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152-439: Ruf came into the public eye in 1987 when they released their Porsche 911 Carrera 3.2-based CTR , an extremely limited-production model which for several years held the title of world's fastest production vehicle. Wanting an ultra-high performance model to remain among the company offerings, Alois Ruf Jr ., the company owner, followed up the original with a CTR2 in 1995, another production model made in limited quantities, based on

304-564: A magnesium crankcase, twin overhead camshafts, and a power output of 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp). A clutchless semi-automatic Sportomatic model, composed of a torque converter , an automatic clutch , and the four-speed transmission was added in Autumn 1967. It was canceled after the 1980 model year partly because of the elimination of a forward gear to make it a three-speed. The B series went into production in August 1968, replacing

456-410: A rear-mounted flat-six engine and originally a torsion bar suspension . The car has been continuously enhanced through the years but the basic concept has remained unchanged. The engines were air-cooled until the introduction of the 996 series in 1998. The 911 has been raced extensively by private and factory teams, in a variety of classes. It is among the most successful competition cars. In

608-456: A 2+2). A four or five-speed "Type 901" manual transmission was available. The styling was largely penned by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche, son of Ferdinand "Ferry" Porsche . Butzi Porsche initially came up with a notchback design with proper space for seating two rear passengers but Ferry Porsche insisted that the 356's successor was to use its fastback styling. 7 prototypes were built based on Butzi Porsche's original design and were internally called

760-405: A 3.2-litre horizontally opposed flat 6-cylinder unit, was utilized. At the time Porsche claimed it was 80% new. The new swept volume of 3,164 cc was achieved using the 95 mm (3.7 in) bore (from the previous SC model) combined with the 1978 Turbo 3.3 crankshaft's 74.4 mm (2.9 in) stroke. In addition, higher domed pistons increased the compression ratio from 9.8 to 10.3:1 (9.5:1 for

912-548: A 5-speed 915 transmission. Originally power output was 180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp), later 191 PS (140 kW; 188 hp) and then in 1981 it was increased to 204 PS (150 kW; 201 hp). The move to an aluminium engine was to regain case reliability, something missing for many years with magnesium. In 1981 a Cabriolet concept car was introduced at the Frankfurt Motor Show . The convertible body design also featured four-wheel drive , although this

1064-485: A K-Jetronic 2.7-litre. The 911S 2.7 engine was rated during the entire lifespan at 175 hp (130 kW; 177 PS). The Carrera 2.7 model built for all markets, except for the United States, used the 210 PS (150 kW; 210 hp) RS 911/83 engine with Bosch mechanical fuel injection pump from the 1973 Carrera RS. These Carrera 2.7 MFI models were built from 1974 until 1976 and were mechanically identical to

1216-409: A chart on the wall of Professor Bott's office. It depicted the ongoing development schedules for the three primary Porsche product lines: 944 , 928 and 911. Two of them stretched far into the future, but the 911 program stopped at the end of 1981. I remember rising from my chair, walking over to the chart, taking a black marker pen, and extending the 911 program bar clean off the chart. I am sure I heard

1368-586: A derivation from a Gaulish *kondâti- "confluence". In AD 950, Duke Liudolf of Swabia , son of the current Holy Roman Emperor Otto I , decided to establish a stud farm for his cavalry during the Hungarian invasions of Europe on a widened area of the Nesenbach river valley 5 km (3.1 mi) south of the old Roman castrum. The land and title of Duke of Swabia remained in Liudolf's hands until his rebellion

1520-562: A kevlar body with lightweight glass; power came from a race derived air-cooled Porsche 3.6 litre, twin-turbocharged Flat-six engine , based on the engine used in the Porsche 962 Le Mans Group C car (hence the name CTR2) but tuned by Ruf to produce 520 hp (388 kW) and 505 ft lb (685 N·m) of torque. The car's engine was revised later to bump the power output to 580 hp (433 kW). Capable of accelerating from 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) in under 3.7 seconds and snipping through

1672-456: A member of the Württemberg royal family. In the late 1970s, the municipal district of Stammheim was centre stage to one of the most controversial periods of German post-war history. Stammheim Prison , built from 1959 to 1963, came to be the place of incarceration for Ulrike Meinhof , Andreas Baader , Gudrun Ensslin , and Jan-Carl Raspe , members of a communist terrorist organization known as

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1824-736: A move that earned him much scorn from his contemporaries. In the 150th year since his death (1955), the last remnant of the alma mater of Friedrich Schiller , the Karlsschule, was removed in favor of an expansion to the Bundesstraße 14 . Klett also dramatically expanded the public transportation of Stuttgart with the Stuttgart Stadtbahn and, in 1961, initiated a city partnership with the French city of Strasbourg as part of an attempt to mend Franco-German relations . It would be finalized in 1962 and

1976-704: A new suburb on the northeastern edge of the city around the Dominican monastery Hospitalkirche. In the 1457, the first Landtag of the Estates of Württemberg was established in Stuttgart and a similar institution was established in Leonberg . After the temporary partitions of the County of Württemberg by the Treaties of Nürtingen , Münsingen , and Esslingen, Stuttgart was once again declared

2128-626: A power output of 270 PS (200 kW; 270 hp) at 8,000 rpm. Weight was down to 960 kg (2,120 lb). The cars had success at the Daytona 6 Hours, the Sebring 12 Hours , the 1000 km Nürburgring , and the Targa Florio . RS stands for Rennsport in German, meaning race sport . The Carrera name was reintroduced from the 356 Carrera which had itself been named after Porsche's class victories in

2280-770: A region of 3,700 km (1,400 sq mi) containing a total of 2.76 million people as of December 2014. In addition, Stuttgart serves as a Mittelzentrum for Esslingen District cities Leinfelden-Echterdingen and Filderstadt as well as Ditzingen , Gerlingen , and Korntal-Münchingen in Ludwigsburg District. Stuttgart is also chief of the three centres Stuttgart Metropolitan Region , an area of 15,000 km (5,800 sq mi) containing 5.3 million persons. Stuttgart experiences an oceanic climate ( Köppen : Cfb ). Its summers are warm, with average highs around 25 °C (77 °F), while its winters are chilly, with daily means just above freezing. Annually,

2432-779: A significant event in that its engine would form the basis of many future Porsche attempts in sports car racing. This, and the earlier 917, was Porsche's commitment to turbocharger applications in its cars. There is a common misconception that all 911s built between 1974 and 1989 are 'G-series' cars. In fact, the G-series was only produced for the 1974 model year. It was followed by the H, J, K, and so on. Model year 1974 (G Series. Aug. 1973 to July 1974 production) Model year 1975 (H Series. Aug. 1974 to July 1975 production) Model year 1976 (J Series. Aug. 1975 to July 1976 production) Model year 1977 (K Series. Aug. 1976 to July 1977 production) The 1974 model year brought many significant changes to

2584-597: A silent cheer from Professor Bott, and I knew I had done the right thing. The Porsche 911, the company icon, had been saved, and I believe the company was saved with it. The replacement for the SC series came in 1984 as the 911 3.2 Carrera, reviving the Carrera name for the first time since 1977. This was the last iteration in the original 911 series, with all subsequent models featuring new body styling and new brake, electronic, and suspension technologies. A new higher-displacement engine,

2736-580: A small workshop in Bad Cannstatt that would become Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft in 1887. As a result, it is considered to be the starting point of the worldwide automotive industry and is sometimes referred to as the 'cradle of the automobile', and today Mercedes-Benz and Porsche both have their headquarters in Stuttgart, as well as automotive parts giants Bosch and Mahle . The year prior, Robert Bosch opened his first "Workshop for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering" in Stuttgart. In 1907,

