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87-745: The basic programs of the LGI teach the equivalent of 5-6 semesters of college Latin or Greek in 50 days of highly intensive and choreographed study. Both basic programs are taught in-person every summer at the CUNY Graduate Center , along with one upper-level program in either Latin or Greek. Since the COVID pandemic , the upper-level programs have been taught online. Graduates of the LGI return to their home institutions able to engage advanced reading courses in Latin or Greek and/or sit for graduate language exams. As of 2024,

174-470: A basic curriculum and assembled a patchwork of study materials drawn from a variety of sources: textbooks were carved up and reorganized, and a range of handouts – which remain a staple at the Institute – were developed; many of these were prototypes of the materials that continue in use at the LGI. Finally, he identified, recruited, and trained fellow graduate students on his nascent methodologies. Offered in

261-403: A deep and permanent relationship. In his poems, Catullus wavers between devout, sweltering love and bitter, scornful insults that he directs at her blatant infidelity (as demonstrated in poems 11 and 58). His passion for her is unrelenting—yet it is unclear when exactly the couple split up for good. Catullus's poems about the relationship display striking depth and psychological insight. He spent

348-420: A deeper exploration of one author or genre. In both programs, there is extensive emphasis on prose composition and sight-reading. The upper programs focus on reading a significant amount of text in a short period (around 150 lines a night). Almost all of the faculty are themselves graduates of the Institute. Over the years, a number of distinct traditions have become part of the in-person student experience. At

435-511: A diverse array of non-academic media, including The New York Times , The New Yorker , National Review , and the New York Post . The Institute has also been referenced in several higher education publications, and profiled in a range of CUNY, CUNY Graduate Center, and Brooklyn College media. The LGI has been additionally discussed in a number of academic journals and refereed conference papers. Most of these were authored by Moreland in

522-670: A few in German , Dutch , Norwegian , Danish and Swedish . Latin is still spoken in Vatican City, a city-state situated in Rome that is the seat of the Catholic Church . The works of several hundred ancient authors who wrote in Latin have survived in whole or in part, in substantial works or in fragments to be analyzed in philology . They are in part the subject matter of the field of classics . Their works were published in manuscript form before

609-718: A great sense of humour such as in Catullus 13 . The Hungarian-born British composer Matyas Seiber set poem 31 for unaccompanied mixed chorus Sirmio in 1957. The American composer Ned Rorem set Catullus 101 to music for voice and piano; the song, "Catullus: On the Burial of His Brother", was originally published in 1969. Catullus Dreams (2011) is a song cycle by David Glaser set to texts of Catullus, scored for soprano and eight instruments; it premiered at Symphony Space in New York by soprano Linda Larson and Sequitur Ensemble. Carmina Catulli

696-562: A new Classical Latin arose, a conscious creation of the orators, poets, historians and other literate men, who wrote the great works of classical literature , which were taught in grammar and rhetoric schools. Today's instructional grammars trace their roots to such schools , which served as a sort of informal language academy dedicated to maintaining and perpetuating educated speech. Philological analysis of Archaic Latin works, such as those of Plautus , which contain fragments of everyday speech, gives evidence of an informal register of

783-539: A number of humorous poems (penned by faculty over the years) are read. Attendees also sing Gaudeamus Igitur , with additional stanzas extolling the Institute (one in Latin, the other in Greek). Since the mid-1980s, students in each program have also memorialized their experience by designing commemorative t-shirts. These often include a quote from a work read that summer, with themes of struggle, suffering, and/or perseverance predominant. The LGI has been featured or mentioned in

870-511: A number of unique customs and traditions. In the 1980s and 1990s, it was held at several famed establishments, including Windows on the World , the Rainbow Room , and Fraunces Tavern . The event is marked by a specially generated trilingual program (in Latin, Greek, and English), with students’ names and the afternoon's menu rendered in Latin and Greek. Students are also wreathed on their arrival, and

957-472: A remarkable unity in phonological forms and developments, bolstered by the stabilising influence of their common Christian (Roman Catholic) culture. It was not until the Muslim conquest of Spain in 711, cutting off communications between the major Romance regions, that the languages began to diverge seriously. The spoken Latin that would later become Romanian diverged somewhat more from the other varieties, as it

