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71-562: The EDID data structure includes manufacturer name and serial number, product type, phosphor or filter type (as chromaticity data), timings supported by the display, display size, luminance data and (for digital displays only) pixel mapping data. DisplayID is a VESA standard targeted to replace EDID and E-EDID extensions with a uniform format suited for both PC monitor and consumer electronics devices. EDID structure (base block) versions range from v1.0 to v1.4; all these define upwards-compatible 128- byte structures. Version 2.0 defined

142-443: A l   p i x e l s = ⌊ V e r t i c a l   l i n e s ∗ A s p e c t   r a t i o / 8 ⌋ ∗ 8 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Horizontal\ pixels}}=\lfloor {\mathsf {Vertical\ lines}}*{\mathsf {Aspect\ ratio}}/8\rfloor *8} The CTA EDID Extension

213-449: A cathode-ray tube . When a phosphor is exposed to radiation, the orbital electrons in its molecules are excited to a higher energy level ; when they return to their former level they emit the energy as light of a certain color. Phosphors can be classified into two categories: fluorescent substances which emit the energy immediately and stop glowing when the exciting radiation is turned off, and phosphorescent substances which emit

284-430: A (typically) round or rectangular format. Bulky CRTs were used in the black-and-white television (TV) sets that became popular in the 1950s, developed into color CRTs in the late 1960s, and used in virtually all color TVs and computer monitors until the mid-2000s. In the late 20th century, advanced electronics made new wide-deflection, "short tube" CRT technology viable, making CRTs more compact, but still bulky and heavy. As

355-427: A blue or ultra-violet emitter with a phosphor coating that emits at longer wavelengths, giving a full spectrum of visible light. Unfocused and undeflected cathode-ray tubes have been used as stroboscope lamps since 1958. Phosphor thermometry is a temperature measurement approach that uses the temperature dependence of certain phosphors. For this, a phosphor coating is applied to a surface of interest and, usually,

426-447: A coating of a suitable material. Cerium (III)-doped YAG ( YAG:Ce , or Y 3 Al 5 O 12 :Ce ) is often used; it absorbs the light from the blue LED and emits in a broad range from greenish to reddish, with most of its output in yellow. This yellow emission combined with the remaining blue emission gives the "white" light, which can be adjusted to color temperature as warm (yellowish) or cold (bluish) white. The pale yellow emission of

497-592: A combination of phosphors is employed. The most common combination is ZnS:Ag + (Zn,Cd)S:Cu,Al (blue + yellow). Other ones are ZnS:Ag + (Zn,Cd)S:Ag (blue + yellow), and ZnS:Ag + ZnS:Cu,Al + Y 2 O 2 S:Eu (blue + green + red – does not contain cadmium and has poor efficiency). The color tone can be adjusted by the ratios of the components. As the compositions contain discrete grains of different phosphors, they produce image that may not be entirely smooth. A single, white-emitting phosphor, (Zn,Cd)S:Ag,Au,Al overcomes this obstacle. Due to its low efficiency, it

568-792: A formation of three beams) across a phosphor surface, a CRT has no intrinsic "native resolution" and does not require scaling to display raster images at different resolutions; the CRT can display any raster format natively, within the limits defined by the electron beam spot size and, for a color CRT, the dot pitch of the phosphor. Because of this operating principle, CRTs can produce images using either raster and vector imaging methods. Vector displays are impossible for display techologies that have permanent discrete pixels, including all LCDs, [[Plasma display|plasma display panels], DMD projectors, and [[OLED] (LED matrix, e.g. TFT OLED) panels. The phosphors can be deposited as either thin film , or as discrete particles,

639-404: A layer absorbing the exciting and/or radiated energy, etc. The degradation of electroluminescent devices depends on frequency of driving current, the luminance level, and temperature; moisture impairs phosphor lifetime very noticeably as well. Harder, high-melting, water-insoluble materials display lower tendency to lose luminescence under operation. Examples: Phosphor layers provide most of

710-434: A multi-step production process, with details that vary depending on the particular phosphor. Bulk material must be milled to obtain a desired particle size range, since large particles produce a poor-quality lamp coating, and small particles produce less light and degrade more quickly. During the firing of the phosphor, process conditions must be controlled to prevent oxidation of the phosphor activators or contamination from