2888-629: A trip to West Germany to offer a spot for a West German astronaut in a Soviet space mission, visited Stuttgart 14 June 1989 and was the honored guest of a sumptuous reception held at the New Palace . Since the monumental happenings of the 1980s, Stuttgart has continued being an important centre of not just Europe, but also the world. In 1993, the World Horticultural Exposition , for which two new bridges were built, and World Athletics Championships of that year took place in Stuttgart in

3040-682: Is an important financial center ; the Stuttgart Stock Exchange is the second largest in Germany (after Frankfurt ), and the Landesbank Baden-Württemberg (LBBW) is Germany's largest Landesbank . Stuttgart is also a major transport junction; it is among the most congested conurbations of Europe, and its airport is the sixth-busiest in Germany (2019). Stuttgart is a city with a high number of immigrants; according to Dorling Kindersley 's Eyewitness Travel Guide to Germany , "In

3192-481: Is known as the " cradle of the automobile ". As such, it is home to famous automobile museums like the Mercedes-Benz Museum and Porsche Museum , as well as numerous auto-enthusiast magazines, which contributes to Stuttgart's status as Germany's " Autohauptstadt " ("car capital city"/"capital of cars"). The city's tourism slogan is "Stuttgart offers more". Under current plans to improve transport links to

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3344-564: Is still active today. Klett's Stuttgart saw two major media events: the same year the partnership with Strasbourg was finalized, then French president Charles de Gaulle visited the city and Ludwigsburg Palace in the ending moments of his state visit to Germany, and Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom visited the city 24 May 1965. On 25 April 1952, the other two parts of the former German states of Baden and Württemberg , South Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged and formed

3496-812: Is the capital and largest city of the German state of Baden-Württemberg . It is located on the Neckar river in a fertile valley known as the Stuttgarter Kessel (Stuttgart Cauldron) and lies an hour from the Swabian Jura and the Black Forest . Stuttgart has a population of 632,865 as of 2022, making it the sixth largest city in Germany , while over 2.8 million people live in the city's administrative region and nearly 5.5 million people in its metropolitan area , making it

3648-443: Is used by Porsche to indicate the revision for production cars, usually on an annual basis. 911s have also been categorized into families based on body styles or engine enhancements: The 911 traces its roots to sketches drawn by Ferdinand "Butzi" Porsche in 1959. The Porsche 911 was developed as a more powerful, larger and a more comfortable replacement for the 356 , the company's first model. The new car made its public debut at

3800-577: The 1963 Frankfurt Motor Show ( German : Internationale Automobil-Ausstellung ). The car was developed with the proof-of-concept twin-fan Type 745 flat-six engine, but the car presented at the auto show had a non-operational mockup of the single-fan 901 engine, receiving a working unit in February 1964. It originally was designated as the "Porsche 901" (901 being its internal project number). A total of 82 cars were built which were badged as 901s. However, French automobile manufacturer Peugeot protested on

3952-702: The Augsburg Interim by the Duke in 1548. Duke Ulrich himself died two years later, and was succeeded by his son, Christoph . He had grown up in a Württemberg in turmoil, and wished to rebuild its image. To this end, he once again began a construction boom all over the Duchy under the direction of Court Architect Aberlin Tretsch; knowing full well that the time of the Reisekönigtum was over, Christoph and Tretsch rebuilt and remodeled

4104-795: The Birkenkopf (511 m (1,677 ft)) on the edge of the Stuttgart basin , the Württemberg (411 m (1,348 ft)) rising above the Neckar valley, and the Grüner Heiner (395 m (1,296 ft)) at the northeast end of the city. Stuttgart is one of 14 regional centers in Baden-Württemberg and is naturally the primary centre of the Stuttgart Region , making it the administrative centre for

4256-742: The Carrera Panamericana races in Mexico in the 1950s. The RS was developed to meet motorsport homologation requirements. Compared to a standard 911S, the Carrera 2.7 RS had a larger engine (2,687 cc) developing 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp) with Bosch ( Kugelfischer ) mechanical fuel injection, revised and stiffened suspension, a "ducktail" rear spoiler, larger brakes, wider rear wheels and rear fenders, to fit 185/70VR15 and 215/60VR15 tyres front and rear. In RS Touring form it weighed 1,075 kg (2,370 lb), in Sport Lightweight form it

4408-632: The FIFA World Cup as it had in 1974. Stuttgart still experienced some growing pains even long after its recovery from the Second World War. In 2010, the inner city become the focal point of the protests against the controversial Stuttgart 21 . Since shortly after the end of World War II, there has been a US military presence in Stuttgart. At the height of the Cold War over 45,000 Americans were stationed across over 40 installations in and around

4560-458: The Free imperial city of Esslingen by ordering his Vogt, Konrad IV von Weinberg, to declare war on Eberhard I. Eberhard I, defeated on the battlefield, lost Stuttgart and his castle (razed in 1311) to Esslingen and the city was thus managed by the city state from 1312 to 1315. Total destruction of the county was prevented by Henry VII's death on 24 August 1313 and the elections of Louis IV as King of

4712-769: The International Socialist Congress was held in Stuttgart was attended by about 60,000 people. In 1912, VfB Stuttgart was founded. Two years later, the current iteration of the Stuttgart Hauptbahnhof was completed according to plan by Paul Bonatz from 1914 to 1927. During World War I , the city was a target of air raids. In 1915, 29 bombs struck the city and the nearby Rotebühlkaserne, killing four soldiers and injuring another 43, and likewise killing four civilians. The next major air raid on Stuttgart occurred 15 September 1918, when structural damage caused house collapses that killed eleven people. At

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4864-405: The Porsche 914 for 1973 through 1975 model years. 2,099 units were produced. The 912E was replaced by the front-engine Porsche 924 for the 1977 model year. For the 1976 model year, Porsche introduced the Carrera 3.0 with wide rear flares, optional whaletail, and a variety of other luxury options. It was available in all markets except North America. The Carrera 3.0 was fitted with a variation of

5016-577: The Red Army Faction , during their trial at the Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart in 1975. Several attempts were made by the organization to free the terrorists during the " German Autumn " of 1977 that culminated in such events as the kidnap and murder of Hanns-Martin Schleyer and the hijacking of Lufthansa Flight 181 . When it became clear, after many attempts to free the inmates including

5168-618: The Shoah . An early concept of the Marshall Plan aimed at supporting reconstruction and economic/political recovery across Europe was presented during a speech 6 September 1946 given by US Secretary of State James F. Byrnes at the Stuttgart Opera House . His speech led to the unification of the British and American occupation zones, resulting in the 'bi-zone' (later the 'tri-zone' when

5320-722: The Thirty Years' War and devastating air raids by the Allies on the city and its automobile production during World War II . However, by 1952, the city had bounced back and became the major cultural, economic, industrial, financial, tourism and publishing centre it is today. Stuttgart is known for its strong high-tech industry, especially in the automotive sector . It has the highest general standard of prosperity of any German city. In addition to many medium-sized companies , several major corporations are headquartered in Stuttgart, including Porsche , Bosch , and Mercedes-Benz Group . Stuttgart

5472-847: The University of Music and Performing Arts later, in 1857. Stuttgart had a role to play during the revolution of 1848/1849 as well. When internal divisions of the Frankfurt Parliament began the demise of that congress, the majority of the Frankfurt Congress voted to move to Stuttgart to flee the reach of the Prussian and Austrian armies in Frankfurt and Mainz . Even though the Congress may have had contacts with revolutionaries in Baden and Württemberg ,