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1044-423: A single scroll. There is no scholarly consensus on whether Catullus himself arranged the order of the poems. The longer poems differ from the polymetra and the epigrams not only in length but also in their subjects: several of them are based on the theme of marriage. The longest (64) of 408 lines, contains two myths (the abandonment of Ariadne and the marriage of Peleus and Thetis ), one story included inside

1131-695: A small number of Latin services held in the Anglican church. These include an annual service in Oxford, delivered with a Latin sermon; a relic from the period when Latin was the normal spoken language of the university. In the Western world, many organizations, governments and schools use Latin for their mottos due to its association with formality, tradition, and the roots of Western culture . Canada's motto A mari usque ad mare ("from sea to sea") and most provincial mottos are also in Latin. The Canadian Victoria Cross

1218-411: Is Veritas ("truth"). Veritas was the goddess of truth, a daughter of Saturn, and the mother of Virtue. Switzerland has adopted the country's Latin short name Helvetia on coins and stamps, since there is no room to use all of the nation's four official languages . For a similar reason, it adopted the international vehicle and internet code CH , which stands for Confoederatio Helvetica ,

1305-420: Is a kind of written Latin used in the 3rd to 6th centuries. This began to diverge from Classical forms at a faster pace. It is characterised by greater use of prepositions, and word order that is closer to modern Romance languages, for example, while grammatically retaining more or less the same formal rules as Classical Latin. Ultimately, Latin diverged into a distinct written form, where the commonly spoken form

1392-626: Is a reversal of the original phrase Non terrae plus ultra ("No land further beyond", "No further!"). According to legend , this phrase was inscribed as a warning on the Pillars of Hercules , the rocks on both sides of the Strait of Gibraltar and the western end of the known, Mediterranean world. Charles adopted the motto following the discovery of the New World by Columbus, and it also has metaphorical suggestions of taking risks and striving for excellence. In

1479-617: Is a song cycle arranged from 17 of Catullus's poems by American composer Michael Linton. The cycle was recorded in December 2013 and premiered at Carnegie Hall's Weill Recital Hall in March 2014 by French baritone Edwin Crossley-Mercer and pianist Jason Paul Peterson. Thomas Campion also wrote a lute-song entitled "My Sweetest Lesbia" dating from 1601 using his own translation of the first six lines of Catullus 5 followed by two verses of his own;

1566-638: Is highly fusional , with classes of inflections for case , number , person , gender , tense , mood , voice , and aspect . The Latin alphabet is directly derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets . Latin remains the official language of the Holy See and the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church at the Vatican City . The church continues to adapt concepts from modern languages to Ecclesiastical Latin of

1653-661: Is modelled after the British Victoria Cross which has the inscription "For Valour". Because Canada is officially bilingual, the Canadian medal has replaced the English inscription with the Latin Pro Valore . Spain's motto Plus ultra , meaning "even further", or figuratively "Further!", is also Latin in origin. It is taken from the personal motto of Charles V , Holy Roman Emperor and King of Spain (as Charles I), and

1740-430: Is more of an integrated process than a set of classes. The first half of both basic programs is dedicated to the mastery of essential morphology, grammar, and syntax (five weeks in Latin; six in Greek). Each afternoon consists of a comprehensive lecture of new material, followed by a vocabulary presentation (at the conclusion of the programs, students command a core vocabulary of essential, high frequency words – as well as

1827-451: Is shaped around two overarching concepts: (1) the generation and sustainment of learning momentum; and (2) the introduction of grammar and morphology not by complexity but by their necessity for reading original texts as early as possible. Maintenance of learning momentum is facilitated in a number of ways; faculty, for instance, are on-call outside of classes and afterhours to eliminate immediate barriers to learning. The Institute’s methodology

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1914-958: Is taught at many high schools, especially in Europe and the Americas. It is most common in British public schools and grammar schools, the Italian liceo classico and liceo scientifico , the German Humanistisches Gymnasium and the Dutch gymnasium . Occasionally, some media outlets, targeting enthusiasts, broadcast in Latin. Notable examples include Radio Bremen in Germany, YLE radio in Finland (the Nuntii Latini broadcast from 1989 until it

