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92-447: Formed in 1986, CONAIE firmly established itself as a powerful national force in May and June 1990 when it played a role in organising a rural uprising on a national scale. Thousands of people blocked roads, paralyzed the transport system, and shut down the country for a week while making demands for bilingual education, agrarian reform, and recognition of the plurinational state of Ecuador. This

184-415: A "Plurinational and Intercultural State". The new constitution also recognized 11 indigenous groups within the country. The concept of Ecuador becoming a plurinational state was previously proposed in 1988. In Chile constitutional plurinationalism has been a topic of debate. Plurinationalism was not a concept in the constitutional reforms proposed by Michelle Bachelet 's second government (2014–2018), yet

276-552: A "plurinational region" in southern Chile has been proposed by some scholars and activists as a solution to the Mapuche conflict . Plurinationalism has been criticized by José Rodríguez Elizondo as being used to advance Bolivian claims against Chile for sovereign access to the Pacific Ocean. Quito Quito ( Spanish pronunciation: [ˈkito] ; Quechua : Kitu ), officially San Francisco de Quito ,

368-599: A National Mobilization in Defense of Water, Life, and Food Sovereignty, and protests blockaded the congressional building and roads across the country. Police responded with violent repression, but the campaign did result in the delay of the water law pending a referendum in Indigenous communities. In 2014, the government fast-tracked a new water law that allowed the privatisation of water and permitted extractive activities near freshwater sources. Indigenous organisations responded with

460-807: A Walk for Water, Life and People's Freedom beginning in June 2014 from the Zamora-Chinchipe province to Quito. In 2012, the Ecuadorian government under Rafael Correa made agreements with China to enable investment of $ 1.4 billion to develop copper-gold mines in the Amazon rainforest in the Zamora Chinchipe province. Following these agreements, CONAIE organized several weeks of marching and demonstration in 2012 demanding consultation with affected Indigenous people and protection of water. Chinese companies eventually developed

552-544: A betrayal of "the mandate given to it by the Ecuadorian people in the last elections." Among other things, Gutiérrez's signing of a Letter of Intent with the International Monetary Fund sparked outrage. ( see Indigenous Movement Breaks with President Lucio Guiterrez ) In 2005, CONAIE participated in an uprising which ousted president Lucio Gutiérrez . In an April 2005 Assembly of Peoples, and in their own contentious assembly in May, CONAIE made public calls for

644-415: A constitution that renamed the country to the "Plurinational State of Bolivia", as spearheaded by Evo Morales . Formerly, it was called the "Republic of Bolivia". Later, in 2010, Morales proclaimed January 22nd to be "Plurinational State Day", an annual holiday; it coincides with the day Morales took power in 2006. In September 2008, Rafael Correa introduced a new constitution that described Ecuador as

736-546: A general strike in August. Violence and human rights violations were reported in clashes between militarised police and protestors. A series of protests against the economic policies of Ecuadorian president Guillermo Lasso , triggered by increasing fuel and food prices, began on 13 June 2022. Initiated by and primarily attended by Indigenous activists, in particular the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador (CONAIE),

828-406: A multiethnic and multicultural state. Many new rights were explicitly granted to indigenous groups in the new document, including "the right to maintain, develop, and fortify their spiritual, cultural, linguistic, social, political and economic identity and traditions." Through the constitution the state was given many new responsibilities and standards to follow in terms of environmental conservation,

920-401: A neoliberal economic reforms and privatisation of water resources. A coalition of Indigenous groups called for an uprising that shut down the country for several days in opposition to an Agrarian Reform Law that provided state support for capitalist agriculture, eliminated communal property, and privatized irrigation water. President Sixto Durán was forced to negotiate, and the final version of

1012-466: A nonprofit that for 16 years has worked in defense of the rights of Amazonian indigenous peoples and the rights of nature . The dissolution, which the government blamed on their “interference in public policy,” was a retaliatory act that sought to repress Fundación Pachamama's legitimate right to disagree with the government's policies, such as the decision to turn over Amazonian indigenous people's land to oil companies." The 2015 Ecuadorian protests were