5624-727: The Volkswagen Beetle were manufactured in Stuttgart, according to designs by Ferdinand Porsche , by a design team including Erwin Komenda and Karl Rabe . The Hotel Silber (English: Silver ), previously occupied by other forms of political police , was occupied by the Gestapo in 1933 to detain and torture political dissidents. The hotel was used for the transit of Nazi prisoners of conscience including Eugen Bolz , Kurt Schumacher , and Lilo Herrmann to concentration camps . The nearby court at Archive Street ( German : Archivstraße ) 12A

5776-535: The Year Without Summer and following famine, introduced the first Cannstatter Volksfest to celebrate the year's bountiful harvest. Hohenheim University was founded in 1818, and two years later the Württemberg Mausoleum as completed on the hill where Wirtemberg Castle once stood. From the outset of the 19th century, Stuttgart's development was once again impeded by its location (population of

5928-474: The fourth largest metropolitan area in Germany . The city and metropolitan area are consistently ranked among the top 4 European metropolitan areas by GDP ; Mercer listed Stuttgart as 21st on its 2015 list of cities by quality of living ; innovation agency 2thinknow ranked the city 24th globally out of 442 cities in its Innovation Cities Index; and the Globalization and World Cities Research Network ranked

6080-589: The 100,000 inhabitant mark. This number doubled, due to the incorporation of local towns, to approximately 185,000 in 1901 and then 200,000 in 1904. In 1871, Württemberg joined the German Empire created by Otto von Bismarck , Prime Minister of Prussia , during the Unification of Germany , as an autonomous kingdom. Stuttgart is purported to be the location of the automobile's invention by Karl Benz and then industrialized by Gottlieb Daimler and Wilhelm Maybach in

6232-528: The 1973 Carrera RS. The Carrera 2.7 model produced for the North American markets, often referred to as the Carrera 2.7 CIS, was powered by the same 2.7-litre engine as the 911S which produced 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp). The initial Carrera 2.7 models had the same welded-on rear RS flares, before switching to the SC stamped style rear flares during the middle of the 1974 production year. The Carrera 2.7 coupés weighed in at 1,075 kg (2,370 lb),

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6384-465: The 3.0 engine and a flat "whale tail" in place of the ducktail spoiler along with wide body panels and large tyres. In 1974, Porsche developed the Carrera RS 3.0 with mechanical fuel injection rated at 230 PS (169 kW; 227 hp). Its price was almost twice that of the 2.7 RS, but it offered racing capability. The chassis was largely similar to that of the 1973 Carrera RSR and the braking system

6536-399: The 911 bodywork with Type 901 four-speed manual transmission (a 5-speed manual transmission was optional). In 1966, Porsche introduced the more powerful 911S with Type 901/02 engine having a power output of 160 PS (118 kW; 158 hp). Forged aluminium alloy wheels from Fuchsfelge , with a 5-spoke design, were offered for the first time. In motorsport at the same time, the engine

6688-404: The 911 had a rear-mounted 130 hp (97 kW) Type 901/01 flat-6 engine, in the " boxer " configuration like the 356, the engine is air-cooled and displaces 1,991 cc (2.0 L) as compared to the 356's four-cylinder, 1,582 cc (1.6 L) unit. The car had four seats although the rear seats were small, thus it is usually called a 2+2 rather than a four-seater (the 356 was also

6840-493: The 911 remained so strong, however, that Porsche revised its strategy and decided to inject new life into the 911 editions. 911 SC sales totaled 58,914 cars. Peter W. Schutz (CEO Porsche AG 1981–1987) wrote: The decision to keep the 911 in the product line occurred one afternoon in the office of Dr. Helmuth Bott  [ de ] , the Porsche operating board member responsible for all engineering and development. I noticed

6992-411: The 911 to meet legislative requirements around the world for both impact safety and emissions. First, the engine size was increased to 2,687 cc achieving higher torque. Second, new impact bumpers conformed with low-speed protection requirements of US regulations. Thirdly, the use of K-Jetronic CIS Bosch fuel injection in two of the three models in the line up— the 911 and 911S models, retaining

7144-466: The 911. The name "Targa" came from the Targa Florio sports car road race in Sicily , Italy in which Porsche had several victories until 1973. The last win in the subsequently discontinued event was scored with a 911 Carrera RS against prototypes entered by Ferrari and Alfa Romeo . The road-going Targa was equipped with a removable roof panel and a removable plastic rear window (although a fixed glass version

7296-406: The 911L model with 911E with fuel injection. It remained in production until July 1969. The 911E gained wider tires on 6J-15 wheels. The C series was introduced in August 1969 with an enlarged 2.2-litre engine (84 mm bore x 66 mm stroke). The wheelbase for all 911 and 912 models was increased from 2,211–2,268 mm (87.0–89.3 in), to help as a remedy to the car's nervous handling at

7448-539: The 911S's Type 911/02 (180 PS (132 kW; 178 hp) at 6,500 rpm), but 911E was quicker in acceleration up to 160 km/h (99 mph). The E series for 1972–1973 model years (August 1971 to July 1972 production) consisted of the same models, but with a new, larger 2,341 cc (2.3 L) engine. This is known as the "2.4 L" engine, despite its displacement being closer to 2.3 litres. The 911E (Type 911/52 engine) and 911S (Type 911/53) used Bosch mechanical fuel injection (MFI) in all markets. For 1972

7600-456: The 911T (Type 911/57) was carbureted , except in the US and some Asian markets where the 911T also came with (MFI) mechanical fuel injection (Type 911/51 engine) with power increase over European models (130 hp) to 140 hp commonly known as a 911T/E. With power and torque increase, the 2.4-litre cars also got a newer, stronger transmission, identified by its Porsche type number 915. Derived from

7752-603: The 930 Turbo's 2994 cc engine (minus the turbocharger ). The engine (dubbed the 930/02) featured K-Jetronic CIS. It developed 200 PS (147 kW; 197 hp) in contrast to the older Carrera 2.7 MFI model's 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp). The crankcase and gearbox housing were made of aluminium rather than magnesium for improved reliability. Magnesium cases were reviled for thermal expansion/contraction issues as engines grew in displacement and heat generation also increased. The new engine, which featured bigger intake and exhaust valves, produced greater torque allowing

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7904-591: The Belgian Gendarmerie. The 1976 Carrera 2.7 MFI Sondermodells were the last mechanically fuel injected 911 produced by Porsche and still featured the 1973 RS engine. For the 1976 model year, the 912E was produced for the U.S. market. This was a 4-cylinder version of the 911 in the same manner as the 912 that had last been produced in 1969. It used the I-series chassis powered by the Volkswagen 2.0 engine also used in

8056-466: The Carrera 3.0 to achieve the same performance as the previous Carrera 2.7, 0–100 km/h (0–62 mph) in 6.1 seconds and 0–200 km/h (0–124 mph) in 27 seconds. Both versions boasted a top speed of approximately 236 km/h (147 mph). Weight increased marginally by 45 kg (99 lb) to 1,120 kg (2,470 lb). The 911 Carrera 3.0 was produced in both targa (1,125 examples produced) and coupé (2,566) versions. The Carrera 3.0

8208-569: The Cold War developed US Army VII Corps was re-formed in July 1950 and assigned to Hellenen Kaserne (renamed Kelley Barracks in 1951) where the headquarters was to remain throughout the Cold War. In 1990 VII Corps was deployed directly from Germany to Saudi Arabia for Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm to include many of the VII Corps troops stationed in and around Stuttgart. After returning from

8360-611: The Congress, not popular with the content citizens of Stuttgart, were driven out by the King's army. Stuttgart's literary tradition also bore yet more fruits, being the home of such writers of national importance as Wilhelm Hauff , Ludwig Uhland , Gustav Schwab , and Eduard Mörike . From 1841 to 1846, the Jubiläumssäule was erected on the Schlossplatz before the New Palace according to