2001-457: Is uncertain when he was born and when he died. Jerome stated that he was born in 87 BC and died in Rome in his 30th year. However, Catullus' poems include references to events of 55 BC. Since the Roman consular fasti make it somewhat easy to confuse 87–57 BC with 84–54 BC, many scholars accept the dates 84 BC–54 BC, supposing that his latest poems and the publication of his libellus coincided with

2088-531: The Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum (CIL). Authors and publishers vary, but the format is about the same: volumes detailing inscriptions with a critical apparatus stating the provenance and relevant information. The reading and interpretation of these inscriptions is the subject matter of the field of epigraphy . About 270,000 inscriptions are known. The Latin influence in English has been significant at all stages of its insular development. In

2175-502: The Alexandrian school , which had propagated a new style of poetry that deliberately turned away from the classical epic poetry in the tradition of Homer . Cicero called these local innovators neoteroi ( νεώτεροι ) or "moderns" (in Latin poetae novi or ' new poets '), in that they cast off the heroic model handed down from Ennius in order to strike new ground and ring a contemporary note. Catullus and Callimachus did not describe

2262-512: The Holy See , the primary language of its public journal , the Acta Apostolicae Sedis , and the working language of the Roman Rota . Vatican City is also home to the world's only automatic teller machine that gives instructions in Latin. In the pontifical universities postgraduate courses of Canon law are taught in Latin, and papers are written in the same language. There are

2349-496: The Late Latin period, language changes reflecting spoken (non-classical) norms tend to be found in greater quantities in texts. As it was free to develop on its own, there is no reason to suppose that the speech was uniform either diachronically or geographically. On the contrary, Romanised European populations developed their own dialects of the language, which eventually led to the differentiation of Romance languages . Late Latin

2436-595: The Middle Ages as a working and literary language from the 9th century to the Renaissance , which then developed a classicizing form, called Renaissance Latin . This was the basis for Neo-Latin which evolved during the early modern period . In these periods Latin was used productively and generally taught to be written and spoken, at least until the late seventeenth century, when spoken skills began to erode. It then became increasingly taught only to be read. Latin grammar

2523-561: The Middle Ages , borrowing from Latin occurred from ecclesiastical usage established by Saint Augustine of Canterbury in the 6th century or indirectly after the Norman Conquest , through the Anglo-Norman language . From the 16th to the 18th centuries, English writers cobbled together huge numbers of new words from Latin and Greek words, dubbed " inkhorn terms ", as if they had spilled from a pot of ink. Many of these words were used once by

2610-407: The common language of international communication , science, scholarship and academia in Europe until well into the early 19th century, by which time modern languages had supplanted it in common academic and political usage. Late Latin is the literary language from the 3rd century AD onward. No longer spoken as a native language, Medieval Latin was used across Western and Catholic Europe during

2697-617: The British Crown. The motto is featured on all presently minted coinage and has been featured in most coinage throughout the nation's history. Several states of the United States have Latin mottos , such as: Many military organizations today have Latin mottos, such as: Some law governing bodies in the Philippines have Latin mottos, such as: Some colleges and universities have adopted Latin mottos, for example Harvard University 's motto

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2784-494: The CUNY Graduate Center’s Department of Classics until 1988. Upper-level Latin and Greek programs were reintroduced in the mid-1990s. Since 2020, the upper-level programs have been delivered online, a holdover of the COVID pandemic. Moreland stepped down from the directorship in 1992, succeeded in the role by Hansen. Although he continued to teach Greek at the Institute, Hansen retired as director in 2013 and

2871-726: The Dr. Floyd L. Moreland Carousel in his honor; its dedicatory plaque mentions his role in founding the Institute. In 2023, the LGI was prominently featured in the Magisterial Feminae: How Women Who Studied the Ancient World Innovated Brooklyn College, the Latin Greek Institute, and Beyond exhibition at Brooklyn College. On display were an array of materials connected to the Institute's faculty, curriculum, and traditions. The LGI method

2958-684: The Germanic and Slavic nations. It became useful for international communication between the member states of the Holy Roman Empire and its allies. Without the institutions of the Roman Empire that had supported its uniformity, Medieval Latin was much more liberal in its linguistic cohesion: for example, in classical Latin sum and eram are used as auxiliary verbs in the perfect and pluperfect passive, which are compound tenses. Medieval Latin might use fui and fueram instead. Furthermore,