781-470: A new 256-byte structure but it has been deprecated and replaced by E-EDID which supports multiple extension blocks. HDMI versions 1.0–1.3c use E-EDID v1.3. Before Display Data Channel (DDC) and EDID were defined, there was no standard way for a graphics card to know what kind of display device it was connected to. Some VGA connectors in personal computers provided a basic form of identification by connecting one, two or three pins to ground, but this coding

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852-617: A new Product ID Data Block, to replace the Manufacturer PNP ID in the first block of the EDID, since the UEFI is phasing out assigning new PNP IDs. Version 1 of the extension block (as defined in CEA−861) allowed the specification of video timings only through the use of 18-byte Detailed Timing Descriptors (DTD) (as detailed in EDID 1.3 data format above). DTD timings are listed in order of preference in

923-510: A new formula to calculate Video Timing Formats, OVT. Other changes include a new annex to elaborate on the audio speaker room configuration system that was introduced with the 861.2 amendment, and some general clarifications and formatting cleanup. An amendment to CTA-861-I, CTA-861.7, was published in June 2024. It contains updates to CTA 3D Audio, and clarifications on Content Type Indication, and on 4:2:0 support for VTDBs and VFDBs. It also introduces

994-503: A persistent light is needed, such as glow-in-the-dark watch faces and aircraft instruments, and in radar screens to allow the target 'blips' to remain visible as the radar beam rotates. CRT phosphors were standardized beginning around World War II and designated by the letter "P" followed by a number. Phosphorus , the light-emitting chemical element for which phosphors are named, emits light due to chemiluminescence , not phosphorescence. The scintillation process in inorganic materials

1065-556: A phosphor made of silver doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Ag), which gave a greenish glow. The phosphor is not suitable to be used in layers thicker than 25 mg/cm , as the self-absorption of the light then becomes a problem. Furthermore, zinc sulfide undergoes degradation of its crystal lattice structure, leading to gradual loss of brightness significantly faster than the depletion of radium. ZnS:Ag coated spinthariscope screens were used by Ernest Rutherford in his experiments discovering atomic nucleus . Copper doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu)

1136-559: A powder bound to the surface. Thin films have better lifetime and better resolution, but provide less bright and less efficient image than powder ones. This is caused by multiple internal reflections in the thin film, scattering the emitted light. White (in black-and-white): The mix of zinc cadmium sulfide and zinc sulfide silver, the ZnS:Ag + (Zn,Cd)S:Ag is the white P4 phosphor used in black and white television CRTs. Mixes of yellow and blue phosphors are usual. Mixes of red, green and blue, or

1207-401: A set of lower resolutions, resulting in a less than pixel perfect output. Some widescreen LCD monitors optionally display lower resolutions without scaling or stretching an image, so that the image will always be in full sharpness, although it will not occupy the full screen. This is most often recognizable upon close inspection, as there will typically be black edges visible on either side of

1278-807: A single phosphor color, typically green. Phosphors for such applications may have long afterglow, for increased image persistence. A variation of the display CRT, used prior to the 1980s, was the CRT storage tube , a digital memory device which (in later forms) also provided a visible display of the stored data, using a variation of the same electron-beam excited phosphor technology. The process of producing light in CRTs by electron-beam excited phosphorescence yields much faster signal response times than even modern (2020s) LCDs can achieve, which makes light pens and light gun games possible with CRTs, but not LCDs. Also in contrast to most other video display types, because CRT technology draws an image by scanning an electron beam (or

1349-401: A single white phosphor, can also be encountered. Red: Yttrium oxide - sulfide activated with europium is used as the red phosphor in color CRTs. The development of color TV took a long time due to the search for a red phosphor. The first red emitting rare-earth phosphor, YVO 4 :Eu , was introduced by Levine and Palilla as a primary color in television in 1964. In single crystal form, it

1420-415: A smaller image to fit into the area of the native resolution. This is the same principle as taking a smaller image in an image editing program and enlarging it; the smaller image loses its sharpness when it is expanded. This is especially problematic as most resolutions are in a 4:3 aspect ratio (640×480, 800×600, 1024×768, 1280×960, 1600×1200) but there are odd resolutions that are not, notably 1280×1024. If

