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36-617: This method was widely used in the epoch of analog modular synthesizers and CV/Gate music sequencers , since the introduction of the Roland MC-8 Microcomposer in 1977 through to the 1980s, when it was eventually superseded by the MIDI protocol (introduced in 1983), which is more feature-rich , easier to configure reliably, and more readily supports polyphony . The advent of digital synthesizers also made it possible to store and retrieve voice "patches" – eliminating patch cables and (for

72-597: A Hz/volt keyboard to a volts/octave synthesizer will likely produce some sound, but it will be completely out of tune. At least one commercial interface has been created to solve the problem, the Korg MS-02 CV/trigger interface. On synthesizers the CV signal may be labelled "CV", "VCO in", "keyboard in", "OSC" or "keyboard voltage". CV control of parameters other than pitch usually follows the same pattern of minimum to maximum voltage. For example, Moog modular synthesizers use

108-994: A base, a LED or group of LEDs, and a cover. A solid state flash controller is located within the base, which allows the LED beacon to operate in a variety of flash patterns. Strobe lights are often used for aircraft anti-collision lighting both on aircraft themselves and also on tall stationary objects, such as television and radio towers. Other applications are in alarm systems , emergency vehicle lighting , theatrical lighting (most notably to simulate lightning ), and as high-visibility aircraft collision avoidance lights . They are still widely used in law enforcement and other emergency vehicles, though they are slowly being replaced by LED technology in this application, as they themselves largely replaced halogen lighting. Strobes are used by scuba divers as an emergency signaling device. Special calibrated strobe lights, capable of flashing up to hundreds of times per second, are used in industry to stop

144-416: A flashing lamp to make an improved stroboscope for the study of moving objects, eventually resulting in dramatic photographs of objects such as bullets in flight. EG&G [ now a division of URS ] was founded by Harold E. Edgerton, Kenneth J. Germeshausen and Herbert E. Grier in 1947 as Edgerton, Germeshausen and Grier, Inc. and today bears their initials. In 1931, Edgerton and Germeshausen had formed

180-416: A gas-filled tube surrounded by a lens . When electricity is applied, the tube flashes and is magnified by the lens, and a 360 degree light is emitted. The intensity of the light depends on the amount of electricity provided. These lenses come in a variant of colors, mainly clear, yellow, amber, red, blue, and green. The lens color can affect the intensity of light. LED strobe beacons consist of

216-530: A mark on the flywheel on the engine's main axle . The strobe-light tool for such ignition timing is called a timing light . Strobe lighting has also been used to see the movements of the vocal cords in slow motion during speech, a procedure known as video-stroboscopy. Strobelights are often used to give an illusion of slow motion in nightclubs and raves , and are available for home use for special effects or entertainment. The origin of strobe lighting dates to 1931, when Harold Eugene "Doc" Edgerton employed

252-529: A number of devices that can be used as a stroboscope . The word originated from the Ancient Greek στρόβος ( stróbos ), meaning "act of whirling". A typical commercial strobe light has a flash energy in the region of 10 to 150 joules , and discharge times as short as a few milliseconds, often resulting in a flash power of several kilowatts . Larger strobe lights can be used in “continuous” mode, producing extremely intense illumination. The light source

288-492: A partnership to study high-speed photographic and stroboscopic techniques and their applications. Grier joined them in 1934, and in 1947, EG&G was incorporated. During World War II, the government's Manhattan Project made use of Edgerton's discoveries to photograph atomic explosions; it was a natural evolution that the company would support the Atomic Energy Commission in its weapons research and development after

324-603: A patch cable that transmits voltage. Changes in that voltage cause changes to one or more parameters of the component. This frequently involved a keyboard transmitting two types of data (CV and gate), or control modules such as LFOs and envelope generators transmitting CV data: The concept of CV is fairly standard on analog synthesizers, but not its implementation. For pitch control via CV, there are two prominent implementations: The table compares notes and corresponding voltage levels in both implementations (this example uses 1 V per octave and 55 Hz/V): The voltages are linked by

360-502: A range of power settings. For a given strobe, higher light output corresponds to a longer flash duration. For example, the Flashpoint Rapid 1200 HSS Monolight has a flash duration as long as 5.6 ms (1/180 sec) at its highest output setting, or as short as 68 μs (1/14,814 sec) at its lowest output setting. Strobes with significantly shorter flash durations are commercially available, some with flash durations less than 1 μs. For example,

396-504: A single type of synthesizer and have fixed CV and gate implementation, while some models are more customizable and include methods to switch used implementation. CV/gate is also very easy to implement and it remains an easier alternative for homemade and modern modular synthesizers. Also, various equipment, such as stage lighting, sometimes uses a CV/gate interface. For example, a strobe light can be controlled using CV to set light intensity or color and gate to turn an effect on and off. With

