo program . The term "engineering" was used to acknowledge that the work should be taken just as seriously as other contributions toward the advancement of technology. Hamilton details her use of the term: When I first came up with the term, no one had heard of it before, at least in our world. It was an ongoing joke for a long time. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. It

4485-428: The use of different languages and dialects of English in different locations). Research has been carried out in the area of global software development over the last 15 years and an extensive body of relevant work published that highlights the benefits and problems associated with the complex activity. As with other aspects of software engineering research is ongoing in this and related areas. There are various prizes in

4554-499: The vendors of these technologies. These certification programs are tailored to the institutions that would employ people who use these technologies. Broader certification of general software engineering skills is available through various professional societies. As of 2006 , the IEEE had certified over 575 software professionals as a Certified Software Development Professional (CSDP). In 2008 they added an entry-level certification known as

4623-790: The years as compared to other engineering fields. Then there is the additional concern that recent advances in Artificial Intelligence might impact the demand for future generations of Software Engineers. However, this trend may change or slow in the future as many current software engineers in the U.S. market flee the profession or age out of the market in the next few decades. The Software Engineering Institute offers certifications on specific topics like security , process improvement and software architecture . IBM , Microsoft and other companies also sponsor their own certification examinations. Many IT certification programs are oriented toward specific technologies, and managed by

4692-621: Was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Not because of his acceptance of the new "term" per se, but because we had earned his and the acceptance of the others in the room as being in an engineering field in its own right. Individual commentators have disagreed sharply on how to define software engineering or its legitimacy as an engineering discipline. David Parnas has said that software engineering is, in fact,

4761-580: Was defined by a steering committee between 2001 and 2004 with funding from the Association for Computing Machinery and the IEEE Computer Society . As of 2004 , about 50 universities in the U.S. offer software engineering degrees, which teach both computer science and engineering principles and practices. The first software engineering master's degree was established at Seattle University in 1979. Since then, graduate software engineering degrees have been made available from many more universities. Likewise in Canada,

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