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1104-400: A period of less than 24 hours, Ecuador was ruled by a three-man junta – CONAIE's president Antonio Vargas, army colonel Lucio Gutiérrez, and retired Supreme Court justice Carlos Solórzano . Only a few hours after taking the presidential palace, Col. Gutiérrez other collaborators handed over power to the armed forces' chief of staff, General Carlos Mendoza. That night Mendoza was contacted by

1196-501: A plurinational state. The return of lands to Indigenous people and control over territory have been consistent central demands for the Indigenous movement in Ecuador. In addition to these central concerns, CONAIE's 16-point platform broadly addressed cultural issues such as bilingual education and control of archaeological sites; economic concerns such as development programs; and political demands such as local autonomy. The CONAIE position on

1288-415: A series of protests against the government of President Rafael Correa . Protests began in the first week of June, triggered by legislation increasing inheritance and capital gains taxes . By August, an alliance of rural farmworkers, Indigenous federations such as CONAIE, student groups, and labor unions had organised protests involving hundreds of thousands of people with a wide range of grievances, including

1380-457: Is Pichincha , looming over the western side of the city. Quito is the only capital city that was developed so close to an active volcano. Pichincha volcano has several summits, among them Ruku Pichincha at 4,700 m (15,400 ft) above sea level and Guagua Pichincha at 4,794 m (15,728 ft). Pichincha is active and being monitored by volcanologists at the Geophysical institute of

1472-415: Is 21.4 °C (70.5 °F), and the average night-time minimum temperature is 9.8 °C (49.6 °F). The annual average temperature is 15.6 °C (60.1 °F). The city has only two seasons: dry and wet. The dry season, June through August (3 months), is referred to as summer; the wet season , September through May (9 months), is referred to as winter. Annual precipitation, depending on location,

1564-452: Is because Bolivia is a country with multiple capitals ; if La Paz is considered the Bolivian national capital, it tops the list of highest capitals, but if Sucre is specified as the capital, then it is the second highest, behind Quito. Quito is the political and cultural center of Ecuador as the country's major governmental, administrative, and cultural institutions are located within

1656-406: Is nowadays used mostly for tourism. A 23 km (14 mi) metro subway system ( Quito Metro ) began construction with Phase One begun in 2013, entailed the construction of stations at La Magdalena and El Labrador. Phase Two, begun in 2016, involves 15 stations, a depot and sub-systems. The project is expected to carry 400,000 passengers per day and to cost $ 1.5 billion with financing coming from

1748-425: Is over 1,000 mm (39 in). Due to its altitude, Quito receives some of the greatest solar radiation in the world, sometimes reaching a UV Index of 24 by solar noon under clear skies. The fact that Quito lies almost on the equator means that high pressure systems are extremely rare. Pressure is stable, so very low pressure systems are also rare. From 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011 the lowest pressure recorded

1840-464: Is the capital of Ecuador , with an estimated population of 2.8 million in its metropolitan area. It is also the capital of the province of Pichincha . Quito is located in a valley on the eastern slopes of Pichincha , an active stratovolcano in the Andes . Quito's elevation of 2,850 m (9,350 ft) makes it either the highest or the second highest capital city in the world. This varied standing

1932-836: Is the seat of the Government of the Republic of Ecuador , located in the historic center of Quito. The palace overlooks the bustling public space known as Independence Square or Plaza Grande (colonial name), together with the Archbishop's Palace, the Municipal Palace, the Hotel Plaza Grande and the Metropolitan Cathedral. During the Republican era almost all the presidents (constitutional, internees and dictators) have governed from

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2024-475: Is the site of the Pululahua Geobotanical Reserve ). The southern part of Quito has a subtropical highland climate ( Köppen climate classification Cfb ), while the northern part has a warm-summer mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csb ). Because of its altitude and location on the equator, Quito has a fairly constant cool climate. The average afternoon maximum temperature