3045-703: The Greek (εἰς ὄνυχα πάντα) has been ascribed to a lost treatise of the sculptor Polykleitos of Argos. Latin Latin ( lingua Latina , pronounced [ˈlɪŋɡʷa ɫaˈtiːna] , or Latinum [ɫaˈtiːnʊ̃] ) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages . Latin was originally spoken by the Latins in Latium (now known as Lazio ),

3132-580: The Grinch Stole Christmas! , The Cat in the Hat , and a book of fairy tales, " fabulae mirabiles ", are intended to garner popular interest in the language. Additional resources include phrasebooks and resources for rendering everyday phrases and concepts into Latin, such as Meissner's Latin Phrasebook . Some inscriptions have been published in an internationally agreed, monumental, multivolume series,

3219-575: The Hoplite Challenge Cup. Although it confers no certificate, the LGI holds a graduation, which is held the Friday before the programs’ final exam. The first was a simple social affair held at the since-demolished Piccadilly Hotel (located at 227 West 45th Street) and culminated in a student parody of Aeneid IV and a singing of “Light My Pyre” (led by a student dressed as the god Mercury ). The ceremony subsequently became more elaborate, incorporating

3306-407: The Institute's early years, a reflection of the interest in its novel pedagogy and approach. The LGI motto, omnia ad unguem (“everything to the nail”), conveys the precision of the curriculum by invoking the craft of the ancient sculptor, who would ensure the quality and finish of their work by running a fingernail over its surface. The practice is referenced by Horace ( Ars Poetica 294), while

3393-606: The LGI has graduated almost 3,000 students across all of its programs. The LGI was established in the context of a general decline in the teaching of Latin (and, to a lesser extent, Greek) in the decades following the Second World War. At the same time, competency in the languages remained important to a range of disciplines (such as history , philosophy , comparative literature , art history , and archaeology ). For many aspiring scholars in these fields, early exposure to Latin and/or Greek had become increasingly uncommon and, by

3480-611: The Latin language. Contemporary Latin is more often studied to be read rather than spoken or actively used. Latin has greatly influenced the English language , along with a large number of others, and historically contributed many words to the English lexicon , particularly after the Christianization of the Anglo-Saxons and the Norman Conquest . Latin and Ancient Greek roots are heavily used in English vocabulary in theology ,

3567-461: The United States the unofficial national motto until 1956 was E pluribus unum meaning "Out of many, one". The motto continues to be featured on the Great Seal . It also appears on the flags and seals of both houses of congress and the flags of the states of Michigan, North Dakota, New York, and Wisconsin. The motto's 13 letters symbolically represent the original Thirteen Colonies which revolted from

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3654-552: The University of Kentucky, the University of Oxford and also Princeton University. There are many websites and forums maintained in Latin by enthusiasts. The Latin Misplaced Pages has more than 130,000 articles. Italian , French , Portuguese , Spanish , Romanian , Catalan , Romansh , Sardinian and other Romance languages are direct descendants of Latin. There are also many Latin borrowings in English and Albanian , as well as

3741-579: The author and then forgotten, but some useful ones survived, such as 'imbibe' and 'extrapolate'. Many of the most common polysyllabic English words are of Latin origin through the medium of Old French . Romance words make respectively 59%, 20% and 14% of English, German and Dutch vocabularies. Those figures can rise dramatically when only non-compound and non-derived words are included. Catullus Gaius Valerius Catullus ( Classical Latin : [ˈɡaːius waˈlɛrius kaˈtullus] ; c. 84 – c. 54 BC), known as Catullus ( kə- TUL -əs ),

3828-535: The beginning of the Renaissance . Petrarch for example saw Latin as a literary version of the spoken language. Medieval Latin is the written Latin in use during that portion of the post-classical period when no corresponding Latin vernacular existed, that is from around 700 to 1500 AD. The spoken language had developed into the various Romance languages; however, in the educated and official world, Latin continued without its natural spoken base. Moreover, this Latin spread into lands that had never spoken Latin, such as