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432-412: A stroboscopic light can give the illusion that white light is tinged with color, known as Fechner color . Within certain ranges, the apparent color can be controlled by the frequency of the flash. Effective stimuli frequencies go from 3 Hz upwards, with optimal frequencies of about 4–6 Hz. The colours are an illusion generated in the mind of the observer and not a real color. The Benham's top demonstrates

468-678: A variable base MIDI channel plus the next three consecutive MIDI channels and converted up to four MIDI channels into four separate CV/gate outputs able to control four separate CV/gate synthesizers or a four-voice synthesizer like the Oberheim 4 voice analog synthesizer which is made up of four separate monophonic SEM modules. However, the 1990s saw renewed interest in analog synthesizers and various other equipment. In order to facilitate synchronization between these older instruments and newer MIDI-enabled equipment, some companies produced several models of CV/gate-MIDI interfaces. Some models target controlling

504-408: Is an integer and ω the angular frequency ), the marked point will appear to not move. Any non-integer flash setting will make the mark appear to move forward or backward, e.g. a slight increase of the flash frequency will make the point appear to move backward. A common use of a strobe flash is to optimize a car engine 's efficiency at a certain rotational period by directing the strobe-light towards

540-471: Is analog and by extension infinitely variable. There is less likelihood of hearing the zipper effect or noticeable steps in resolution over large parameter sweeps. Human hearing is especially sensitive to pitch changes, and for this reason MIDI pitch bend uses 14 bits fundamentally. Beyond the 512 directly defined 14-bit controls, MIDI also defines tens of thousands of 14-bit RPNs (Registered Parameter Number) and NRPNs (Non-Registered Parameter Number), but there

576-409: Is commonly a xenon flash lamp , or flashtube , which has a complex spectrum and a color temperature of approximately 5,600 kelvins . To obtain colored light, colored gels may be used. Strobe lights usually use flashtubes with energy supplied from a capacitor , an energy storage device much like a battery, but capable of charging and releasing energy much faster. In a capacitor-based strobe,

612-725: Is critical to understand how a manufacturer is producing the CV before attempting to use multiple processors in a system. Moog has facilitated this by producing two interfaces designed to receive and transmit CV in a system, the MP-201 (which includes MIDI) and the CP-251. Examples of effects allowing the use of CV include delays (Electroharmonix DMB and DMTT, Toneczar Echoczar, Line6, Strymon and others), tremolo (Goatkeeper), Flange (Foxrox Paradox), envelope generators/lowpass filters/ring modulators (Big Briar, WMD) and distortion (WMD). Modular synthesizer Too Many Requests If you report this error to

648-407: Is no method described for going beyond 14 bits. A major difference between CV/gate and MIDI is that in many analog synthesizers no distinction is made between voltages that represent control and voltages that represent audio. This means that audio signals can be used to modify control voltages and vice versa. In MIDI they are completely separate however, and additional software such as Expert Sleepers

684-400: Is required to convert analog CV signals into numerical MIDI control data. Some software synthesizers emulate control voltages to allow their virtual modules to be controlled as early analog synthesizers were. For example, Reason allows myriad connection possibilities with CV, and allows gate signals to have a "level" rather than a simple on-off (for example, to trigger not just a note, but

720-455: The Moogerfooger pedals by Moog as well as many guitar oriented devices) include CV/gate connectivity. Many modern studios use a hybrid of MIDI and CV/gate to allow synchronization of older and newer equipment. In modular synthesizers, each synthesizer component (e.g., low frequency oscillation (LFO), voltage controlled filter (VCF), etc.) can be connected to another component by means of

756-424: The 0 V - 5 V control voltage for all other parameters. They are represented on the front panel of many synthesizers as knobs, but often a patch bay allows the input or output of the related CV to synchronize multiple modules together. The pitch voltage from a keyboard could also be used to control the rate of an LFO, which could be applied to the volume of the oscillator output, creating a tremolo that becomes faster as

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792-813: The SPOT strobe by Prism Science Works provides a flash duration of order 0.5 μs Some strobes even offer continuous mode of operation whereby the arc is sustained, providing extremely high intensity light, but usually only for small amounts of time to prevent overheating and eventual breakage of the flash tube. A strobe beacon is a flashing electric lamp used in a variety of industries as an attention -getting device, either to warn of possible hazards , or to attract potential customers . Strobe beacons are similar to rotating beacons, but are more energy efficient , and with no moving parts, are more reliable and less likely to break. Gas strobe beacons include Xenon flash lamp and halogen varieties. Gas strobe beacons consist of

828-475: The Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.150 via cp1114 cp1114, Varnish XID 456005237 Upstream caches: cp1114 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Fri, 29 Nov 2024 06:53:50 GMT Strobe light A strobe light or stroboscopic lamp , commonly called a strobe , is a device used to produce regular flashes of light . It is one of