2116-526: Is to the south of the capital's current center, on an area of 320 ha (790 acres), and one of the most important historic areas in Latin America. There are about 130 monumental buildings (which host a variety of pictorial art and sculpture, mostly religiously inspired, in a multi-faceted range of schools and styles), and 5,000 properties registered in the municipal inventory of heritage properties. Palacio de Carondelet (Spanish: Palacio de Carondelet )

2208-508: The Guayllabamba river basin. The city is built on a long plateau lying on the east flanks of the Pichincha volcano. The valley of Guayllabamba River where Quito lies is flanked by volcanoes, some of them snow-capped, and visible from the city on a clear day. Quito is the closest capital city to the equator . Quito's altitude is listed at 2,820 m (9,250 ft). Quito's closest volcano

2300-530: The Marcist Revolution began. In 1875 the country's president, Gabriel García Moreno , was assassinated in Quito. Two years later, in 1877, Archbishop José Ignacio Checa y Barba was killed by poison while celebrating Mass in Quito. In 1882, insurgents rose up against the regime of dictator Ignacio de Veintimilla . However, this did not end the violence that was occurring throughout the country. On 9 July 1883,

2392-528: The Mirador mine , which exported its first copper in 2019, although Indigenous opposition stopped development of the San Carlos Panantza mine in 2020. The largest involvement CONAIE has had in recent politics is with large national oil companies who wish to drill and build on indigenous land. On "November 28th, 2013, plain-clothes officers in Quito, Ecuador summarily closed the offices of Fundación Pachamama,

2484-468: The Organization of American States as well as the U.S. State Department, which hinted at the imposition of a Cuban -style isolation on Ecuador if power was not returned to the neoliberal Mahuad administration. Additionally, Mendoza was contacted by senior White House policy makers who threatened to end all bilateral aid and World Bank lending to Ecuador. The next morning, General Mendoza dissolved

2576-464: The Quito Revolt . On 10 August 1809, a movement was again started in Quito to win independence from Spain. On that date a plan for government was unveiled, which appointed Juan Pío Montúfar as president and prominent pro-independence figures in other government positions. This initial movement was defeated on 2 August 1810 , when colonial troops arrived from Lima , Peru , and killed the leaders of

2668-516: The Trole . These plans have been ruled out and replaced by the construction of the first metro line (subway) in 2012. It started to operate in December 2023, joining the existing public transportation network. Because Quito is about 40 km (25 mi) long and 5 km (3.1 mi) at its widest, most of the important avenues of the city extend from north to south. The two main motorways that go from

2760-405: The national polytechnic university . The largest eruption occurred in 1660 when more than 25 cm (9.8 in) of ash covered the city. There were three minor eruptions in the 19th century. The latest eruption was recorded on 5 October 1999, when a few puffs of smoke were seen and much ash was deposited on the city. Activity in other nearby volcanoes can also affect the city. In November 2002

2852-646: The Carondelet Palace. The presidential residence is located on the third level of the Palace, along with administrative offices. The monumental Basilica del Voto Nacional is the most important neo-Gothic building in Ecuador, and one of the most representative of the American continent. It was once the largest in the New World. The Quito Metropolitan Cathedral , is one of the largest religious symbols of spiritual value for

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2944-496: The Catholic Church, but with the secularization and liberalization of the Ecuadorian state, the political parishes were spun off the ones used by the church. Parishes are called urban if they are within the boundaries of the seat (capital) of their corresponding canton, and rural if outside those boundaries. Inside Quito (the city proper), subdivision into urban parishes depends on the organizations that use these parishes (e.g.,

3036-558: The Ecuadorian Amazon (CONFENIAE) in the eastern Amazon region, and The Confederation of Peoples of Quichua Nationality (ECUARUNARI) in the central mountain region. CONAIE was founded at a convention of some 500 indigenous representatives on November 13–16, 1986. Initially forbidding its leaders from holding political office, CONAIE opposed alliances with political parties and presidential candidates. Instead, it promoted local campaigns. By 1996, however, grassroots pressure had pushed