3915-425: The benefit of those who do not understand Latin. There are also songs written with Latin lyrics . The libretto for the opera-oratorio Oedipus rex by Igor Stravinsky is in Latin. Parts of Carl Orff 's Carmina Burana are written in Latin. Enya has recorded several tracks with Latin lyrics. The continued instruction of Latin is seen by some as a highly valuable component of a liberal arts education. Latin

4002-430: The comic playwrights Plautus and Terence and the author Petronius . While often called a "dead language", Latin did not undergo language death . By the 6th to 9th centuries, natural language change eventually resulted in Latin as a vernacular language evolving into distinct Romance languages in the large areas where it had come to be natively spoken. However, even after the fall of Western Rome , Latin remained

4089-451: The conclusion of their Greek grammar studies (Day 29, Friday of the sixth week), Basic Greek students compete against faculty in the Hoplite Challenge Cup, a contest of Greek verb morphology. By this time, students are able to generate more than 16,000 possible forms of 114 of the most common (and/or representative) verbs. Program alumni are allowed to compete on the faculty team. In 2016, faculty member Jeremy March developed an app version of

4176-461: The country's full Latin name. Some film and television in ancient settings, such as Sebastiane , The Passion of the Christ and Barbarians (2020 TV series) , have been made with dialogue in Latin. Occasionally, Latin dialogue is used because of its association with religion or philosophy, in such film/television series as The Exorcist and Lost (" Jughead "). Subtitles are usually shown for

4263-493: The decline in written Latin output. Despite having no native speakers, Latin is still used for a variety of purposes in the contemporary world. The largest organisation that retains Latin in official and quasi-official contexts is the Catholic Church . The Catholic Church required that Mass be carried out in Latin until the Second Vatican Council of 1962–1965 , which permitted the use of the vernacular . Latin remains

4350-561: The development of European culture, religion and science. The vast majority of written Latin belongs to this period, but its full extent is unknown. The Renaissance reinforced the position of Latin as a spoken and written language by the scholarship by the Renaissance humanists . Petrarch and others began to change their usage of Latin as they explored the texts of the Classical Latin world. Skills of textual criticism evolved to create much more accurate versions of extant texts through

4437-413: The earliest extant Latin literary works, such as the comedies of Plautus and Terence . The Latin alphabet was devised from the Etruscan alphabet . The writing later changed from what was initially either a right-to-left or a boustrophedon script to what ultimately became a strictly left-to-right script. During the late republic and into the first years of the empire, from about 75 BC to AD 200,

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4524-411: The feats of ancient heroes and gods (except perhaps in re-evaluating and predominantly artistic circumstances, e.g. poem 64), focusing instead on small-scale personal themes. Although these poems sometimes seem quite superficial and their subjects often are mere everyday concerns, they are accomplished works of art. Catullus described his work as expolitum , or polished, to show that the language he used

4611-445: The fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and some important texts were rediscovered. Comprehensive versions of authors' works were published by Isaac Casaubon , Joseph Scaliger and others. Nevertheless, despite the careful work of Petrarch, Politian and others, first the demand for manuscripts, and then the rush to bring works into print, led to the circulation of inaccurate copies for several centuries following. Neo-Latin literature

4698-443: The fourth book of Vergil 's Aeneid , and 20 poems from Horace 's Odes . In Greek, students tackle Plato ’s Ion and Euripides ’ Medea . In the afternoons, both programs complete a representative survey of literature (prose and poetry) and are introduced to essential skills and relevant topics ( textual criticism , meter , historical linguistics , epigraphy , etc.). The last two weeks also include electives which allow for

4785-565: The graduate level of study, were faced with few options for and insufficient time to gain rapid facility with them. The origins and direct progenitor of the LGI took shape at the University of California at Berkeley . There, in the mid 1960s, Floyd L. Moreland, at the time a graduate student in Classics, developed an accelerated program in Latin designed to help PhD students in the humanities pass their required Latin translation exam. Moreland devised

4872-536: The history of Latin, and the kind of informal Latin that had begun to move away from the written language significantly in the post-Imperial period, that led ultimately to the Romance languages . During the Classical period, informal language was rarely written, so philologists have been left with only individual words and phrases cited by classical authors, inscriptions such as Curse tablets and those found as graffiti . In