8512-469: The French forces coordinated with the US Seventh Army and VI Corps heavy artillery, who began a barrage of the city. The French 5th Armored Division then captured Stuttgart on 21 April 1945, encountering little resistance. The city fared poorly under their direction; French troops forcefully quartered their troops in what housing remained in the city, rapes were frequent (there were at least 1,389 recorded incidents of rape of civilians by French soldiers), and

8664-447: The French reluctantly agreed to cede their occupied territory to the new state). In 1948, the city applied to become the capital of the soon to-be Federal Republic of Germany , and was a serious contender against Frankfurt , Kassel , and Bonn . All these cities were examined by the Parlamentarischer Rat , but ultimately Bonn won the bid when the Republic was founded on 23 May 1949. The city's bid for capital failed primarily because of

8816-418: The Germans and Frederick III as anti-king. Eberhard seized the opportunity granted to him by the political chaos, and recaptured his hometown and birthplace in 1316, and made much territorial gain. With peace restored at last, Eberhard began repairs and expansion to Stuttgart beginning with the reconstruction of Wirtemberg Castle , ancestral home to the House of Württemberg, in 1317 and then began expansion of

8968-400: The Karlsschule to prevent the spreading of revolutionary ideas. Stuttgart was proclaimed capital once more when Württemberg became an electorate in 1803, and was yet again named as capital when the Kingdom of Württemberg was formed in 1805 by the Peace of Pressburg . King Frederick I 's Württemberg was given high status in the Confederation of the Rhine among the College of Kings, and

9120-452: The Killesburg park and Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion respectively, bringing millions of new visitors to the city. At the 1993 WCA, British athlete Sally Gunnell and the United States Relay team both set world records . In 2003, Stuttgart applied for the 2012 Summer Olympics but failed in their bid when the German Committee for the Olympics decided on Leipzig to host the Olympics in Germany. Three years later, in 2006, Stuttgart once again hosted

9272-415: The League's conquest of Württemberg. Württemberg was then sold by the League to Emperor Charles V , who then granted it to his brother, Ferdinand I , thus beginning the 12 year ownership of the county by the Habsburgs . When the peasants Ulrich had crushed before rose once again in the German Peasants' War , Stuttgart was occupied by the peasant armies for a few days in the Spring of 1525. Ulrich, with

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9424-440: The Middle East, the bulk of VII Corps units were reassigned to the United States or deactivated. The VII Corps Headquarters returned to Germany for a short period to close out operations and was deactivated later in the United States. The withdrawal of VII Corps caused a large reduction in the US military presence in the city and region and led to the closure of the majority of US installations in and around Stuttgart which resulted in

9576-400: The Old Castle into a Renaissance palace, and from 1542 to 1544, what is today the Schillerplatz was built as a town square. Duke Christoph also responded to the increasing made for drinking water by embarking upon a massive hydraulic engineering project in the form of a 2,810 ft (860 m) tunnel to Pffaf Lake, the Glems , and the Nesenbach from 1566 to 1575. In 1575, Georg Beer

9728-502: The Porsche 754 T7. Erwin Komenda , the leader of the Porsche car body construction department who initially objected, was also involved later in the design. Production of the 356 ended in 1965, but there was still a market for a 4-cylinder car, particularly in the US. The 912 , introduced in the same year, served as a direct replacement, offering the de-tuned version of 356 SC's 4-cylinder, 1,582 cc (1.6 L), 90 hp (67 kW; 91 PS) boxer four Type 616/36 engine inside

9880-462: The Romans , entered the city in 1634 and, two years later in 1636, once again attempted to re-Catholicize Württemberg. The next year, the Bubonic plague struck and devastated the population. The Duke returned in 1638 to a realm somewhat partitioned to Catholic factions in the region, and entirely ravaged by the war. In the Duchy itself, battle, famine , plague and war reduced the Duchy's population of 350,000 in 1618 to 120,000 in 1648 – about 57% of

10032-468: The Ruf's flexibility, they were street driven to and from the Pikes Peak racecourse. In the event, the Ruf CTR2sport driven by Steve Beddor placed 1st in overall qualifying and finished 2nd overall in the race, while his brother David in the second Ruf finished 4th overall. Steve Beddor's 'Pikes Peak' prototype Ruf CTR2sport, went on to win the Virginia City Hill Climb 3 times, as well as finishing 1st-place in 20 other races nationwide, making it arguably one of

10184-408: The Silver Flash is capable of an honest 350 km/h (217 mph) or more". A test of another 520 hp CTR2 in a March 1997 issue of Auto, Motor und Sport yielded: Porsche 911 The Porsche 911 (pronounced Nine Eleven or in German : Neunelf ) is a two-door 2+2 high performance rear-engined sports car introduced in September 1964 by Porsche AG of Stuttgart , Germany. It has

10336-460: The Stuttgart we know today in c.  1220 . In 1251, the city passed to the Ulrich I von Württemberg as part of Mechthild von Baden's dowry . His son, Eberhard I "the Illustrious", would be the first to begin the many major expansions of Stuttgart under the House of Württemberg. Eberhard desired to expand the realm his father had built through military action with the aid of the anti-king Henry Raspe IV , Landgrave of Thuringia , but

10488-533: The US market). New inlet manifold and exhaust systems were fitted. The 915 transmission was carried over from the SC series for the first three model years. In 1987, the Carrera got a new five-speed gearbox sourced from Getrag , model number G50 with proven BorgWarner synchronizers. This slightly heavier version also featured a hydraulically operated clutch. Stuttgart Stuttgart ( German: [ˈʃtʊtɡaʁt] ; Swabian : Schduagert [ˈʒ̊d̥ua̯ɡ̊ɛʕd̥] ; names in other languages )

10640-412: The area. Since the seventh millennium BC, the Stuttgart area has been an important agricultural area and has been host to a number of cultures seeking to utilize the rich soil of the Neckar valley . The Roman Empire conquered the area in AD 83 and built a massive castrum near Bad Cannstatt , making it the most important regional centre for several centuries. Stuttgart's roots were truly laid in

10792-504: The attack on the city was to be conducted by the US Seventh Army's 100th Infantry Division , French leader Charles de Gaulle found this to be unacceptable, as he felt the capture of the region by Free French forces would increase French influence in post-war decisions. Independently, he directed General de Lattre to order the French 5th Armored Division , 2nd Moroccan Infantry Division and 3rd Algerian Infantry Division to begin their drive to Stuttgart on 18 April 1945. Two days later,

10944-608: The capital of the county in 1483. In 1488, Stuttgart officially became the de facto residence of the Count himself as opposed to the location of his home, the Old Castle. Eberhard I , then Count Eberhard V, became the first Duke of Württemberg in 1495, and made Stuttgart the seat of the Duchy of Württemberg in addition to the County thereof. All this would be lost to the Württembergs during

11096-419: The car was simply called the Porsche 911 Turbo worldwide. The larger engine helped reduce some of the turbo lag inherent in the earlier models. In 1989, a 5-speed manual transmission became available for the 930. The 930 was replaced in 1990 with the 964 turbo featuring the same 3.3-litre engine. There have been turbocharged variants of each subsequent generation of 911 since then. In 1978, Porsche introduced

11248-462: The car well into the 1980s until the FIA and IMSA rules were changed. For the 1978 model year, Porsche revised the 930 with a larger 3.3-litre turbocharged engine with intercooler rated at 300 PS (221 kW; 296 hp). To fit the intercooler a newly designed "tea-tray" tail spoiler replaced the earlier whale tail spoiler. Porsche dropped the "Carrera" nomenclature for the North American markets and