3128-476: The Ecuadorian economy. Beginning in 1993, CONAIE supported lawsuits against Chevron saying that the corporation deliberately dumped billions of gallons of toxic oil waste onto Indigenous lands as a cost-saving measure at the Lago Agrio oil fields . In May/June 1990, CONAIE organised the largest uprising in Ecuador's history, using trees and boulders to block roads, paralyze the transport system, and shutting down

3220-677: The Inca Emperor Huayna Capac defeated the Quitu , the region's original inhabitants, and incorporated Quito into the Inca Empire , designating it into the capital of the Inca Empire's northern region. The Spanish conquest of the city in 1534 is the date most frequently cited as the city's official founding, making Quito the oldest capital in South America . Quito's historic center is among

3312-776: The La Florida neighborhood of Quito. Dating to AD 800, they provide evidence of the high quality of craftsmanship among the Quitu, and of the elaborate and complex character of their funerary rites. In 2010, the Museo de Sitio La Florida opened to preserve some of the artifacts from the tombs and explain this complex culture. Incan uprising against the Spanish continued during 1534. The conquistador Diego de Almagro founded Santiago de Quito (in present-day Colta, near Riobamba ) on 15 August 1534, renamed as San Francisco de Quito on 28 August 1534. The city

3404-554: The Santa Domingo Church and, protesting the failure of the legal system to process land claims. The protesters intended to occupy the church until CONAIE was able to meet with a government representative to discuss changes in policy regarding their land claim issues. Police surrounded the church. The occupiers in the Santa Domingo church were about to begin a hunger strike when "hundreds of thousands of Indians, in some areas with

3496-814: The World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB), the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the Development Bank of Latin America (CAF) and the line opened on Dic 1, 2023. Quito has the largest, least-altered, and best-preserved historic center in the Americas . This center was, together with the historic center of Kraków , Poland, the first to be declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO on 18 September 1978. The historic center of Quito

3588-473: The Yasuní National Park, and the general activities of Occidental Petroleum in the Amazon. Hundreds of protestors from the Amazon region took control of airports and oil installations in the two provinces for five days, which has prompted a strong response from Alfredo Palacio 's government in Quito. The government called for a state of emergency in the two provinces and the army was sent in to disperse

3680-522: The account of the Quitu-Cara kingdom. They think it was a legendary pre-Hispanic account of the highlands. These days most historians deny the existence of the kingdom of Quito in favor of a more fragmented region. The Quitu ruled over Quito at the time of the Inca invasion by Topa Inca Yupanqui under the reign of his father. In the early 21st century, there were spectacular new finds of 20-meter deep tombs in

3772-501: The ancient rectangular houses, there are burials with pottery and stone offerings. The Cotocollao people extracted and exported obsidian to the coastal region. The priest Juan de Velasco wrote about a Kingdom of Quito. His source was a lost work by Marcos de Niza , the existence of which has not been confirmed. His account said that another people, known as the Cara or the Schyris, came from

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3864-450: The bus lines of the Metrobus (Ecovia) were constructed, traversing the city from the north to the south. Many avenues and roads were extended and enlarged, depressed passages were constructed, and roads were restructured geometrically to increase the flow of traffic. A new subway system was opened with one line on 1 December 2023. Quito is located in the northern highlands of Ecuador in

3956-474: The capitol. Nevertheless, 20,000 arrived in Quito where they were joined by students, local residents, 500 military personnel, and a group of rogue colonels. Angry demonstrators led by Colonel Lucio Gutiérrez and CONAIE president Antonio Vargas stormed the Congress of Ecuador and declared a new "National Salvation Government". Five hours later, the armed forces called for the resignation of President Mahuad. For