864-417: The appearance of motion of rotating and other repetitively operating machinery and to measure, or adjust, the rotation speeds or cycle times. Since this stop is only apparent, a marked point on the rotating body will either appear to move backward or forward, or not move, depending on the frequency of the strobe-flash. If the flash occurs equal to the period of rotation (or an even multiple, i.e. 2*π*n/ω, where n

900-417: The capacitor is charged up to around 300 V. Once the capacitor has been charged, to trigger the flash a small amount of power is diverted into a trigger transformer , a small transformer with a high turns ratio. This generates the weak but high-voltage spike required to ionize the xenon gas in a flash tube. An arc is created inside the tube, which acts as a path for the capacitor to discharge through, allowing

936-405: The capacitor to quickly release its energy into the arc. The capacitor's energy rapidly heats the xenon gas, creating an extremely bright plasma discharge, which is seen as a flash. A strobe without a capacitor storage device simply discharges mains voltages across the tube once it's fired. This type of strobe requires no charging time and allows for much quicker flash rates, but drastically reduces

972-409: The effect.     Sometimes strobe lighting can trigger seizures . Several public incidents of photosensitive epilepsy have occurred. Most strobe lights on sale to the public are factory-limited to about 10–12 Hz (10–12 flashes per second) in their internal oscillators , although externally triggered strobe lights will often flash as frequently as possible. Studies have shown that

1008-542: The effects of LSD trips. Ken Kesey used strobe lighting in coordination with the music of the Grateful Dead during his Acid Tests . In early 1966, Andy Warhol 's lights engineer, Danny Williams, pioneered the use of multiple stroboscopes, slides and film projections simultaneously onstage during the 1966 Exploding Plastic Inevitable shows, and at Bill Graham 's request, Williams built an enhanced stroboscopic light show to be used at Fillmore West . Rapid flashing of

1044-513: The formula V h z = 2 V o c t − 1 {\displaystyle V_{hz}=2^{V_{oct}-1}} , which can also be written V o c t = l n 2 ( V h z ) + 1 {\displaystyle V_{oct}=ln_{2}(V_{hz})+1} . These two implementations are not critically incompatible: voltage levels used are comparable and there are no other safety concerns. So, for example, connecting

1080-630: The gate/trigger signal may be labelled "gate", "trig" or "S-trig". Since the publishing of the MIDI standard in 1983, usage of CV/gate to control synthesizers has decreased dramatically. The most criticized aspect of the CV/gate interface is the allowance of only a single note to sound at a single moment of time. Shortly after the MIDI standard came out Roland introduced the Roland MPU-101, a MIDI to CV/gate converter that takes an input from four MIDI channels; i.e.

1116-449: The lifetime of the flash tube if powered for significant periods of time. Such strobes require a form of current limiting , without which the flash tube would attempt to draw high currents from the electricity source, potentially tripping electrical breakers or causing voltage drops in the power supply line. The duration of a single flash depends on the particular strobe being used and its settings. Strobes for studio lighting often have

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1152-504: The most part) control voltages. However, numerous companies – including Doepfer , who designed a modular system for Kraftwerk in 1992, Buchla , MOTM , Analogue Systems , and others continue to manufacture modular synthesizers that are increasingly popular and rely primarily on analog CV/gate signals for communication. Additionally, some recent non-modular synthesizers (such as the Alesis Andromeda ) and many effects devices (including

1188-450: The pitch rises. Modules that can be controlled by CV include VCF, VCA, high and low frequency oscillators, ring modulators, sample and hold circuits and noise injection. Trigger also has two implementations: Depending on the voltage level, connecting an incompatible triggering system will either yield no sound at all or reverse all keypress events (i.e. sound will be produced with no keys pressed and muted on keypress). On older equipment,

1224-625: The resurgence of non-modular analog synthesizers, the exposure of synthesizer parameters via CV/gate provided a way to achieve some of the flexibility of modular synthesizers. Some synthesizers could also generate CV/gate signals and be used to control other synthesizers. One of the main advantages of CV/gate over MIDI is in the resolution. The fundamental MIDI control message uses seven bits or 128 possible steps for resolution. Thirty two controls per channel allow MSB (Most Significant Byte) and LSB (Least Significant Byte) together to specify 14 bits or 16,384 possible steps of total resolution. Control voltage

1260-547: The velocity of that note). In 2009, Mark of the Unicorn (MOTU) released a virtual instrument plug-in, Volta, allowing Mac-based audio workstations with Audio Units support to control some hardware devices. CV control is based on the audio interface line level outputs, and as such only supports a limited number of synthesizers. In recent years, many guitar effects processors have been designed with CV input. Implementations vary widely and are not compatible with one another so it

1296-532: The war. This work for the Commission provided the historic foundation to the Company's present-day technology base. Internally triggered Strobotrons (light-output optimized thyratrons ) were available as well as flood-beam-CRT -type, grid-controlled Vacuum stroboscopic light sources with fast phosphors . The strobe light was popularized on the club scene during the 1960s when it was used to reproduce and enhance

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