11400-597: The catastrophic defeat of the Protestant Heilbronn League by the Habsburgs at Nörlingen in 1634, Duke Eberhard III and his court fled in exile to Strasbourg , abandoning the Duchy to looting by pro- Habsburg forces. The Habsburgs once again had full reign of the city for another four years, and in that time Stuttgart had to carry the burden of billeting the pro-Habsburg armies in Swabia . Ferdinand III , King of

11552-500: The central T sound. Originally, the most important location in the Neckar river valley was the hilly rim of the Stuttgart basin at what is today Bad Cannstatt . Thus, the first settlement of Stuttgart was a massive Roman Castra stativa ( Cannstatt Castrum ) built c.  90 AD to protect the Villas and vineyards blanketing the landscape and the road from Mogontiacum (Mainz) to Augusta Vindelicorum (Augsburg). Cannstatt

11704-551: The centre of Swabia and the local dialect spoken by the native Swabians , has its etymological roots in the Old High German word Stuotgarten , or " stud farm ", because the city was founded in 950  AD by Duke Liudolf of Swabia to breed warhorses. In the local dialects of Alemannic German it can be " Schtuegert ", and in Swabian German " Stuagart "; with similar variant spellings, usually dropping

11856-434: The centre of gravity slightly forward for better handling. An extra oil filler/inspection flap was located on the rear wing, for this reason it became known as an "Oil Klapper", "Ölklappe" or "Vierte Tür (4th door)". The F series (August 1972 to July 1973 production) moved the oil tank back to the original behind-the-wheel location. This change was in response to complaints that gas-station attendants often filled gasoline into

12008-404: The city as a Beta -status global city in their 2020 survey. Stuttgart was one of the host cities for the official tournaments of the 1974 and 2006 FIFA World Cups . Stuttgart is unusual in the scheme of German cities. It is spread across a variety of hills (some of them covered in vineyards ), valleys (especially around the Neckar river and the Stuttgart basin ) and parks . The city

12160-628: The city at the time was around 50,000), but the city began to experience the beginning of economic revival with the opening of the Main Station in 1846. Prior to then, the signs of rebirth in Stuttgart were evidenced by the construction of such buildings of Rosenstein Castle in 1822–1830, the Wilhelmspalais 1834–1840, and the foundations of the Staatsgalerie in 1843, University of Stuttgart in 1829,

12312-464: The city of Stuttgart, every third inhabitant is a foreigner." 40% of Stuttgart's residents, and 64% of the population below the age of five, are of immigrant background. In the rest of Germany, 28.7% of people are of immigrant background, with a relatively higher percentage living in cities and former western Germany (such as Stuttgart). Stuttgart, often nicknamed the " Schwabenmetropole " (English: Swabian metropolis ) in reference to its location in

12464-503: The city receives average 718.7 mm (28.30 in) of rain. On average, Stuttgart enjoys 1,807 hours of sunshine per year and an average annual temperature of 9 °C (48 °F). Typically during summer months, the nearby hills, Swabian Alb mountains, the Black Forest , Schurwald , and the Swabian-Franconian Forest act as shields from harsh weather, nevertheless the city can be subject to thunderstorms, whereas in

12616-617: The city were suicidal, substantial damage to the city's industrial capacity still occurred, such as the 25 August bombing of the Daimler AG plant in 1940 that killed five people. With the war increasingly turning against the Third Reich, more and more troops were pulled from the defence of the city in 1943 to fight on the Eastern Front . In 1944, the city centre was entirely in ruins due to Allied bombing raids that could now more easily attack

12768-467: The city's defenses. The early 1320s were important years for Stuttgart: Eberhard I moved the seat of the county to the city to a new and expanded castle , the collegiate church in Beutelsbach , where previous members of the Württemberg dynasty had been buried prior to its destruction in 1311, moved to its current location in Stuttgart in 1320, and the town's Stiftkirche was expanded into an abbey, and

12920-468: The city's royal past. These include: Other landmarks in and around Stuttgart include ( see also museums below ): At the center of Stuttgart lies a series of gardens which are popular with families and cyclists. Because of its shape on a map, the locals refer to it as the Green U . The Green U starts with the old Schlossgarten, castle gardens first mentioned in records in 1350. The modern park stretches down to

13072-592: The city's surviving populace were poorly rationed. The circumstances of what later became known as "The Stuttgart Crisis" provoked political repercussions that reached even the White House . President Harry S. Truman was unable to get De Gaulle to withdraw troops from Stuttgart until after the final boundaries of the zones of occupation were established. The French army remained in the city until they finally relented to American demands on 8 July 1945 and withdrew. Stuttgart then became capital of Württemberg-Baden , one of

13224-558: The city. Economic migrants , called " Gastarbeiter ", from Italy, and later Greece and Turkey but primarily from Yugoslavia , came flocking to Stuttgart because of the economic wonder called the " Wirtschaftswunder " unfolding in West Germany . These factors saw the city reach its (then) peak population of 640,000 in 1962. In May 1965 Queen Elizabeth II made a state visit to Stuttgart and nearby Marbach and Schwäbisch Hall . Her great-grandfather Duke Francis (1837–1900) had been

13376-745: The city. Today about 10,000 Americans are stationed on 5 installations (Patch Barracks, Panzer Kaserne, Kelley Barracks, Robinson Barracks, and Stuttgart Army Airfield) representing all branches of service within the Department of Defense , unlike the mostly Army presence of the Occupation and Cold War. In March 1946 the US Army established a unit of the US Constabulary and a headquarters at Kurmärker Kaserne (later renamed Patch Barracks ) in Stuttgart. These units of soldiers retrained in patrol and policing provided

13528-487: The city. The heaviest raid took place on 12 September 1944, when the Royal Air Force , dropping over 184,000 bombs – including 75 blockbusters – levelled Stuttgart's city centre, killing 957 people in the resulting firestorm . In totality, Stuttgart was subjected to 53 bombing raids, resulting in the destruction of 57.7% of all buildings in the city, the deaths of 4,477 inhabitants, the disappearance of 85 citizens, and

13680-602: The control of the Martinskirche by the Bishopric of Constance was broken by Papal order in 1321. A year after the city became the principal seat of the Counts of Württemberg in 1320, the city was granted status as a city and given civic rights. At the end of the 14th century, new suburbs sprang up around Leonhard Church and near the city's fortifications as well. Towards the end of the 15th century, Count Ulrich V began construction of

13832-459: The end of the Cold War as they are host to United States Department of Defense Unified Commands and supporting activities. The core area of Stuttgart lies in a fertile bowl-shaped valley about 900 ft (270 m) above sea level , an hour from the Black Forest and Swabian Jura on the banks of the Neckar river at 48°47′N 9°11′E  /  48.783°N 9.183°E  / 48.783; 9.183 115 mi (185 km) to

13984-634: The end of the First World War, November revolutionaries stormed the Wilhelmpalais on 30 November 1918 to force King Wilhelm II to abdicate, but failed halfway. Under pressure from the revolutionaries, Wilhelm II refused the crown, but also refused to abdicate the throne. When he did eventually abdicate, the Free State of Württemberg was established as a part of the Weimar Republic , and Stuttgart

14136-605: The entire male Jewish population of Stuttgart, to the police-run prison camp at Welzheim or directly to Dachau . Other Jews from around Württemberg were brought to Stuttgart and housed in the ghetto on the former Trade Fair grounds in Killesberg . As the Memorial at Stuttgart North records, between 1941 (the first train arrived 1 December 1941, and took around 1,000 men to Riga ) and 1945, more than 2,000 Jews from all over Württemberg were deported to Theresienstadt , Auschwitz , and

14288-575: The existence of a settlement here (despite the terrain being more suited for that original stud farm) during the High Middle Ages is provided by a gift registry from Hirsau Abbey dated to around 1160 that mentions a "Hugo de Stuokarten". A settlement at this locale was again mentioned in 1229, but this time by Pope Gregory IX . In AD 1219, Stuttgart (then Stuotgarten) became a possession of Herman V , Margrave of Baden . In addition to Backnang , Pforzheim , and Besigheim , Hermann would also found

14440-458: The few "enduring communities" where the United States forces will continue to operate in Germany. The remaining U.S. bases around Stuttgart are organized into US Army Garrison Stuttgart and include Patch Barracks, Robinson Barracks , Panzer Kaserne and Kelley Barracks. From the end of World War II until the early 1990s these installations excepting Patch were almost exclusively Army, but have become increasingly "Purple"—as in joint service—since

14592-631: The financial burdens its high rents would place on the government. The immediate aftermath of the War would be marked by the controversial efforts of Arnulf Klett , the first Oberbürgermeister of Stuttgart, to restore the city. Klett favored the idea of a modernist Automotive city with functional divisions for residential, commercial and industrial areas according to the Athens Charter . Klett demolished both ruins and entire streets of largely undamaged buildings without rebuilding them to their original visage,

14744-429: The first time in centuries, Duke Eberhard Ludwig moved the seat of the Duchy out of the declining city of Stuttgart in 1718 to Ludwigsburg , founded in 1704, while the namesake Baroque palace , known as the "Versailles of Swabia", was still under construction. When Eberhard Ludwig died, his nephew Charles Alexander , ascended to the throne. Charles Alexander himself died in 1737, meaning his son Charles Eugene became

14896-575: The ghettos at Riga and Izbica . Of them, only 180 held in Internment survived the Shoah . Stuttgart, like many of Germany's major cities, was ravaged throughout the war by Allied air raids . For the first four years of the war, successful air raids on the city were rare because of the capable defence of the city by Wehrmacht ground forces, the Luftwaffe , and artificial fog . Despite opinions among some Royal Air Force members that day-time air raids on

15048-504: The grounds that in France it had exclusive rights to car names formed by three numbers with a zero in the middle. Instead of selling the new model with a different name in France, Porsche changed the name to 911. Internally, the cars' part numbers carried on the prefix 901 for years. Production began in September 1964, with the first 911s exported to the US in February 1965. The first models of

15200-553: The help of Philip I , Landgrave of Hesse , seized the chance to restore himself to power (albeit as an Austrian vassal) in the turmoil of the Reformation and War with the Turks and invited Erhard Schnepf to bring the Reformation to Stuttgart. He accepted, was named Court Preacher in Stuttgart, and worked in concert with Ambrosius Blarer until his dismissal following his resistance to

15352-449: The injury of 8,908 more people. The Allies lost 300 aircraft and seven to ten enlisted men. To commemorate the city citizens who died during the war, the rubble was assembled and used to create the Birkenkopf . Today Stuttgart consists to over 40% of buildings from before World War II, besides all destruction. The Allied ground advance into Germany reached Stuttgart in April 1945. Although

15504-460: The international infrastructure (as part of the Stuttgart 21 project), Stuttgart unveiled a new city logo and slogan in March 2008, describing itself as " Das neue Herz Europas " ("The new Heart of Europe"). For business, it describes itself as "Where business meets the future". In July 2010, the city unveiled a new logo, designed to entice more business people to stay in the city and enjoy breaks in

15656-431: The introduction of the whale tail rear spoiler, available as an option on the 1974-75 Carrera 2.7 models, as well as the newly introduced 930 Turbo. The Carrera 2.7 was replaced by the Carrera 3.0 for the 1976 model year, except for a special run of 113 1976 Carrera 2.7 MFI coupés were built for the German market featuring the 911/83 RS engine, with an additional 20 narrow-bodied 1976 Carrera MFI 2.7 Targas being supplied to

15808-574: The lands of nearby secondary German states. Within Stuttgart, the royal residence was expanded under Frederick although many of Stuttgart's most important buildings, including Wilhelm Palace , Katharina Hospital, the State Gallery , the Villa Berg and the Königsbau were built under the reign of King Wilhelm I . In 1818. King Wilhelm I and Queen Catherine in an attempt to assuage the suffering caused by

15960-529: The law and order in the American zone of occupied Germany until the civilian German police forces could be re-established. In 1948 the headquarters for all Constabulary forces was moved to Stuttgart. In 2008 a memorial to the US Constabulary was installed and dedicated at Patch Barracks. The US Constabulary headquarters was disbanded in 1950 and most of the force was merged into the newly organized 7th Army . As

16112-636: The layoff of many local civilians who had been career employees of the US Army. Since 1967, Patch Barracks in Stuttgart has been home to the US EUCOM . In 2007 AFRICOM was established as a cell within EUCOM and in 2008 established as the US Unified Combatant Command responsible for most of Africa headquartered at Kelley Barracks. Due to these 2 major headquarters, Stuttgart has been identified as one of

16264-415: The limit. The overall length of the car did not change, but the rear wheels were relocated further back. Fuel injection arrived for the 911S (901/10 engine) and for a new middle model, 911E (901/09 engine). The D series was produced from Aug. 1970 to July 1971. The 2.2-litre 911E (C and D series) had lower power output of the 911/01 engine (155 PS (114 kW; 153 hp) at 6,200 rpm) compared to

16416-566: The mid-1970s, the naturally aspirated 911 Carrera RSR won world championship races including Targa Florio and the 24 Hours of Daytona . The 911-derived 935 turbo also won the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1979. Porsche won the World Championship for Makes in 1976, 1977, 1978, and 1979 with 911-derived models. In a 1999 poll to determine the Car of the Century , the 911 was fifth. It is one of two in

16568-453: The modern German state of Baden-Württemberg , with Stuttgart as its capital. Since the 1950s, Stuttgart has been the third largest city in southern Germany behind Frankfurt and Munich . The city's population, halved by the Second World War, began sudden growth with the mass influx of German refugees expelled from their homes and communities by the Soviets from the late 1940s until 1950 to

16720-445: The most important 'non-Zuffenhausen' Porsche racecars of the 1990s. 16 standard CTR2s were produced, alongside 12 CTR2 "Sport" versions. A 520 hp CTR2 was tested by Dennis Simanitis for the February 1997 issue of Road & Track with the following results: The tester noted that he suspected that the magazine's Road Test Editor would be even "a couple of tenths quicker" to 60 mph and that "there’s every reason to believe

16872-428: The municipal area. At the center of Stuttgart lies its main square, Schlossplatz . As well as being the largest square in Stuttgart, it stands at the crossover point between the city's shopping area, Schlossgarten park which runs down to the river Neckar , Stuttgart's two central castles and major museums and residential areas to the south west. Königstraße, Stuttgart's most important shopping street which runs along

17024-660: The name " Cannstatt " is not clear, but as the site is mentioned as condistat in the Annals of Metz (9th century), it is mostly derived from the Latin word condita ("foundation"), suggesting that the name of the Roman settlement might have had the prefix " Condi- ". Alternatively, Sommer (1992) suggested that the Roman site corresponds to the Civitas Aurelia G attested to in an inscription found near Öhringen . There have also been attempts at

17176-573: The name of Hans von Hutten, obliging her to flee to the court of her brother, William IV , Duke of Bavaria , who successfully had Ulrich placed under Imperial ban twice. When the Emperor died in 1519, Ulrich struck, seizing the Free Imperial City of Reutlingen , prompting the League to intervene. That same year, Ulrich was soundly defeated and he was driven into exile in France and Switzerland following