4048-517: The city center within city limits. The old airport was replaced due to tall buildings and nighttime fog that made landing from the south difficult. The old airport was converted into a metropolitan park. There is a railroad that goes through the southern part of Quito and passes through the Estación de Chimbacalle . It is managed by the Empresa de Ferrocarriles Ecuatorianos (EFE). This form of transportation

4140-443: The city from south to north. It's divided into three sections—the green line ( the central trolleybus , known as El Trole ), the red line (the north-east Ecovía ), and the blue line (the north-west Central Corridor). In addition to the bus rapid transit system, there are many bus companies running in the city. The buses have both a name and a number, and they have a fixed route. Taxi cabs are all yellow, and they have meters that show

4232-419: The city's population was 2,239,191 people. Since 2002, the city has been renewing its historic center. The old airport, built on filling in a lagoon, was closed to air traffic on 19 February 2013. The area was redeveloped as the "Parque Bicentenario" (Bicentenary Park). The new Mariscal Sucre International Airport , 45 minutes from central Quito, opened to air traffic on 20 February 2013. During 2003 and 2004,

4324-405: The city. The majority of transnational companies with a presence in Ecuador are headquartered there. It is also one of the country's two major industrial centers—the port city of Guayaquil being the other one. The date of its first habitation is unknown, but archaeological evidence suggests that it was first settled by sedentary populations between 4400 and 1600 BC. In the late fifteenth century,

4416-496: The coast and took over the entire region by AD 890. He goes on by saying that this kingdom lasted until the Inca took over the territory in the 15th century. However archeological evidence does not indicate unity among the different ethnic groups in the region. The local Quitu or Quillaco tribe is distinct in its art and architecture from its neighbors. By the 20th century, many prominent historians who began more academic studies, doubted

4508-420: The congressional seats in the 1996 elections, though the presidential candidate Freddy Ehlers failed to qualify for the second presidential round of votes. In August 1997 CONAIE led two straight days of protest demanding constitutional reform. CONAIE's leadership had a role in the fall of president Abdali Bucaram and the convening of a constitutional assembly. The resulting 1998 constitution defined Ecuador as

4600-480: The controversial tax laws; constitutional amendments removing presidential term limits; expanding oil and mining projects; water, education, and labour policies; a proposed free trade agreement with the European Union ; and increasing repression of freedom of speech. On August 15, the government declared a state of exception that allowed the military to crackdown on protests. Protestors blocked roads and declared

4692-425: The country for a week. The 1990 uprising is generally regarded as marking the emergence of Indigenous peoples as new political actors on the national level, as CONAIE forced negotiation on their demands for bilingual education, agrarian reform, and recognition of the plurinational state of Ecuador. The 1990 uprising marked the 500th anniversary since Columbus' first trip to the Americas. In Quito , protestors occupied

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4784-452: The efforts of CONAIE because of the inability to stop the aggression of the government despite all that had been achieved. Because of falling oil prices and agricultural failures, Ecuador experienced an economic collapse in 1998–99. President Jamil Mahuad sought a stabilisation loan from the IMF , but popular resistance to IMF reforms led to three large uprisings in 1998 and 1999 led by CONAIE. At

4876-550: The elimination of contamination, and sustainable management. It also included the right of free, prior, informed consent for development projects on Indigenous lands. Finally, the document provides protection of self-determination among indigenous lands, preserving traditional political structures, and follows International Labour Organization , Convention 169 that outlines generally accepted international law on indigenous rights. All of these points had been sought after for so many years and were finally guaranteed in this rewrite of

4968-643: The end of 1999, Mahuad announced plance to implement the IMF measures and dollarise the Ecuadorian economy. On January 21, 2000, in response to Mahuad's plans, CONAIE, in coordination with organizations like CONFEUNASSC-CNC , blocked roads and cut off agricultural supplies to Ecuador's major cities. At the same time, rural indigenous protesters marched on Quito. In response, government officials ordered transit lines not to service Indians and individuals with indigenous characteristics were forcibly removed from interprovincial buses in an effort to prevent protesters from reaching

