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54-463: The second Kok cabinet , also called the second Purple cabinet , was the executive branch of the Dutch government from 3 August 1998 until 22 July 2002. The cabinet was a continuation of the previous first Kok cabinet and was formed by the social-democratic Labour Party (PvdA), the conservative-liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and the social-liberal Democrats 66 after

108-567: A Supreme Court ruling. This makes Sint Maarten the only constituent country where same-sex marriages cannot be performed. All territories of the Kingdom of the Netherlands register same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands proper as a result of a Dutch Supreme Court ruling. In 2007, the Supreme Court ruled that all vital records recorded in the Kingdom of the Netherlands are valid throughout

162-419: A child, and upon the death of one of the partners, the other partner is not considered an heir. This legal status of unregistered partnerships is respected by Dutch courts. The Netherlands was one of the first countries in the world to recognise cohabiting same-sex couples by law. The first law recognising the cohabitation of same-sex couples was passed in 1979 for the purposes of rent law. Further legislation

216-598: A former mayor he could not adjust to national politics. Minister of Social Affairs and Employment Klaas de Vries (PvdA) served as acting Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries until 9 June 1999 when Member of the European Parliament Laurens Jan Brinkhorst (D66), a former State Secretary for Foreign Affairs was appointed as his successor. On 13 March 2000 Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations Bram Peper (PvdA) resigned after

270-488: A legal mother if the sperm donor was initially anonymous. In the case of a known donor, the biological mother decides whether the donor or the co-mother is the child's second legal parent. On 6 April 2016, Minister of Foreign Affairs Bert Koenders and Minister of Security and Justice Ard van der Steur confirmed the Dutch position that, like other couples, same-sex couples who are not Dutch residents or nationals cannot marry in

324-505: A parent (e.g. in case of artificial insemination by lesbian couples) would both female spouses obtain parental authority automatically (article 1:253sa). In December 2013, the Dutch Parliament changed this and allowed automatic parenthood for lesbian couples. The new law, which came into effect on 1 April 2014, allows the co-mother who is married to or in a registered partnership with the biological mother to be automatically recognized as

378-437: A report was released about inappropriate declarations he had made when he served as Mayor of Rotterdam . Minister for Integration and Urban Planning Roger van Boxtel (D66) served as acting Minister of the Interior and Kingdom Relations until 24 March 2000 when Minister of Social Affairs and Employment Klaas de Vries (PvdA) was installed as his successor. That same day State Secretary for Finance Willem Vermeend (PvdA)

432-620: Is nicknamed "purple plus the Bible" ( Paars met de Bijbel ) as it includes the purple parties VVD, PvdA and D66 plus the Bible-minded parties CU and SGP. The term "purple plus the Bible" had already been used in February that year, when the same parties reached an agreement on modernising the housing market. Then-Minister of Finance, Jeroen Dijsselbloem (PvdA) called D66, CU and SGP his "most beloved opposition parties". The three parties were influential on

486-575: The 1998 general election , the Second Kok Cabinet promised to tackle the issue. In September 2000, the legislation was debated in the Dutch Parliament. The marriage bill passed the House of Representatives by 109 votes to 33 on 12 September 2000. The Senate approved the bill on 19 December 2000 by 49 to 26 votes. Only the Christian parties, which held 26 of the 75 seats at the time, voted against

540-627: The 2012 Dutch general election , the VVD has been the senior partner in the second Rutte cabinet , a grand coalition Purple government with the PvdA. In October 2013 the second Rutte cabinet (VVD and PvdA), which has no majority in the Senate , reached a budgetary agreement with D66 and the smaller Christian parties Christian Union (CU) and the Reformed Political Party (SGP). This occasional coalition

594-596: The Dutch royal family may enter into a same-sex marriage without having to forfeit the crown or lose their royal title and privileges or their place in the line of succession. Previously, the government had held that if an heir wanted to marry a partner of the same sex, they would have to forfeit their right to the throne. A 2021 study by economists Shuai Chen and Jan van Ours showed that from 2001 onwards levels of anxiety and depression fell drastically among individuals in same-sex relationships and largely converged to those of heterosexuals. Chen and van Ours found that