17328-421: The narrow rear arches of the old 2.4, now had a 2.7-litre engine rated at 150 PS (110 kW; 148 hp) and 175 PS (129 kW; 173 hp), respectively. The standard 911 version received an increase to 165 PS (121 kW; 163 hp) for Model Year 1976, which meant that starting from MY 1976, there was only a difference in power of 10 hp between the 911 and the 911S. The engine remained

17480-441: The new car's ability and entered two special wide-body 'CTR2 Yellowbird' prototype 'Sport' versions, code-named 'CTR2sport' with 702 hp (523 kW) in the 1997 Pikes Peak Hillclimb race. These cars were built to both FIA and Pikes Peak regulations, and driven by brothers Steve Beddor and David Beddor. Unlike other competitors, both cars were race modified, while also being road registered, street legal cars. As demonstration of

17632-448: The new version of the 911, called the '911SC'. Porsche reintroduced the SC designation for the first time since the 356SC (as distinguished from the race engined 356 Carrera). There was no Carrera version of the 911SC. According to modern-day Porsche literature and websites (there is no period reference to SC meaning anything) the "SC" stands for "Super Carrera". It featured a 3.0-litre aluminium engine with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection and

17784-566: The next nine years. Due to the Nazi Party 's practice of Gleichschaltung , Stuttgart's political importance as state capital became totally nonexistent, though it remained the cultural and economic centre of the central Neckar region. Stuttgart, one of the cities bestowed an honorary title by the Nazi regime, was given the moniker "City of the Abroad Germans " in 1936. The first prototypes of

17936-434: The northwestern edge of Schlossplatz, claims to be the longest pedestrianized street in Germany. Although the city center was heavily damaged during World War II, many historic buildings have been reconstructed and the city boasts some fine pieces of modern post-war architecture. Buildings and squares of note in the inner city include: A number of significant castles stand in Stuttgart's suburbs and beyond as reminders of

18088-580: The oil tank. In January 1973, US 911Ts were switched to the new K-Jetronic CIS (Continuous Fuel Injection) system from Bosch on Type 911/91 engine. 911S models also gained a small spoiler under the front bumper to improve high-speed stability. The cars weighed 1,050 kg (2,310 lb). The 911 ST was produced in small numbers for racing (the production run for the ST lasted from 1970 to 1971). The cars were available with engines of either 1,987 cc (2.0 L) or 2,404 cc (2.4 L) displacement, having

18240-703: The opening of the Stuttgart S-Bahn on 1 October 1978 with a scheduled three routes. from 17 to 19 June 1983, ten European heads of state and representatives from the European Union met in Stuttgart for a summit and there made the Solemn Declaration on European Union . In 1986, the European Athletics Championships of that year were held in the Neckarstadion . Mikhail Gorbachev , while on

18392-617: The plans of Johann Michael Knapp to celebrate the rule of King Wilhelm I. A decade later, the Königsbau was constructed by Knapp and court architect Christian Friedrich von Leins as a concert hall. Another milestone in Stuttgart's history was the running of the first rail line from Cannstatt to Untertürkheim on 22 October 1845. The advent of Industrialisation in Germany heralded a major growth of population for Stuttgart: In 1834, Stuttgart counted 35,200 inhabitants, rose to 50,000 in 1852, 69,084 inhabitants in 1864, and finally 91,000 residents in 1871. By 1874, Stuttgart once again exceeded

18544-557: The population of Württemberg. Recovery would be slow for the next several decades, but began nonetheless with the city's first bookstore in 1650 and high school in 1686. This progress was almost entirely undone when French soldiers under Ezéchiel du Mas appeared outside the city's walls in 1688 during the Nine Years' War , but the city was saved from another sack due to the diplomatic ability of Magdalena Sibylla , reigning over Württemberg as regent for her son, Eberhard Ludwig . For

18696-560: The premature Duke (and later King) at the age of nine. When he came of age and returned from his tutoring at the court of Frederick the Great , King of Prussia , Charles desired to move the capital back to Stuttgart. He commissioned the construction of the New Castle in 1746, Castle Solitude in 1763, Castle Hohenheim in 1785, and the Karlsschule in 1770. The rule of Charles Eugene also saw

18848-572: The previously standard gasoline-burning heater became optional. The Targa (meaning "plate" in Italian ) version was introduced. The Targa had a stainless steel -clad roll bar, as automakers believed that proposed rollover safety requirements by the US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) would make it difficult for fully open convertibles to meet regulations for sale in the US, an important market for

19000-474: The quarter mile at 11.8 seconds at 124mph and actual recorded top speed was 211 mph (340 km/h)by Road and Track. Back in 1995 the CTR2 was the fastest production sports car in the world; it outperformed Ferrari's F50 (204 mph), Jaguar 's XJ220 (213 mph),however in 1997 could not match Nissan 's R390 GT1 (a 225 mph top speed supercar). The McLaren F1 was the only other production car at

19152-519: The racing version called the Porsche 934 of 1976 participating at the 24 Hours of Le Mans and other races including battles with the BMW 3.0 CSL "Batmobile" . The FIA Group 5 version called Porsche 935 evolved from the 934. Fitted with a slope nose or "slant nose", the 500+ PS car was campaigned in 1976 by the factory, winning the world championship title. Private teams went on to win many races, like Le Mans in 1979, and continued to compete successfully with

19304-667: The reign of his son, Ulrich . Though Ulrich initially made territorial gains as a result of his decision to fight alongside the Emperor Maximilian I , he was no friend of the powerful Swabian League nor of his own subjects, who launched the Poor Conrad rebellion of 1514. Despite this and his rivalry with the Swabian League, his undoing would actually come in the form of his unhappy marriage to Sabina of Bavaria . In 1515, Ulrich killed an imperial knight and lover of Sabina's by

19456-479: The same weight as the 1973 Carrera RS Touring. For the 1974 model year, the Carrera 2.7 was available with the "ducktail" rear spoiler first introduced with the 1973 Carrera RS. In the North American markets, the ducktail was standard equipment for the Carrera. All other markets the ducktail was optional, except for the home German market where the ducktail had been outlawed by the TÜV road homologation department. This led to

19608-405: The smuggling of three weapons into the prison by their lawyer, that the terrorists could not escape and that they would receive life sentencing , the terrorists killed themselves in April 1977 in an event remembered locally as the " Todesnacht von Stammheim ", "Night of Death at Stammheim". The trauma of the early 1970s was quickly left behind, starting in 1974 with the 1974 FIFA World Cup and

19760-473: The tenth century with its founding by Liudolf , Duke of Swabia , as a stud farm for his warhorses. Initially overshadowed by nearby Bad Cannstatt, the town grew steadily and was granted a charter in 1320. The fortunes of Stuttgart turned with those of the House of Württemberg , and they made it the capital of their county , duchy , and kingdom from the 15th century to 1918. Stuttgart prospered despite setbacks in

19912-436: The then-new 993-chassis 911 Turbo . Originally offered at a retail Price of $ 315,000 USD , the CTR2 featured either the standard rear-wheel drive or an optional all-wheel-drive, Recaro racing seats with Simpson five-point belts, enlarged brakes, an integrated roll-cage, a Ruf manufactured coil-over suspension system, an integrated bi-functional rear wing (for downforce, and air induction to 2 intercoolers, one on each side) and

20064-627: The third century by the Alamanni , the settlement temporarily vanished from history until the seventh century. In 700, Duke Gotfrid mentions a "Chan Stada" in a document regarding property. Archaeological evidence shows that later Merovingian era Frankish farmers continued to till the same land the Romans did. Cannstatt is mentioned in the Abbey of St. Gall 's archives as " Canstat ad Neccarum " ( German : Cannstatt-on-Neckar ) in 708. The etymology of