5060-473: The fare. There are nearly 8,800 registered taxicabs . In August 2012, the Municipality of Quito government established a municipal bicycle sharing system called Bici Q. In March 2023, a new bicycle sharing system was established in order to promote the bicycle as a sustainable, healthy and fast mean of transport. With this service, the objective is to reduce mobilization times, air pollution and improve

5152-458: The highest level of tax collection in Ecuador, exceeding the national 57% per year 2009, currently being the most important economic region of the country , as the latest "study" conducted by the Central Bank of Ecuador. The top major industries in Quito includes textiles, metals and agriculture, with major crops for export being coffee, sugar, cacao, rice, bananas and palm oil. Petroecuador ,

5244-411: The idea of nationality is plural, meaning there are many nationals within an organized community or body of peoples. Derived from this concept, a plurinational state is the existence of multiple political communities and constitutional asymmetry. The usage of plurinationality assists in avoiding the division of societies within a state or country. Furthermore, a plurinational democracy recognizes

5336-459: The largest and best-preserved in the Americas . In 1978, Quito and Kraków were the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO . Quito is the capital city closest to the Equator , which runs through the northern part of the metropolitan area in the parish of San Antonio . The oldest traces of human presence in Quito were excavated by American archeologist Robert E. Bell in 1960, on

5428-412: The largest company in the country and one of the largest in Latin America is headquartered in Quito. Headquarters and regional offices of many national and international financial institutions, oil corporations and international businesses are also located in Quito, making it a world class business city. In "The World according to GaWC " global cities report, which measures a city's integration into

5520-561: The law supported peasant agriculture, recognised water as a public resource, and reaffirmed communal land ownership. CONAIE initially forbid its members from holding political office, but in its December 1995 assembly it played a major role in the formation of the Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement , an electoral coalition of Indigenous and non-Indigenous social movements including CONFEUNASSC-CNC , Ecuador's largest campesino federation. Pachakutik won 10% of

5612-425: The legislation would allow transnational mining corporations to appropriate water (and privatisation of water in general), and that the bill would violate protection of water provided by the 2008 constitution. In April and May 2010 massive nationwide protests condemned Correa's legislation; protestors viewed the water bill as a neoliberal, extractivist policy that violated the tenets of sumak kawsay . CONAIE coordinated

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5704-460: The liberal commander Eloy Alfaro participated in the Battle of Guayaquil , and after further conflict he became the president of Ecuador on 4 September 1895. Upon completing his second term in 1911, he moved to Europe. He returned to Ecuador in 1912 and attempted to return to power unsuccessfully; he was arrested on 28 January 1912, and imprisoned, then lynched by a mob that stormed the prison. His body

5796-521: The most important document in the country. Despite CONAIE and Pachakutik's triumph in this endeavor, government implementation of the policy has not exactly been consistent with the outline in that new constitution and the indigenous organizations have struggled since 1998. In cases such as ARCO ’s deal to exploit oil resources in the Amazon, the government has totally ignored these new indigenous rights and sold communal land to be developed without another thought. Such violations have become commonplace and

5888-494: The multiple demoi (common people or populace) within a polity. Reportedly the term has its origin in the Indigenous political movement in Bolivia where it was first heard of in the early 1980s. As of 2022 Bolivia and Ecuador are constitutionally defined as plurinational states. Plurinational states are similar to multinational states , but are particularly often advocated for by indigenous peoples . In 2009, Bolivia adopted

5980-412: The municipality, the electoral tribunals, the postal service, the Ecuadorian statistics institute). The urban parishes of different types are not necessarily coterminous nor the same in number or name. As of 2008 , the municipality of Quito divided the city into 32 urban parishes. These parishes, which are used by the municipality for administrative purposes, are also known as cabildos since 2001. Since