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648-454: The Kingdom of the Netherlands , Sint Maarten , does not perform or fully recognize same-sex marriages. Unregistered partnerships or informal cohabitation ( samenwonen ) occur when a same-sex or opposite-sex couple cohabits but chooses to keep the legal status of their relationship unregistered or informal. This means all worldwide assets that belong to a single party remain the sole property of

702-592: The Mayor of Amsterdam , Job Cohen , who became a registrar specifically to officiate at the weddings. A few months earlier, Mayor Cohen had been junior Minister of Justice of the Netherlands and was responsible for putting the new marriage and adoption laws through Parliament. In Dutch , same-sex marriage is known as huwelijk tussen personen van gelijk geslacht or commonly homohuwelijk ( pronounced [ˈɦoːmoːˌɦyʋələk] ). Dutch law requires that either partner have Dutch nationality or have residency in

756-463: The Netherlands the two cabinets of Prime Minister Wim Kok ( Kok I and Kok II , 1994–2002) were composed of social democratic PvdA , conservative liberal VVD and social liberal D66 . In the 2010 Dutch cabinet formation the possibilities for a "Purple-plus" cabinet (the original purple coalition of PvdA, VVD, D66 as well as GroenLinks ) was investigated. Since 5 November 2012, following

810-504: The Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands has allowed its ministers to perform same-sex marriages in its places of worship since 2006. The Protestant Church in the Netherlands , the largest Protestant denomination in the Netherlands, has allowed its congregations to perform same-sex marriages as "a union of love and faith before God " since 2004, and in practice many churches now conduct such ceremonies. The Protestant Church

864-540: The economic expansion of the late 1990s and early unstable 2000s. Domestically, it was able to implement several major social reforms such as legalising same-sex marriage , and had to deal with the assassination of Pim Fortuyn . Internationally, it had to deal with several crises such as the fallout of the Srebrenica massacre and the response to September 11 attacks . The cabinet suffered several major internal and external conflicts including multiple cabinet resignations;

918-621: The election of 1998 . The cabinet was a centrist grand coalition and had a substantial majority in the House of Representatives with Labour Leader Wim Kok serving as Prime Minister . Prominent Liberal politician Annemarie Jorritsma , the Minister of Transport and Water Management in the previous cabinet, served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs , while former progressive-liberal leader Els Borst continued as Minister of Health, Welfare and Sport and also served as Deputy Prime Minister. The cabinet served during

972-584: The Benelux countries, purple coalitions have also presented in Finland, which have been called "red-blue coalitions" since 1980s. Those governments have been formed by social democratic SDP and centre-right liberal conservative NCP . Larger majority red-blue coalitions have also been called "rainbow coalitions" because large present of the parties from the left-wing via Green League to conservative liberal Swedish People's Party of Finland . Same-sex marriage in

1026-554: The Dutch population thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 7% were opposed. A Pew Research Center poll, conducted between April and August 2017 and published in May 2018, showed that 86% of Dutch people supported same-sex marriage, 10% were opposed and 4% did not know or had refused to answer. When divided by religion, 95% of religiously unaffiliated people, 90% of non-practicing Christians and 60% of church-attending Christians supported same-sex marriage. Opposition

1080-596: The Flemish and Francophone liberal parties ( Flemish Liberals and Democrats and the Liberal Reformist Party , which later became Open VLD and the Reformist Movement ). The first government also included the Flemish and Francophone green parties Agalev (now known as Groen ) and Ecolo . In a September 2022 interview, Bart de Wever , mayor of Antwerp , described Belgium as currently "purple-green". Besides

1134-687: The Kingdom; this was based on its interpretation of the Charter for the Kingdom of the Netherlands . However, subsequent rulings have established that same-sex marriages are not automatically entitled to the same privileges (e.g. social security ) extended to married couples of the opposite sex. On 12 July 2024, the Supreme Court upheld a lower court ruling that the same-sex marriage bans in Aruba and Curaçao were discriminatory, effectively legalising same-sex marriages in those two constituent countries. Aruba has also recognised registered partnerships offering several of

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1188-519: The Netherlands Recognized Same-sex marriage has been legal in the Netherlands since 1 April 2001. A bill for the legalisation of same-sex marriage was passed in the House of Representatives by 109 votes to 33 on 12 September 2000 and by the Senate by 49 votes to 26 on 19 December 2000. The law received royal assent by Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands on 21 December 2000 and took effect on 1 April 2001. The Netherlands

1242-429: The Netherlands also expressed its support, stating that the church is "a welcoming church which will not deny anyone the support and succour of God", but emphasised its views that marriage is "only possible between a man and a woman". According to an Ifop poll conducted in May 2013, 85% of the Dutch population supported allowing same-sex couples to marry and adopt children. The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 91% of

1296-497: The Netherlands. In March 2006, Statistics Netherlands released estimates on the number of same-sex marriages performed each year: 2,500 in 2001, 1,800 in 2002, 1,200 in 2004, and 1,100 in 2005. 14,813 same-sex marriages were performed in the Netherlands from 2001 to 2011; 7,522 between two women and 7,291 between two men. In the same period, there were 761,010 heterosexual marriages. There were also 1,078 same-sex divorces . By 2015, approximately 21,330 same-sex couples had married in

1350-542: The Netherlands. The marriageable age in the Netherlands is 18. The law is only valid in the European territory of the Netherlands and on the Caribbean islands of Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba , but does not apply to the other constituent countries of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The single legal difference between same-sex marriages and heterosexual marriages was that, in the former case, parentage by both partners

1404-517: The Netherlands; 11,195 female couples and 10,135 male couples. On 1 April 2021, 20 years after same-sex marriage was legalized in the Netherlands, Statistics Netherlands reported that over 28,000 same-sex couples had married in the country by that time. Roughly 20,000 of these couples were still together; the remaining having divorced, moved abroad or one or both of the spouses died. Female couples were more likely to divorce, at around 26%, than heterosexual couples at 16%, and male couples at 14%. Since

1458-548: The bill. Although the Christian Democratic Appeal would form the next government, they did not indicate any intention to repeal the law. Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands gave her royal assent to the legislation on 21 December 2000. The main article of the law changed article 1:30 of the Civil Code to read as follows: The law came into effect on 1 April 2001, and on that day four same-sex couples were married by

1512-465: The blessing was meant to be secret, it was leaked to the media. The priest issued a public apology. In December 2023, the Holy See published Fiducia supplicans , a declaration allowing Catholic priests to bless couples who are not considered to be married according to church teaching , including the blessing of same-sex couples. Several bishops welcomed the declaration. The Bishops' Conference of

1566-546: The cabinet itself resigned prematurely on two occasions: first following a major political crisis in May 1999 (it later came back on its resignation), and second, following the conclusions of a report into the Srebrenica massacre on 16 April 2002. It continued in a demissionary capacity until it was replaced following the election of 2002 . The new cabinet was the successor of the First Kok cabinet (First Purple cabinet) and

1620-482: The cabinet. However, the coalition parties VVD and PvdA lost a lot of seats (PvdA lost its plurality in Amsterdam, The Hague, Rotterdam , Groningen etc. and the VVD did equally bad). In Belgian politics , the term is used as a term for the two federal governments of Prime Minister Guy Verhofstadt , from 1999 to 2008. These cabinets consisted of the Flemish and Francophone social-democratic parties ( SP.A and PS ) and

1674-599: The country. The ministers argued that it might lead to "practical and legal problems" and could even be "dangerous" to some participants. The move came after the Liberal Democratic Party had asked the ministers to look into allowing non-resident foreigners to take advantage of the Netherlands' same-sex marriage law. Aruba , Curaçao and Sint Maarten have separate civil codes from the Netherlands proper, and it only became possible to perform same-sex marriages in Aruba and Curaçao on 12 July 2024 in accordance with

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1728-508: The job of a registrar is to marry all couples, not only opposite-sex couples. The opposition parties stated that if a registrar opposed same-sex marriages, they should not hold that post. The municipality of Amsterdam announced that they would not comply with this policy, and that registrars there would still be obliged to marry same-sex couples. In reaction to this, many other municipalities announced their rejection of this proposal as well. The cabinet claimed that this issue lay solely within

1782-528: The legal recognition of same-sex marriage improved mental health for both male and female sexual minorities irrespective of their own marital status." According to provisional figures from Statistics Netherlands , for the first six months, same-sex marriages made up 3.6% of the total number of marriages: a peak of around 6% in the first month followed by around 3% in the remaining months, about 1,339 male couples and 1,075 female couples in total. By June 2004, more than 6,000 same-sex marriages had been performed in

1836-403: The legalisation of same-sex marriage, as well as supportive societal attitudes, significantly improved the mental health of LGBT people. They concluded, "We find a significant improvement in the mental health of sexual minorities following the legislation. We also find that marriage itself was only partially responsible for the amelioration of mental health among sexual minorities. More importantly,

1890-540: The mid 1980s, a group of gay rights activists, headed by Henk Krol – then editor-in-chief of the Gay Krant – asked the government to allow same-sex couples to marry. By 1995, about 100 municipalities had opened an alternative "marriage register", into which some 300 same-sex couples had inscribed. That year, the municipality of Rheden said that if government did not legalize same-sex marriage it would proceed with conducting same-sex weddings. Haarlem declared it would do

1944-473: The mid-1960s, religious solemnizations of same-sex relationships have taken place in some Dutch churches. The Remonstrants were Europe's first Christian denomination to officially allow such solemnizations in 1986. The first church marriage for two men was performed at Vrijburg in Amsterdam on 31 January 1987. The Mennonite Church in the Netherlands also allows solemnizations of same-sex marriages, while

1998-411: The party with no legal entitlement by the other party, whether owned before or acquired during the relationship. The couple can record a contract ( samenlevingscontract ) with a notary to receive some limited financial benefits, including for tax and pension purposes. However, the benefits are limited, e.g. the father or non-biological mother is not automatically recognized as a parent after the birth of

2052-494: The policy of the second Rutte cabinet, because without their support new parliamentary elections were inevitable. In the municipal elections of 19 March 2014 D66, CU and SGP did well. D66 for instance, became the biggest party in Amsterdam and The Hague , beating the PvdA. The CU became the biggest party in Zwolle , hometown of CU-leader Arie Slob . All three parties were rewarded for their so-called "constructive co-operation" with

2106-409: The previous cabinet: the legalisation of prostitution in 2000, same-sex marriage in 2001 and Euthanasia in 2002. This cabinet was notable for resigning twice. The first time was in May 1999, when Democrats 66 stepped out of the coalition when proposed legislation entered by this party was blocked; through negotiations the crisis was solved and the cabinet stayed together. The second and final time

2160-471: The profound significance of their relationship, promise[d] fidelity to each other, and pray[ed] for their friendship". Conservative Protestants protested the decision. The Catholic Church opposes same-sex marriage and does not allow its priests to officiate at such marriages. In 1983, the union of two Protestant women, Harmanna Kalsbeek and Ria Bultena, was blessed at St. Joseph Cathedral in Groningen. While

2214-416: The registered partnerships between 1999 and 2001 were of opposite-sex couples. In law, registered partnerships and marriage convey the same rights and duties, especially after some laws were changed to remedy inequalities with respect to inheritance and some other issues. Partnerships have become particularly common among Dutch couples, with about 18,000 new partnerships registered every year. As early as

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2268-523: The remit of the central government. In practice, municipalities could decide whether or not to hire registrars who object to marrying same-sex couples. Before 2014, civil servants could refuse to marry same-sex couples as long as the municipality ensured that other civil servants were available to solemnize the marriage. In 2014, a law was passed that made it illegal for all marriage officiants to refuse their services to same-sex couples. In October 2021, Prime Minister Mark Rutte confirmed that members of

2322-655: The rights and benefits of marriage for same-sex and opposite-sex couples since September 2021. Same-sex marriage became legal in the Caribbean Netherlands — Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba —following the entry into force of a law enabling same-sex couples to marry on 10 October 2012. In 2007, controversy arose when the new Fourth Balkenende Cabinet announced in its policy statement that officials who object to same-sex marriage on principle may refuse to marry such couples. Some Labour and GroenLinks dominated municipal councils opposed this policy, claiming that