20216-601: The three areas of Allied occupation in Baden-Württemberg, from 1945 until 1952. The military government of the American occupation zone established a Displaced persons camp for displaced persons , mostly forced labourers from Central and Eastern European industrial firms in the area. There was, however, a camp located in Stuttgart-West that, until its closure and transportation of internees to Heidenheim an der Brenz in 1949, housed almost exclusively 1400 Jewish survivors of

20368-519: The time that broke the CTR2's record, by clocking a top speed of 240 mph in 1998 where Mclaren claimed the limiter was removed surpassing its previous 231mph claim.however,one source states the F1 that set the new top speed record was an upgraded version making far more horsepower than claimed, which then made the Ruf CTR2 fall to the 4th fastest production car of the decade. In 1997, Alois Ruf intended to prove

20520-471: The top five that had remained continuously in production (the original Beetle remained in production until 2003). The one millionth example was manufactured in May 2017 and is in the company's permanent collection. Although Porsche has used internal code numbers for each series of the 911, all models have been marketed and sold as 911s. The model series and associated internal codes are as follows: A series letter

20672-405: The transmission in the 908 race car, the 915 did away with the 901 transmission's "dog-leg" style first gear arrangement, opting for a traditional H pattern with first gear up to the left, second gear underneath first, etc. The E series had the unusual oil filler behind the right side door, with the dry sump oil tank relocated from behind the right rear wheel to the front of it in an attempt to move

20824-464: The tutoring and origins of Friedrich Schiller in Stuttgart, who studied medicine and completed The Robbers here. Stuttgart, at the end of the 18th century, remained a very provincial town of 20,000 residents, narrow alleys, and agriculture and livestock. Despite being the capital and seat of the Duchy, the general staff of the Army of Württemberg was not present in the city. In 1794, Duke Charles dissolved

20976-500: The west and north of Munich . The city is often described as being " zwischen Wald und Reben " ("between forest and vines") because of its viticulture and surrounding forests. Stuttgart covers an area of 207.35 km (80 sq mi) and sits at elevation ranging from 207 m (679 ft) above sea level by the Neckar river to 549 m (1,801 ft) on Bernhartshöhe hill – something rather unique in large German cities. The most prominent elevated locales in Stuttgart are

21128-401: The wide 205/50R15 & 225/50R15 Pirelli P7 tyres, and a large rear spoiler often known as a " whale tail " on the early cars (modified from the original 1974 IROC design). They were initially fitted with a 3.0-litre engine producing 260 PS (191 kW; 256 hp), and a four-speed manual transmission. Production of the first 400 units qualified the 930 for FIA Group 4 competition. With

21280-485: The winter periods snow may last for several days. Snow cover tends to last no longer than a few days although it had lasted several weeks at a time as recently as 2010. Though it is a rare occurrence in Stuttgart, the city sometimes receives damaging hailstorms , such as in July 2013. In order to fight this phenomenon, weather stations known as " Hagelflieger " are stationed near the city and are largely funded by Daimler AG , who maintain several parking lots and factories in

21432-411: Was a part of the Roman imperial province Germania Superior . As with many military installations, a settlement sprang up nearby and remained there even after the limes moved further east. When they did, the town was left in the capable hands of a local brickworks that produced sophisticated architectural ceramics and pottery. When the Romans were driven back past the Rhine and Danube rivers in

21584-460: Was about 100 kg (220 lb) lighter, the saving coming from thin gauge steel used for parts of the body shell and also the use of thinner glass. In total, 1,580 units were made, and qualified for the FIA Group 4 class. 49 Carrera RSR cars were built with 2,808 cc (2.8 L) engines rated at 300 PS (221 kW; 296 hp). For the 1974 IROC Championship (which started in December 1973), 1973 Carrera RSR models were fitted with

21736-419: Was also appointed Court Architect, and he built the Lusthaus. But it was architect Heinrich Schickhardt who would carry Tretsch's torch further; Schickhardt constructed the Stammheim Castle in the suburb of Stammheim, rebuilt the Fruchtkasten in the today's Schillerplatz, and expanded the Prinzebau. The Thirty Years' War devastated the city, and it would slowly decline for a period of time from then on. After

21888-433: Was also used as a central location for executions in Southwest Germany, as the headstone located in its atrium dedicated to the 419 lives lost there recalls. Participants of the Kristallnacht burned the Old Synagogue to the ground along with the relics contained within and also destroyed its Jewish cemetery . The next year the Nazi regime began the arrests and deportation of Stuttgart's Jewish inhabitants, beginning with

22040-485: Was available with a manual gearbox (type 915) with 4 or 5 speeds as well as 3-speed automatic transmission (called the Sportomatic). Production totals were 3,691 manual cars and 58 Sportomatic cars. For the 1975 model year, Porsche introduced the first production turbocharged 911. Although called the 930 Turbo (930 being its internal type number) in Europe, it was marketed as the 930 Turbo Carrera in North America. The body shape incorporated wide wheel-arches to accommodate

22192-456: Was declared its capital. On 26 April 1919, a new constitution was devised, and the final draft was approved and ratified on 25 September 1919 by the Constituent Assembly. In 1920, Stuttgart temporarily became the seat of the German National Government when the administration fled from Berlin from the Kapp Putsch . Also in 1920, Erwin Rommel became the company commander of the 13th Infantry Regiment based in Stuttgart and would remain as such for

22344-467: Was developed into the Type 901/20 and was installed in the mid-engine 904 and 906 with an increased power output of 210 PS (154 kW; 207 hp), as well as fuel injected Type 901/21 installed in later variants of the 906 and 910 with a power output of 220 PS (162 kW; 217 hp). In August 1967, the A series went into production with dual brake circuits and widened (5.5J-15) wheels still fitted with Pirelli Cinturato tyres, and

22496-446: Was dropped in the production version. The first 911 Cabriolet debuted in late 1982, as a 1983 model. This was Porsche's first cabriolet since the 356 of the mid-1960s. A total of 4,214 were sold in its introductory year, despite its premium price relative to the open-top targa. Cabriolet versions of the 911 have been offered ever since. In 1979, Porsche had made plans to replace the 911 with their new 928 company flagship . Sales of

22648-453: Was from the 917 racing car. The use of thinner metal plate panels and a minimalist interior enabled its weight to be reduced to around 900 kg (2,000 lb). The Carrera RSR 3.0 was sold to racing teams and scored wins in several major sports car races of the mid-1970s. Also, a prototype Carrera RSR Turbo (with 2.1-litre engine due to a 1.4x equivalency formula) came second at the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 1974 and won several major races,

22800-457: Was offered from 1968). The 110 PS (81 kW; 110 hp) 911T was also launched in 1967 with Type 901/03 engine. The 130 PS (96 kW; 128 hp) model was renamed the 911L with Type 901/06 engine and ventilated front disc brakes. The brakes had been introduced on the previous 911S. The 911R with 901/22 engine had a limited production (20 in all), as this was a lightweight racing version with thin fiberglass reinforced plastic doors,

22952-427: Was quashed by his father four years later. In 1089, Bruno of Calw built the precursor building to the Old Castle . Stuttgart's viticulture , first documented in the Holy Roman Empire in the year AD 1108, kept people in the area of that stud farm for some time, but the area was still largely overshadowed by nearby Cannstatt because of its role as a local crossroad for many major European trade routes. Nevertheless,

23104-491: Was thwarted by the action of Emperor Rudolph I . Further resistance by Eberhard I against the Emperor's created Vogts and Bailiwicks as well as the newly appointed Duke of Swabia Rudolf II, Duke of Austria , eventually led to armed conflict and initial successes upon Emperor Rudolph I's death in 1291 against the Emperor's men. After initially defeating his regional rivals, Henry VII , newly elected as Emperor, decided to take action against Eberhard I in 1311 during his war with

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