6072-529: The new government and ceded power to Vice President Gustavo Noboa . In 2002, CONAIE split its resources between political campaigning and a mobilization against the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) 7th Summit, which was being held in Quito . In the presidential elections CONAIE backed populist Lucio Gutiérrez , a military man who had supported the 2000 coup . Gutiérrez was not widely trusted, but he

6164-409: The northern part of the city to the southern are Avenue Oriental (Corridor Periférico Oriental) on the eastern hills that border the city, and Avenue Occidental on the western side of the city on the Pichincha volcano. The street 10 de Agosto also runs north to south through most of the city, running down the middle of it. The historic center of the city is based on a grid pattern, despite the hills, with

6256-578: The organisation to rethink their position on electoral politics, with the president of CONAIE, Luis Macas running for national congress and the launching of the Pachakutik Plurinational Unity Movement - a political party based on the Indigenous movement. Through the 1990s and early 2000s, CONAIE organised at least five national Indigenous uprisings, mobilising thousands of campesinos to shut down Quito . During these uprisings CONAIE made demands for land rights and plurinationalism while protesting corruption, deregulation, privatisation, and dollarisation of

6348-509: The ouster of both Gutiérrez and the entire mainstream political class under the slogan "Que se vayan todos" (They all must go), a phrase popularized by the December 2001 Argentine uprising . In August 2005 CONAIE called for action among indigenous peoples in the Sucumbios and Orellana provinces to protest political repression, Petrobras ' attempt to expand their petroleum extracting activities to

6440-471: The plurinational state was integrated into the 2008 constitution of Ecuador . CONAIE represents the following indigenous peoples: Shuar , Achuar , Siona , Secoya , Cofán , Huaorani , Záparo , Chachi , Tsáchila , Awá , Epera , Manta , Wancavilca and Quichua . CONAIE was founded in 1986 from the union of two confederations of Indigenous nations: the Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of

6532-522: The proposed reforms included recognition of Chile's indigenous peoples . The 2022 proposed Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile defined Chile as "plurinational", however this proposal was rejected by a large margin in September 2022. Prior to the dismissal of the proposed constitution the issue of pluranationalism was noted by polls and El País as particularly divisive in Chile. The creation of

6624-427: The protestors with tear gas, but in response to the growing crisis the state oil company has temporarily suspended exports of petroleum. Protestors have gone on record as saying that they want oil revenues to be redirected toward society, making way for more jobs and greater expenditures in infrastructure. A water bill proposed by the government of Rafael Correa was opposed by Indigenous organisations who charged that

6716-469: The protests have since been joined by students and workers who have also been affected by the price increases. Lasso condemned the protests and labelled them as an attempted " coup d'état " against his government. Plurinationalism Plurinationality , plurinational , or plurinationalism is defined as the coexistence of two or more sealed or preserved national groups within a polity (an organized community or body of peoples ). In plurinationalism,

6808-412: The quality of life of the citizens. Although public transport is the primary form of travel in the city, including fleets of taxis that continually cruise the roadways, the use of private vehicles has increased substantially during the past decade. Because of growing road congestion in many areas, there were plans to construct a light rail system, which were conceived to replace the northern portion of

6900-496: The reformation of the constitution seems in many ways to have just been a populist tactic used by the government to appease the indigenous groups while continuing to persistently pursue its neoliberal agenda. Because of this there has been an increasing amount of tension and differences of opinion within the indigenous movement, both between Pachakutik and CONAIE and within CONAIE itself. There even exists frustration among local tribes and

6992-714: The site to collect surface materials. Graffham's previous interest in Paleo-Indian remains, and his experience with early human-made materials in Kansas and Nebraska in the Central Plains of the United States, led him to believe that the site was an important discovery. The second important vestige of human settlement was found in the current neighborhood of Cotocollao (1500 BC), northwest of Quito. The prehistoric village covered over 26 hectares in an area irrigated by many creeks. Near

7084-577: The slopes of the Ilaló volcano, located between the eastern valleys of Los Chillos and Tumbaco. