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46-585: Cañada Real is situated on the Cañada Real Galiana , one of the traditional cattle roads running from La Rioja to Ciudad Real and close to the M50 motorway, Madrid's third outer ring road. The irregular settlement features both high-end detached houses as well as pockets of extreme poverty. The initial settlement, started in the 1950s and 1960s, was built on what currently forms part of the Coslada urban centre; many of

92-542: A "supermarket" for drug users. With around 8,048 inhabitants and 2,650 houses as of 2012, the Cañada Real was considered at the time to be the largest shanty town in Southern Europe . The population is mixed. It mostly houses both Spanish Romani and irregular migrants (mainly from Morocco ). As of 2017, it had a population of 7,283. Valdemingómez, a quarter in the centre of Cañada Real, is controlled by drug gangs, and

138-723: A Roman epigraphic source, the Ascoli-Picenum bronze (ILS 8888, now at the Museo Capitolino , Rome), Beronian mercenary cavalrymen later entered Roman service at the Social War (91–88 BC) , fighting alongside other Spaniards in the Turma Saluitana as auxiliary cavalry, under proconsul Gnaeus Pompeius Strabo in Italy. Despite this, the Berones subsequently aided their Autrigones' allies in

184-705: A border march against the Vascones . After the Muslim invasion of AD 711, La Rioja fell into the Muslim domains of Al Andalus . Most of the territory was reconquered in 923 by Sancho I of Pamplona , acting for the Kingdom of Pamplona together with the Kingdom of León and the Counts of Castile, feudal lords of the Leonese King. The lower region around Arnedo came under control of his allies

230-454: A part of the Kingdom of Pamplona . Sancho Garcés moved the capital of the Kingdom of Pamplona to Nájera (La Rioja), creating the so-called kingdom of Nájera-Pamplona which was, due to its large size, the first Spanish Empire. After the independence of Castile in 1035, this new kingdom fiercely fought against Pamplona for the possession of Bureba , La Rioja and other territories. In 1076, after

276-689: Is dryland farming of wheat , barley and grape ; irrigated cultivation of asparagus , capsicum and other crops; and animal husbandry of sheep . Types of industry include wine production and conserves (in Logroño, Cenicero, Haro and Calahorra); textiles and footwear (in Logroño, Arnedo, Cervera del Río Alhama and Ezcaray); furniture manufacturing (in Ezcaray, Logroño and Nájera); rubber, plastics, chemical products and transport machinery; and chorizo , made in Casalarreina. Exports are directed mostly towards

322-466: Is 62.57 people per km . It is the least populous autonomous community in Spain. Its capital, Logroño, with approximately 151,113 inhabitants, is its most populous city. La Rioja has 174 municipalities . According to the same INE data, there are more men than women in 150 of them, in two the numbers are the same and in 22 there are more females than males. In the latter set, the differences are small, except in

368-472: Is an almost unlimited number of grandiose canyons, quite splendid in nature, such as Aguas Buenas, Nieva, Manzanares, Ardancha, Navajún, Valderresa, Ollora, Tobia, San Martín and others. In the highlands, oaks , beech and pine are grown. There are also thickets of juniper , boxwood , sloes , holly and cistus . Thyme , rosemary , common juniper , and holm oak are present. There are grand hillsides with fine pasture for livestock, cattle and sheep. In

414-535: Is placed above the Spanish average in the list of communities with the lowest levels of school failure, with 85% of students being able to obtain the ESO title, despite its schools having the highest proportion of enrolled immigrants. 6,208 euros are spent per pupil, making it the tenth ranked community in this regard. The majority of educational institutions in the community are public, followed by subsidized and private schools,

460-622: Is scarred by violence. Drug users from around Madrid frequent this quarter to visit the drug markets. La Rioja (Spain) La Rioja ( Spanish: [la ˈrjoxa] ) is an autonomous community and province in Spain , in the north of the Iberian Peninsula. Its capital is Logroño . Other cities and towns in the province include Calahorra , Arnedo , Alfaro , Haro , Santo Domingo de la Calzada , and Nájera . It has an estimated population of 315,675 inhabitants (INE 2018), making it

506-450: Is the highest peak in the province. Other mountains include Sierra de Camero Viejo , Sierra de Camero Nuevo , Sierra de Cebollera , and Picos de Urbión . The Ebro is the main river passing through the community. Emerging from the narrow channel between the rocks of the Conchas de Haro , it reaches La Rioja, through which it runs for 120 km (75 miles), before continuing its journey to

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552-708: The Banu Qasi of Tudela . The territory to the east of the Leza River remained under Muslim control. Later, there was a dispute between Count Fernán González of Castile and the kings of Pamplona-Navarra, involving great battles. It was decided in favour of the Navarrese after the imprisonment of the Count's family in Cirueña, in 960. La Rioja briefly formed the independent Kingdom of Viguera from 970 to about 1005, at which point it became

598-769: The Celtiberians . They lived north of the latter and close to the Cantabrian Conisci in the middle Ebro region between the Tirón and Alhama rivers. The ancestors of the Berones were Celts who migrated from Gaul to the Iberian Peninsula around the 4th century BC, to settle in La Rioja and the southern parts of the Soria , Álava and Navarre provinces. A stock-raising people that practiced transhumance , their capital

644-635: The European Union , United States and Canada . La Rioja hosts the annual Battle of Wine festival in the village of Haro . Another famous local festival is the Toro de fuego , where a metal frame in the shape of a bull is carried among festival goers, which also takes place in Haro. According to the INE the population of La Rioja (as at 2018) is 315,675 inhabitants, with 155,758 men and 159,917 women. Its population density

690-684: The Logroño-Agoncillo Airport . Rail journeys to Madrid, Zaragoza, Barcelona, Valladolid, Oviedo, Bilbao, La Coruña, Vigo are possible, since the Castejón-Miranda line crosses the region from east to west. The main railway station is that at Logroño. Roads between La Rioja and neighboring regions are primarily through the AP-68 . Additional highways have been built, such as the Autovía A-12 which connects Pamplona to Logroño since 2006, and in

736-679: The Middle Ages , to name a larger region, consisting of seven river valleys , located between the Tirón in the west and the Alhama in the east, which flow into the Ebro , namely La Rioja today. La Rioja is bordered by the Basque Country (province of Álava ), Navarre , Aragón (province of Zaragoza ), and Castile and León (provinces of Soria and Burgos ). The river Ebro flows through this region, as does

782-548: The river Oja , the one that points to the term Rivalia that would be translated as "land of streams", the one that points as germ a nominal tautology in the term rivo Ohia that would mean "river of fluvial bed"; and the very diverse ones that indicate that it would have its origins in the Basque language , for example as union of the words herria and ogia being translated as "land of bread". Numerous authors from different periods have proposed different theories about it, such as

828-525: The Álava area between the Ebro and the Sierra de Cantabria is called Rioja Alavesa . The climate is mainly continental . The Rioja Alta comarca receives more precipitation than Rioja Baja. The average temperature ranges from 11.8–31.8 °C (53.2–89.2 °F) and the precipitation ranges between 300–500 mm (12–20 in) as an annual average. The wind called Cierzo is very frequent around La Rioja during

874-561: The Berones appear to have kept themselves out of the Celtiberian confederacy throughout the 3rd-2nd centuries BC but later came under pressure of the Vascones . Their earliest contact with Rome might have occurred during the early 2nd century BC, when they allegedly fought as allies of the Celtiberians at the battle of Calagurris in 186 BC, being defeated by the Praetor of Hispania Citerior Lucius Manlius Adicinus Fulvianus . According to

920-785: The M-203 and the M-823), the Sector 4 (2 kilometres; 1¼ miles long; between the M-823 and the Camino de la Partija y Santísimo ), the Sector 5 (1.45 kilometres; 1590 yards long; between the Camino de la Partija y Santísimo and the A-3 ) and the Sector 6 (6.7 kilometres; 4¼ miles long; the last stretch in Madrid, going from the A-3 to the municipal border with Getafe ). The Sector 6 is considered

966-604: The Mediterranean. In the Conchas de Haro the altitude of the river is 445 m (1,460 ft) and when it leaves the community, in the Sotos del Ebro Natural Reserve in Alfaro , it is 260 m (850 ft) high. The river therefore flows very quickly through La Rioja. Seven rivers descend rapidly towards the Ebro from the mountain range, which is why La Rioja is sometimes called: "Zone of

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1012-600: The autonomous community was 8.5 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 0.7% of Spanish economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 29,200 euros or 97% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 102% of the EU average. La Rioja is known for its production of Rioja DOCa wines (although the Rioja viticultural region extends slightly into the neighboring administrative regions of Álava and Navarra ). There

1058-545: The capital where there are 4,868 more women than men. According to the 2007 PISA report, education in La Rioja is of the highest quality in Spain, close to that of other European countries with better overall educational levels in terms of student knowledge. In the Ministry of Education's 2009 report La Rioja was in first position among the autonomous communities as it relates to general aspects of primary and secondary education. It

1104-546: The edge of the water, turning the landscape, like spears magical pointing towards the unreal and mysterious country of the riverbed." Gypsum and silica are mined. Arnedillo is a spa town . During the Early Cretaceous period, the geographical area of Cameros was part of a flooded plain that drained periodically, leaving behind muddy areas where dinosaur tracks marked the path. Eventually they were dried and covered with new sediment layers whose weight pressed down on

1150-408: The first written appearances of this toponym in the 11th century, the westernmost area of the present-day Spanish region is designated under the same name; therefore, the primitive Rioja was the territory around the basins of the rivers Tirón and Oja , with some divergences in its exact location by different authors. Gradually and as a result of various historical events, the toponym was extended from

1196-411: The friar Mateo Anguiano in the 18th century, Ángel Casimiro de Govantes in the 19th century, Menéndez Pidal or Merino Urrutia in the 20th century, or in the 21st century, the researcher Eduardo Aznar Martínez. In addition, there are texts by older authors such as Florián de Ocampo in the 16th century or Rodrigo Méndez Silva in the 17th century, which give an account of the popular etymology of

1242-548: The future will reach Burgos . Other major road routes include: The current President of La Rioja is Gonzalo Capellán of PP . The autonomous community has its own Parliament . Other organs include the Consejo de Gobierno (council of government) and the Tribunal Superior de Justicia (high court of justice). Berones The Berones were a pre-Roman Celtic people of ancient Spain, although they were not part of

1288-537: The latter of which are very scarce at the primary and secondary levels. The bachillerato is free in public schools and at a cost in charter schools. In La Rioja the portion of the population with higher education is 30.6%, with two institutions offering studies at this level: the University of La Rioja and an online university, the International University of La Rioja. La Rioja has connections by air via

1334-547: The least populated autonomous community of Spain. It covers part of the Ebro valley towards its north and the Iberian Range in the south. The community is a single province, so there is no provincial deputation , and it is organized into 174 municipalities. It borders the Basque Country (province of Álava ) to the north, Navarre to the northeast, Aragón to the southeast ( province of Zaragoza ), and Castilla y León to

1380-472: The lower areas there are oaks, olive and almond trees. Near the Ebro, in the plains, the land is used for cereal, sugar beet and potatoes, while the hills are covered with vast vineyards of the wine that has brought worldwide fame to this region. All Riojan rivers, including the Ebro, have a row of poplars and cottonwood. About the Riojan Alamos Ana Maria Matute has written: "... see them on

1426-476: The lower layers, causing them to solidify into rocks over millions of years. Erosion has been wearing down the upper layers making many of these rock formations visible, bringing into view the fossilized footprints. La Rioja is notable for the number and conservation of these sites, in addition to those found in the north of Soria , such as Yanguas , Santa Cruz de Yanguas and other highland locations. Geographical comarcas: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of

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1472-467: The murder of Sancho IV , Navarre was divided among Castile and Aragon. Castile obtained La Rioja, together with other Navarrese lands. The name "La Rioja" first appears in written records in the Miranda de Ebro charter of 1099. The territory was centred on the fortified site of Logroño: the 12th-century church Iglesia de Santa Maria de Palacio recalls its origin as a chapel of the administrative palace. Logroño

1518-659: The pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela , the Camino de Santiago , which crossed the River Ebro on the stone bridge, the Puente de Piedra . In the 18th century, the territory remained divided between the intendences of Burgos and Soria . The region was taken by Napoleonic forces in the Peninsular War and remained solidly in French hands until 1814. In the 1810 project of Llorente it

1564-501: The previous territorial divisions. In the 1833 reorganization , a province of Logroño was again formed within the region of Castilla la Vieja . The province increased its territory temporarily in 1841. In 1980 the province changed its name to La Rioja, and following the adoption of the Estatuto de San Millán in 1982, during the reorganization following the Spanish transition to democracy , it

1610-411: The provinces of Burgos and Soria, until in 1833 the province of Logroño was created, changing the name of the province to La Rioja in 1980 as a prelude to its constitution under a single provincial autonomous community in 1982. The name "Rioja" (from Río Oja ) is first attested in 1099. The region is well known for its wines under the brand Denominación de Origen Calificada Rioja . In Roman times,

1656-637: The residents later bought the land from the State. It is considered the largest illegal settlement in a European city. The Cañada Real is divided into 6 subsectors: the Sector 1 (the first 0.52-kilometre; 570 yard long stretch in Coslada on the Camino de Santiago , ending at the limit with Madrid at the M-45 ), the Sector 2 (1.8 kilometres; 1 mile long; between the M-45 and the M-203), the Sector 3 (0.73 kilometres; 800 yards long; between

1702-532: The river Oja , after which it is named. The Ebro runs through the north of the community. The entire right bank (which is to the south) belongs to La Rioja. There are only three municipalities, Briñas , San Vicente de la Sonsierra and Ábalos on the left bank (known as the Riojan Sonsierra), although Logroño, Agoncillo , Alcanadre , Rincón de Soto and Alfaro also have parts of their respective municipal territories on that bank. Because of their proximity ,

1748-624: The seven valleys". They are, from east to west, Alhama , Cidacos , Leza, Iregua, Najerilla , Oja and Tirón , although the headwaters of the Alhama and Cidacos originate in Soria and those of Najerilla-Neila and Tirón are from Burgos. Sometimes Linares (a tributary of Alhama) is added, grouping Tirón with its tributary, the Oja. All the rivers of these valleys form tributaries that go on to form many valleys in their own right, such as those of Linares, Ocon, Jubera, Tuerto, Brieva, Viniegras and San Millán. There

1794-536: The territory of La Rioja was inhabited by the tribes of the Berones (central country), Autrigones (upper country, extending also north and west of it) and the Vascones (lower country, extending also north and east of it). It was part of the province of Hispania Tarraconensis . In medieval times, La Rioja was often a disputed territory. The Visigoths created the Duchy of Cantabria that probably included most of La Rioja, as

1840-467: The toponym. The first written appearances of this toponym as Rioga or Riogam date back to the 11th century, and it can also be found with different spellings such as Rioxa, Riogia, Rivo de Oia, Rivogio or in its definitive form Rioja in texts of later centuries. On the other hand, the oldest document found in which its demonym appears dates from the 13th century, with the spellings riogeñ and riogensi , that is, Riojan ( Spanish : riojano ). In

1886-459: The west and south (provinces of Burgos and Soria ). The area was once occupied by pre-Roman Berones , Pellendones and Vascones . After partial recapture from the Muslims in the early tenth century, the region became part of the Kingdom of Pamplona , later being incorporated into Castile after a century and a half of disputes. From the eighteenth century the Rioja region remained divided between

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1932-510: The winter. The mountains in La Rioja are part of the Iberian System . This mountain range extends to the south of the Ebro river, parallel to it at a distance of about 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 miles), with altitudes ranging between 1,000 and 2,000 m (3,300 and 6,600 feet). From the mountain range the Sierra de la Demanda runs northwards, into the heart of La Rioja, incorporating Monte San Lorenzo which, at 2,271 m (7,451 ft),

1978-413: Was Varia or Vareia ( Custodia de Viana ; Celtiberian-type mint: Uaracos Auta ?), situated near Logroño at the middle Ebro in La Rioja . and controlled the towns of Libia ( Herramélluri or Leiva – La Rioja ), Tritium Megallum ( Tricio ), Bilibium ( Bilibio , near Conchas de Haro – La Rioja ) and Contrebia Leukade ( Aguillar del Rio Alhama – La Rioja ). Allies of the Autrigones ,

2024-419: Was a borderland disputed between the kings of Navarre and the kings of Castile from the 10th century; From 1134 the Navarrese under García Ramírez ("the Restorer") and his son Sancho VI ("the Wise") fought bitterly with Castile for the recovery of the former Pamplonese domains. The region was awarded to Castile in a judgement by Henry II of England and annexed in 1177. Its importance lay in part in

2070-442: Was constituted as a uni-provincial autonomous community . It is the second-smallest autonomous community in Spain and has the smallest population; half of its 174 municipalities have populations under 200. Nearly half of its citizens live in the capital. The etymology of the toponym Rioja is complex and has been much discussed. The main theories point to different origins: the traditional popular one that makes it correspond to

2116-484: Was to be a part of the prefecture of Arlanzón with its capital in Burgos . The Cortes of Cádiz declared La Rioja an independent province at the time of the Liberal Constitution of 1812 , and during the Liberal Triennium in January 1822 the province of Logroño was created by royal decree as part of the administrative reform of Riego , taking in the whole of the historical territory of La Rioja. However, Ferdinand VII soon annulled these decisions and restored most of

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