4959-679: The invention of printing and are now published in carefully annotated printed editions, such as the Loeb Classical Library , published by Harvard University Press , or the Oxford Classical Texts , published by Oxford University Press . Latin translations of modern literature such as: The Hobbit , Treasure Island , Robinson Crusoe , Paddington Bear , Winnie the Pooh , The Adventures of Tintin , Asterix , Harry Potter , Le Petit Prince , Max and Moritz , How

5046-675: The language of the Roman Rite . The Tridentine Mass (also known as the Extraordinary Form or Traditional Latin Mass) is celebrated in Latin. Although the Mass of Paul VI (also known as the Ordinary Form or the Novus Ordo) is usually celebrated in the local vernacular language, it can be and often is said in Latin, in part or in whole, especially at multilingual gatherings. It is the official language of

5133-405: The language, Vulgar Latin (termed sermo vulgi , "the speech of the masses", by Cicero ). Some linguists, particularly in the nineteenth century, believed this to be a separate language, existing more or less in parallel with the literary or educated Latin, but this is now widely dismissed. The term 'Vulgar Latin' remains difficult to define, referring both to informal speech at any time within

5220-510: The later Valerii Catulli may have been his descendants. Catullus's poems have been preserved in an anthology of 116 carmina (the actual number of poems may slightly vary in various editions), which can be divided into three parts according to their form: approximately sixty short poems in varying meters, called polymetra , nine longer poems, and forty-eight epigrams in elegiac couplets. Each of these three parts – approximately 860 (or more), 1136, and 330 lines respectively – would fit onto

5307-596: The lower Tiber area around Rome , Italy. Through the expansion of the Roman Republic it became the dominant language in the Italian Peninsula and subsequently throughout the Roman Empire . By the late Roman Republic , Old Latin had evolved into standardized Classical Latin . Vulgar Latin refers to the less prestigious colloquial registers , attested in inscriptions and some literary works such as those of

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5394-431: The meanings of many words were changed and new words were introduced, often under influence from the vernacular. Identifiable individual styles of classically incorrect Latin prevail. Renaissance Latin, 1300 to 1500, and the classicised Latin that followed through to the present are often grouped together as Neo-Latin , or New Latin, which have in recent decades become a focus of renewed study , given their importance for

5481-474: The now Dr. Moreland to the faculty of Brooklyn College with the specific intention of establishing a similar intensive program. One of Moreland’s first recruits to the instructional staff was Rita Fleischer, with whom he would eventually author Latin: An Intensive Course , which was specifically designed (and remains in use) for the Basic Latin Program. The first Latin Institute was held in the summer of 1973, with 40 students enrolled. Among Wolfe’s other recruits

5568-556: The orator and rival of Cicero ), and the biographer Cornelius Nepos , to whom Catullus dedicated a libellus of poems, the relation of which to the extant collection remains a matter of debate. He appears to have been acquainted with the poet Marcus Furius Bibaculus . A number of prominent contemporaries appear in his poetry, including Cicero, Caesar and Pompey . According to an anecdote preserved by Suetonius , Caesar did not deny that Catullus's lampoons left an indelible stain on his reputation, but when Catullus apologized, he invited

5655-448: The other. The polymetra and the epigrams can be divided into four major thematic groups (ignoring a rather large number of poems that elude such categorization): Above all other qualities, Catullus seems to have valued venustas , or charm, in his acquaintances, a theme which he explores in a number of his poems. Catullus's poetry was influenced by the innovative poetry of the Hellenistic Age , and especially by Callimachus and

5742-475: The poems one can adduce no fewer than five lovers in addition to Catullus: Egnatius (poem 37), Gellius (poem 91), Quintius (poem 82), Rufus (poem 77), and Lesbius (poem 79)." There is also some question surrounding her husband's mysterious death in 59 BC: in his speech Pro Caelio Cicero hints that he may have been poisoned. However, a sensitive and passionate Catullus could not relinquish his flame for Clodia, regardless of her obvious indifference to his desire for