2376-568: The same or stop issuing marriage licenses altogether. The States General of the Netherlands decided in 1995 to create a special commission to investigate the possibility of recognizing same-sex marriages . At that time, the Christian Democratic Appeal was not part of the ruling coalition for the first time since the introduction of full democracy. The special commission finished its work in 1997 and concluded that civil marriage should be extended to include same-sex couples. After

2430-417: Was also 10% among 18–34-year-olds. The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 92% of Dutch people thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 8% were opposed. A Pew Research Center poll conducted between February and May 2023 showed that 89% of Dutch people supported same-sex marriage, 10% were opposed and 1% did not know or had refused to answer. When divided by political affiliation, support

2484-492: Was appointed as Minister of Social Affairs and Employment and Member of the House of Representatives Wouter Bos (PvdA) was installed as State Secretary for Finance . On 1 January 2001 State Secretary for Justice Job Cohen (PvdA) resigned after he was appointed as Mayor of Amsterdam . That same day Member of the House of Representatives Ella Kalsbeek (PvdA) was installed as his successor. Purple (government) In

2538-652: Was concerned with economizing, tax reduction and making an end to unemployment. Wim Kok was the Prime Minister, Annemarie Jorritsma as the Deputy Prime Minister for the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy , and Els Borst for Democrats 66 . The cabinet was considered boring, because both left-wing and right-wing political parties were a part of it. There was no strong opposition in the parliament. The cabinet completed processes of liberalisation which were started by

2592-415: Was formed from the same coalition of Labour Party , People's Party for Freedom and Democracy and Democrats 66 . It was also known as the 'tweede paarse kabinet' ('second purple cabinet') called such because it contained both the social-democratic Labour Party (red) and the liberal People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (blue). The aim of the cabinet was to continue the policy of cabinet Kok I, which

2646-581: Was formed in 2004 by the merger of three Calvinist and Lutheran churches. The Evangelich Lutheran Church , one of these three churches, officially stated in 1995 that "there are no theological arguments against blessing same-sex couples", and many Lutheran congregations performed blessings of same-sex unions . In March 1979, a priest of the Dutch Reformed Church performed a "special but public church service" in Groningen in which two men "express[ed]

2700-439: Was highest among those on the left of the political spectrum at 94%, followed by those at the center at 92% and those on the right at 85%. Women (92%) were also more likely to support same-sex marriage than men (86%). The 2023 Eurobarometer found that support had increased to 94%, while 5% were opposed. The survey also showed that 94% of Dutch people thought that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of

2754-408: Was not automatic. The legal mother of a child is its biological mother (article 1:198 of the civil law ) and the father is (in principle) the man she is married to or in a registered partnership with when the child is born. Moreover, the father must be a man (article 1:199). The other partner could thus become a legal mother only through adoption. Only in the case when a biological father did not become

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2808-587: Was on 16 April 2002, just one month before the next election, when Prime Minister Kok wished to resign over the NIOD report into the genocide of Srebrenica in 1995 and the other ministers had no choice but to follow him. The Second Kok cabinet remained in place as a Demissionary cabinet until 22 July 2002, when it was replaced by the First Balkenende cabinet . On 7 June 1999 Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries Haijo Apotheker (D66) resigned citing that as

2862-441: Was passed in 1981 to recognise cohabiting couples for the purposes of inheritance tax. On 1 January 1998, registered partnerships ( Dutch : geregistreerd partnerschap , pronounced [ɣəreːɣɪˈstreːrt ˈpɑrtnərsxɑp] ) were introduced in Dutch law. The partnerships were meant for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage , though they can also be entered into by opposite-sex couples, and in fact about one third of

2916-489: Was the first country in the world to legalize same-sex marriage. Polling suggests that a significant majority of Dutch people support the legal recognition of same-sex marriage. Same-sex marriage has been legal in Bonaire , Sint Eustatius and Saba , special municipalities of the Netherlands, since 10 October 2012, and in the constituent countries of Aruba and Curaçao since 12 July 2024. The final constituent country of

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