1491-417: A user were to map 1024×768 to a 1280×1024 screen there would be distortion as well as some image errors, as there is not a one-to-one mapping with regard to pixels. This results in noticeable quality loss and the image is much less sharp. In theory, some resolutions could work well, if they are exact multiples of smaller image sizes. For example, a 1600×1200 LCD could display an 800×600 image well, as each of

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1562-429: A yellow variant also exists (α-SiAlON ). For white LEDs, a blue LED is used with a yellow phosphor, or with a green and yellow SiAlON phosphor and a red CaAlSiN 3 -based (CASN) phosphor. White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet-emitting LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based red- and blue-emitting phosphors plus green-emitting copper- and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu,Al) . This

1633-792: Is "don't care"; 01 0 = field sequential, right during stereo sync; 10 0 = field sequential, left during stereo sync; 01 1 = 2-way interleaved, right image on even lines; 10 1 = 2-way interleaved, left image on even lines; 11 0 = 4-way interleaved; 11 1 = side-by-side interleaved. 0 = analog composite; 1 = bipolar analog composite. 0 = without serrations; 1 = with serrations (H-sync during V-sync). 0 = sync on green signal only; 1 = sync on all three (RGB) video signals. 0 = without serration; 1 = with serration (H-sync during V-sync). 0 = negative; 1 = positive. 0 = negative; 1 = positive. 0 = negative; 1 = positive. When used for another descriptor,

1704-444: Is a copper-activated zinc sulfide (ZnS) and the silver -activated zinc sulfide ( zinc sulfide silver ). The host materials are typically oxides , nitrides and oxynitrides, sulfides , selenides , halides or silicates of zinc , cadmium , manganese , aluminium , silicon , or various rare-earth metals . The activators prolong the emission time (afterglow). In turn, other materials (such as nickel ) can be used to quench

1775-546: Is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. Some newer white LEDs use a yellow and blue emitter in series, to approximate white; this technology is used in some Motorola phones such as the Blackberry as well as LED lighting and the original-version stacked emitters by using GaN on SiC on InGaP but was later found to fracture at higher drive currents. Many white LEDs used in general lighting systems can be used for data transfer, as, for example, in systems that modulate

1846-482: Is due to the electronic band structure found in the crystals . An incoming particle can excite an electron from the valence band to either the conduction band or the exciton band (located just below the conduction band and separated from the valence band by an energy gap ). This leaves an associated hole behind, in the valence band. Impurities create electronic levels in the forbidden gap . The excitons are loosely bound electron–hole pairs that wander through

1917-448: Is found in a variety of backlight and night light applications. Several groups offer branded EL offerings (e.g. IndiGlo used in some Timex watches) or "Lighttape", another trade name of an electroluminescent material, used in electroluminescent light strips . The Apollo space program is often credited with being the first significant use of EL for backlights and lighting. White light-emitting diodes are usually blue InGaN LEDs with

1988-708: Is set), parameters as follows. 000 = 4∶3 001 = 16∶9 010 = 16∶10 011 = 5∶4 100 = 15∶9 00 = 4∶3 01 = 16∶9 10 = 16∶10 11 = 15∶9 00 : 50 Hz 01 : 60 Hz 10 : 75 Hz 11 : 85 Hz V e r t i c a l   l i n e s = ( A d d r e s s a b l e   l i n e s   p e r   f i e l d + 1 ) ∗ 2 {\displaystyle {\mathsf {Vertical\ lines}}=({\mathsf {Addressable\ lines\ per\ field}}+1)*2} H o r i z o n t

2059-433: Is the most common phosphor used and yields blue-green light. Copper and magnesium doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu,Mg) yields yellow-orange light. Tritium is also used as a source of radiation in various products utilizing tritium illumination . Electroluminescence can be exploited in light sources. Such sources typically emit from a large area, which makes them suitable for backlights of LCD displays. The excitation of

2130-436: Is used only on very small screens. Pixel perfect The native resolution of a liquid crystal display (LCD), liquid crystal on silicon (LCoS) or other flat panel display refers to its single fixed resolution . As an LCD consists of a fixed raster , it cannot change resolution to match the signal being displayed as a cathode-ray tube (CRT) monitor can, meaning that optimal display quality can be reached only when

2201-433: Is well known in solutions of phosphorescent heavy-metal complexes and doped polymers. In recent years, phosphorescence porous materials(such as Metal–organic frameworks and Covalent organic frameworks ) have shown promising oxygen sensing capabilities, for their non-linear gas-adsorption in ultra-low partial pressures of oxygen. Phosphor banded stamps first appeared in 1959 as guides for machines to sort mail. Around

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2272-460: The crystal lattice until they are captured as a whole by impurity centers. They then rapidly de-excite by emitting scintillation light (fast component). In the conduction band, electrons are independent of their associated holes. Those electrons and holes are captured successively by impurity centers exciting certain metastable states not accessible to the excitons. The delayed de-excitation of those metastable impurity states, slowed by reliance on

2343-640: The pixels in the image could be represented by a block of four on the larger display, without interpolation. Since 800×600 is an integer factor of 1600×1200, scaling should not adversely affect the image. But in practice, most monitors apply a smoothing algorithm to all smaller resolutions, so the quality still suffers for these "half" modes. Most LCD monitors are able to inform the PC of their native resolution using Extended display identification data (EDID); however, some LCD TVs , especially those with 1366x768 pixels, fail to provide their native resolution and only provide

2414-593: The CEA EDID Timing Extension. Version 2 (as defined in 861-A) added the capability to designate a number of DTDs as "native" (i.e., matching the resolution of the display) and also included some "basic discovery" functionality for whether the display device contains support for "basic audio", YC B C R pixel formats, and underscan. Version 3 (from the 861-B spec onward) allows two different ways to specify digital video timing formats: As in Version 1 & 2 by

2485-505: The Ce :YAG can be tuned by substituting the cerium with other rare-earth elements such as terbium and gadolinium and can even be further adjusted by substituting some or all of the aluminium in the YAG with gallium. However, this process is not one of phosphorescence. The yellow light is produced by a process known as scintillation , the complete absence of an afterglow being one of the characteristics of

2556-469: The DTDs were read, the drivers are/were still often limited by the standard timing descriptor limitation that the horizontal/vertical resolutions must be evenly divisible by 8. This means that many graphics cards cannot express the native resolutions of the most common widescreen flat-panel displays and liquid-crystal display TVs . The number of vertical pixels is calculated from the horizontal resolution and

2627-565: The Dual GTF curve concept and partially changed the encoding of aspect ratio within the standard timings. With the use of extensions, E-EDID structure can be extended up to 32 KiB, because the E-DDC added the capability to address multiple (up to 128) 256 byte segments. Some graphics card drivers have historically coped poorly with the EDID, using only its standard timing descriptors rather than its Detailed Timing Descriptors (DTDs). Even in cases where

2698-685: The EDID information, such as read-edid for Linux and DOS, PowerStrip for Microsoft Windows and the X.Org Server for Linux and BSD unix . Mac OS X natively reads EDID information and programs such as SwitchResX or DisplayConfigX can display the information as well as use it to define custom resolutions. E-EDID was introduced at the same time as E-DDC , which supports multiple extensions blocks and deprecated EDID version 2.0 structure (it can be incorporated in E-EDID as an optional extension block). Data fields for preferred timing, range limits, and monitor name are required in E-EDID. E-EDID also adds support for

2769-608: The LED to act as a beacon . It is also common for white LEDs to use phosphors other than Ce:YAG, or to use two or three phosphors to achieve a higher CRI, often at the cost of efficiency. Examples of additional phosphors are R9, which produces a saturated red, nitrides which produce red, and aluminates such as lutetium aluminum garnet that produce green. Silicate phosphors are brighter but fade more quickly, and are used in LCD LED backlights in mobile devices. LED phosphors can be placed directly over

2840-477: The Tag code is 7, an Extended Tag Code is present in the first payload byte of the data block, and the second payload byte represents the first payload byte of the extended data block. Once one data block has ended, the next byte is assumed to be the beginning of the next data block. This is the case until the byte (designated in byte 2, above) where the DTDs are known to begin. As noted, several data blocks are defined by

2911-531: The ZnS:Ag, when excited by electrons, provides strong blue glow with maximum at 450 nm, with short afterglow with 200 nanosecond duration. It is known as the P22B phosphor. This material, zinc sulfide silver , is still one of the most efficient phosphors in cathode-ray tubes. It is used as a blue phosphor in color CRTs. The phosphors are usually poor electrical conductors. This may lead to deposition of residual charge on

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2982-427: The afterglow and shorten the decay part of the phosphor emission characteristics. Many phosphor powders are produced in low-temperature processes, such as sol-gel , and usually require post-annealing at temperatures of ~1000 °C, which is undesirable for many applications. However, proper optimization of the growth process allows manufacturers to avoid the annealing. Phosphors used for fluorescent lamps require

3053-735: The audio segments), 861-E in March 2008, 861-F, which was published on June 4, 2013, 861-H in December 2020, and, most recently, 861-I, which was published in February 2023. Coinciding with the publication of CEA-861-F in 2013, Brian Markwalter, senior vice president, research and standards, stated: "The new edition includes a number of noteworthy enhancements, including support for several new Ultra HD and widescreen video formats and additional colorimetry schemes.” Version CTA-861-G, originally published in November 2016,

3124-438: The crystal structure are created usually by addition of a trace amount of dopants , impurities called activators . (In rare cases dislocations or other crystal defects can play the role of the impurity.) The wavelength emitted by the emission center is dependent on the atom itself and on the surrounding crystal structure. Phosphors are usually made from a suitable host material with an added activator . The best known type

3195-406: The decay time is the emission parameter that indicates temperature. Because the illumination and detection optics can be situated remotely, the method may be used for moving surfaces such as high speed motor surfaces. Also, phosphor may be applied to the end of an optical fiber as an optical analog of a thermocouple. In these applications, the phosphor is directly added to the plastic used to mold

3266-536: The die or made into a dome and placed above the LED: this approach is known as a remote phosphor. Some colored LEDs, instead of using a colored LED, use a blue LED with a colored phosphor because such an arrangement is more efficient than a colored LED. Oxynitride phosphors can also be used in LEDs. The precursors used to make the phosphors may degrade when exposed to air. Cathode-ray tubes produce signal-generated light patterns in

3337-468: The display and the graphics card; VGA , DVI , DisplayPort and HDMI are supported. The EDID is often stored in the monitor in the firmware chip called serial EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) and is accessible via the I²C-bus at address 0x50 . The EDID PROM can often be read by the host PC even if the display itself is turned off. Many software packages can read and display

3408-470: The energy after a delay, so they keep glowing after the radiation is turned off, decaying in brightness over a period of milliseconds to days. Fluorescent materials are used in applications in which the phosphor is excited continuously: cathode-ray tubes (CRT) and plasma video display screens, fluoroscope screens , fluorescent lights , scintillation sensors , white LEDs , and luminous paints for black light art. Phosphorescent materials are used where

3479-496: The extension. The Video Data Blocks will contain one or more 1-byte Short Video Descriptors (SVDs). Phosphor A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of luminescence ; it emits light when exposed to some type of radiant energy . The term is used both for fluorescent or phosphorescent substances which glow on exposure to ultraviolet or visible light, and cathodoluminescent substances which glow when struck by an electron beam ( cathode rays ) in

3550-415: The light produced by fluorescent lamps , and are also used to improve the balance of light produced by metal halide lamps . Various neon signs use phosphor layers to produce different colors of light. Electroluminescent displays found, for example, in aircraft instrument panels, use a phosphor layer to produce glare-free illumination or as numeric and graphic display devices. White LED lamps consist of

3621-431: The low-probability forbidden mechanism , again results in light emission (slow component). In the case of inorganic scintillators , the activator impurities are typically chosen so that the emitted light is in the visible range or near-UV , where photomultipliers are effective. Phosphors are often transition-metal compounds or rare-earth compounds of various types. In inorganic phosphors, these inhomogeneities in

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3692-511: The original video display technology, having no viable competition for more than 40 years and dominance for over 50 years, the CRT ceased to be the main type of video display in use only around 2010. In addition to direct-view CRTs, CRT projection tubes were the basis of all projection TVs and computer video projectors of both front and rear projection types until at least the late 1990s. CRTs have also been widely used in scientific and engineering instrumentation, such as oscilloscopes , usually with

3763-444: The peak width (in nanometers at 50% of intensity), and decay time (in seconds ). Examples: Many phosphors tend to lose efficiency gradually by several mechanisms. The activators can undergo change of valence (usually oxidation ), the crystal lattice degrades, atoms – often the activators – diffuse through the material, the surface undergoes chemical reactions with the environment with consequent loss of efficiency or buildup of

3834-783: The phosphor from ion bombardment resulting from an imperfect vacuum. To reduce the image degradation by reflection of ambient light, contrast can be increased by several methods. In addition to black masking of unused areas of screen, the phosphor particles in color screens are coated with pigments of matching color. For example, the red phosphors are coated with ferric oxide (replacing earlier Cd(S,Se) due to cadmium toxicity), blue phosphors can be coated with marine blue ( CoO · n Al 2 O 3 ) or ultramarine ( Na 8 Al 6 Si 6 O 24 S 2 ). Green phosphors based on ZnS:Cu do not have to be coated due to their own yellowish color. The black-and-white television screens require an emission color close to white. Usually,

3905-546: The phosphor is usually achieved by application of high-intensity electric field , usually with suitable frequency. Current electroluminescent light sources tend to degrade with use, resulting in their relatively short operation lifetimes. ZnS:Cu was the first formulation successfully displaying electroluminescence, tested at 1936 by Georges Destriau in Madame Marie Curie laboratories in Paris. Powder or AC electroluminescence

3976-529: The pixel clock and some other bytes are set to 0: Currently defined descriptor types are: 00 = none; 10 = +255 kHz for max. rate; 11 = +255 kHz for max. and min. rates. 00 = none; 10 = +255 Hz for max. rate; 11 = +255 Hz for max. and min. rates. 00 = Default GTF (when basic display parameters byte 24, bit 0 is set). 01 = No timing information. 02 = Secondary GTF supported, parameters as follows. 04 = CVT (when basic display parameters byte 24, bit 0

4047-502: The process vessels. After milling, the phosphor may be washed to remove minor excess of activator elements. Volatile elements must not be allowed to escape during processing. Lamp manufacturers have changed compositions of phosphors to eliminate some toxic elements formerly used, such as beryllium , cadmium , or thallium . The commonly quoted parameters for phosphors are the wavelength of emission maximum (in nanometers, or alternatively color temperature in kelvins for white blends),

4118-431: The process. Some rare-earth - doped Sialons are photoluminescent and can serve as phosphors. Europium (II)-doped β-SiAlON absorbs in ultraviolet and visible light spectrum and emits intense broadband visible emission. Its luminance and color does not change significantly with temperature, due to the temperature-stable crystal structure. It has a great potential as a green down-conversion phosphor for white LEDs ;

4189-403: The screen, effectively decreasing the energy of the impacting electrons due to electrostatic repulsion (an effect known as "sticking"). To eliminate this, a thin layer of aluminium (about 100 nm) is deposited over the phosphors, usually by vacuum evaporation, and connected to the conductive layer inside the tube. This layer also reflects the phosphor light to the desired direction, and protects

4260-478: The selected aspect ratio . To be fully expressible, the size of widescreen display must thus be a multiple of 16×9 pixels. For 1366×768 pixel Wide XGA panels the nearest resolution expressible in the EDID standard timing descriptor syntax is 1360×765 pixels, typically leading to 3-pixel-thin black bars. Specifying 1368 pixels as the screen width would yield an unnatural screen height of 769.5 pixels. Many Wide XGA panels do not advertise their native resolution in

4331-424: The signal input matches the native resolution. An image where the number of pixels is the same as in the image source and where the pixels are perfectly aligned to the pixels in the source is said to be pixel perfect . While CRT monitors can usually display images at various resolutions, an LCD monitor has to rely on interpolation (scaling of the image), which causes a loss of image quality. An LCD has to scale up

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4402-462: The speaker configuration of the display device, and Vendor Specific Data Blocks which can contain information specific to a given vendor's use. Subsequent versions of CTA-861 defined additional data blocks. The Data Block Collection contains one or more data blocks detailing video, audio, and speaker placement information about the display. The blocks can be placed in any order, and the initial byte of each block defines both its type and its length: If

4473-1077: The standard timing descriptors from EDID data. Even this is not always possible, as some vendors' graphics drivers (notably those of Intel ) require specific registry hacks to implement custom resolutions, which can make it very difficult to use the screen's native resolution. 000 = undefined 001 = 6 010 = 8 011 = 10 100 = 12 101 = 14 110 = 16 bits per color 111 = reserved 0000 = undefined 0001 = DVI 0010 = HDMIa 0011 = HDMIb 0100 = MDDI 0101 = DisplayPort 00 = +0.7/−0.3 V 01 = +0.714/−0.286 V 10 = +1.0/−0.4 V 11 = +0.7/0 V (EVC) 00 = RGB 4:4:4 01 = RGB 4:4:4 + YCrCb 4:4:4 10 = RGB 4:4:4 + YCrCb 4:2:2 11 = RGB 4:4:4 + YCrCb 4:4:4 + YCrCb 4:2:2 00 = monochrome or grayscale 01 = RGB color 10 = non-RGB color 11 = undefined 00 = 16:10 01 = 4:3 10 = 5:4 11 = 16:9 (Versions prior to 1.3 defined 00 as 1:1.) 0 = non-interlaced; 1 = interlaced. 00 x = none, bit 0

4544-490: The standard timing descriptors, instead offering only a resolution of 1280×768. Some panels advertise a resolution only slightly smaller than the native, such as 1360×765. For these panels to be able to show a pixel perfect image, the EDID data must be ignored by the display driver or the driver must correctly interpret the DTD and be able to resolve resolutions whose size is not divisible by 8. Special programs are available to override

4615-424: The toys, or mixed with a binder for use as paints. ZnS:Cu phosphor is used in glow-in-the-dark cosmetic creams frequently used for Halloween make-ups . Generally, the persistence of the phosphor increases as the wavelength increases. See also lightstick for chemiluminescence -based glowing items. Quenching of the triplet state by O 2 (which has a triplet ground state) as a result of Dexter energy transfer

4686-592: The use of 18-byte DTDs, or by the use of the Short Video Descriptor (SVD) (see below). HDMI 1.0–1.3c uses this version. Version 3 also defines a format for a collection of data blocks, which in turn can contain a number of individual descriptors. This Data Block Collection (DBC) initially had four types of Data Blocks (DBs): Video Data Blocks containing the aforementioned Short Video Descriptor (SVD), Audio Data Blocks containing Short Audio Descriptors (SAD), Speaker Allocation Data Blocks containing information about

4757-489: The world many varieties exist with different amounts of banding. Postage stamps are sometimes collected by whether or not they are "tagged" with phosphor (or printed on luminescent paper). Zinc sulfide phosphors are used with radioactive materials, where the phosphor was excited by the alpha- and beta-decaying isotopes, to create luminescent paint for dials of watches and instruments ( radium dials ). Between 1913 and 1950 radium-228 and radium-226 were used to activate

4828-562: Was first introduced in EIA / CEA -861. The ANSI/CTA-861 industry standard, which according to CTA is now their "Most Popular Standard", has since been updated several times, most notably with the 861-B revision (published in May 2002, which added version 3 of the extension, adding Short Video Descriptors and advanced audio capability/configuration information), 861-D (published in July 2006 and containing updates to

4899-445: Was made available for free in November 2017, along with updated versions -E and -F, after some necessary changes due to a trademark complaint. All CTA standards are free to everyone since May 2018. The most recent full version is CTA-861-I, published in February 2023, available for free after registration. It combines the previous version, CTA-861-H, from January 2021 with an amendment, CTA-861.6, published in February 2022 and includes

4970-465: Was not standardized. This problem is solved by EDID and DDC, as it enables the display to send information to the graphics card it is connected to. The transmission of EDID information usually uses the Display Data Channel protocol, specifically DDC2B, which is based on I²C -bus (DDC1 used a different serial format which never gained popularity). The data is transmitted via the cable connecting

5041-444: Was used as an excellent polarizer and laser material. Yellow: When mixed with cadmium sulfide , the resulting zinc cadmium sulfide (Zn,Cd)S:Ag , provides strong yellow light. Green: Combination of zinc sulfide with copper , the P31 phosphor or ZnS:Cu , provides green light peaking at 531 nm, with long glow. Blue: Combination of zinc sulfide with few ppm of silver ,

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