5829-502: The poet for dinner the very same day. The " Lesbia " of his poems is usually identified with Clodia Metelli , a sophisticated woman from the aristocratic house of patrician family Claudii Pulchri, sister of the infamous Publius Clodius Pulcher , and wife to Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer (consul of 60 BC). In his poems Catullus describes several stages of their relationship: initial euphoria, doubts, separation, and his wrenching feelings of loss. Clodia had several other partners; "From

5916-421: The sciences , medicine , and law . A number of phases of the language have been recognized, each distinguished by subtle differences in vocabulary, usage, spelling, and syntax. There are no hard and fast rules of classification; different scholars emphasize different features. As a result, the list has variants, as well as alternative names. In addition to the historical phases, Ecclesiastical Latin refers to

6003-444: The styles used by the writers of the Roman Catholic Church from late antiquity onward, as well as by Protestant scholars. The earliest known form of Latin is Old Latin, also called Archaic or Early Latin, which was spoken from the Roman Kingdom , traditionally founded in 753 BC, through the later part of the Roman Republic , up to 75 BC, i.e. before the age of Classical Latin . It is attested both in inscriptions and in some of

6090-460: The summer of 1967, the accelerated class achieved its objectives and provided proof of concept for Moreland’s model for rapid language acquisition. What started as a small, limited offering was subsequently broadened and formalized into the Berkeley Summer Latin Workshop shortly thereafter. The program (now called the Berkley Greek & Latin Summer Workshops ) continues to the present day. In 1971, Classics department chair Ethyle Wolfe recruited

6177-473: The tools for decoding compounds and unfamiliar vocabulary). The following morning, small-section drills confirm students’ facility with the material presented the previous afternoon (as opposed to re-teaching). In the programs’ second half, students read a large number of original, un-adapted texts in both prose and poetry. Latin students read 15 poems by Catullus , Cicero ’s First Oration Against Catiline , extensive selections of Sallust ’s Bellum Catilinae ,

6264-618: The translation by Richard Crashaw was set to music in a four-part glee by Samuel Webbe Jr. It was also set to music, in a three-part glee by John Stafford Smith . Catullus 5 , the love poem Vivamus mea Lesbia atque amemus , in the translation by Ben Jonson , was set to music in 1606, ( lute accompanied song) by Alfonso Ferrabosco the younger . Dutch composer Bertha Tideman-Wijers used Catullus's text for her composition Variations on Valerius "Where that one already turns or turns." The Icelandic composer Jóhann Jóhannsson set Catullus 85 to music; entitled Odi Et Amo ,

6351-741: The wedding of Peleus and Thetis , the departure of the Argonauts , Theseus and the Minotaur, Ariadne 's abandonment, Tereus and Procne , as well as Protesilaus and Laodamia . Catullus wrote in many different meters including hendecasyllabic verse and elegiac couplets (common in love poetry). A great part of his poetry shows strong and occasionally wild emotions, especially in regard to Lesbia (e.g., poems 5 and 7). His love poems are very emotional and ardent, and are relatable to this day. Catullus describes his Lesbia as having multiple suitors and often showing little affection towards him. He also demonstrates

6438-422: The written form of Latin was increasingly standardized into a fixed form, the spoken forms began to diverge more greatly. Currently, the five most widely spoken Romance languages by number of native speakers are Spanish , Portuguese , French , Italian , and Romanian . Despite dialectal variation, which is found in any widespread language, the languages of Spain, France, Portugal, and Italy have retained

6525-543: The year from summer 57 to summer 56 BC in Bithynia on the staff of the commander Gaius Memmius . While in the East, he traveled to the Troad to perform rites at his brother's tomb, an event recorded in a moving poem (101). No ancient biography of Catullus has survived. His life has to be pieced together from scattered references to him in other ancient authors and from his poems. Thus it

6612-406: The year of his death. Other authors suggest 52 or 51 BC as the year of the poet's death. Though upon his elder brother's death Catullus lamented that their "whole house was buried along" with the deceased, the existence (and prominence) of Valerii Catulli is attested in the following centuries. T. P. Wiseman argues that after the brother's death Catullus could have married, and that, in this case,

6699-797: Was Hardy Hansen who, along with Fordham University ’s Gerald Quinn, developed and launched a parallel program in Ancient Greek in 1978 (and the Latin Institute consequently retitled the CUNY Latin/Greek Institute). The textbook developed for the Basic Greek Program, Greek: An Intensive Course , has been a longstanding bestseller at the Fordham University Press . Later program additions include Advanced Latin (launched in 1980) and Advanced Greek (1981), which were offered via

6786-574: Was a Latin neoteric poet of the late Roman Republic . His surviving works remain widely read due to their popularity as teaching tools and because of their personal or sexual themes. Gāius Valerius Catullus was born to a leading equestrian family of Verona , in Cisalpine Gaul . The social prominence of the Catullus family allowed the father of Gaius Valerius to entertain Julius Caesar when he

6873-779: Was also used as a convenient medium for translations of important works first written in a vernacular, such as those of Descartes . Latin education underwent a process of reform to classicise written and spoken Latin. Schooling remained largely Latin medium until approximately 1700. Until the end of the 17th century, the majority of books and almost all diplomatic documents were written in Latin. Afterwards, most diplomatic documents were written in French (a Romance language ) and later native or other languages. Education methods gradually shifted towards written Latin, and eventually concentrating solely on reading skills. The decline of Latin education took several centuries and proceeded much more slowly than

6960-491: Was extensive and prolific, but less well known or understood today. Works covered poetry, prose stories and early novels, occasional pieces and collections of letters, to name a few. Famous and well regarded writers included Petrarch, Erasmus, Salutati , Celtis , George Buchanan and Thomas More . Non fiction works were long produced in many subjects, including the sciences, law, philosophy, historiography and theology. Famous examples include Isaac Newton 's Principia . Latin

7047-457: Was famous for. Catullus twice used a meter that Sappho was known for, called the Sapphic stanza , in poems 11 and 51, perhaps prompting his successor Horace's interest in the form. Catullus, as was common to his era, was greatly influenced by stories from Greek and Roman myth. His longer poems—such as 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , and 68 —allude to mythology in various ways. Some stories he refers to are

7134-521: Was followed by Dr. Katherine Lu Hsu. In 2014, Hsu secured a $ 1,000,000 scholarship endowment from the Stavros Niarchos Foundation . In 2020, Hsu moved to the College of Holy Cross and Dr. Lucas G. Rubin was appointed LGI director. Following his retirement, Moreland played a pivotal role in the restoration of the famous Dentzel/Looff carousel at Seaside Heights , New Jersey, which was renamed

7221-499: Was largely separated from the unifying influences in the western part of the Empire. Spoken Latin began to diverge into distinct languages by the 9th century at the latest, when the earliest extant Romance writings begin to appear. They were, throughout the period, confined to everyday speech, as Medieval Latin was used for writing. For many Italians using Latin, though, there was no complete separation between Italian and Latin, even into

7308-515: Was perceived as a separate language, for instance early French or Italian dialects, that could be transcribed differently. It took some time for these to be viewed as wholly different from Latin however. After the Western Roman Empire fell in 476 and Germanic kingdoms took its place, the Germanic people adopted Latin as a language more suitable for legal and other, more formal uses. While

7395-478: Was shut down in June 2019), and Vatican Radio & Television, all of which broadcast news segments and other material in Latin. A variety of organisations, as well as informal Latin 'circuli' ('circles'), have been founded in more recent times to support the use of spoken Latin. Moreover, a number of university classics departments have begun incorporating communicative pedagogies in their Latin courses. These include

7482-477: Was the Promagistrate (proconsul) of both Gallic provinces . In a poem, Catullus describes his happy homecoming to the family villa at Sirmio , on Lake Garda , near Verona; he also owned a villa near the resort of Tibur (modern Tivoli). Catullus appears to have spent most of his young adult years in Rome. His friends there included the poets Licinius Calvus and Helvius Cinna , Quintus Hortensius (son of

7569-420: Was very carefully and artistically composed. Catullus was also an admirer of Sappho , a female poet of the seventh century BC. Catullus 51 partly translates, partly imitates, and transforms Sappho 31 . Some hypothesize that 61 and 62 were perhaps inspired by lost works of Sappho but this is purely speculative. Both of the latter are epithalamia , a form of laudatory or erotic wedding-poetry that Sappho

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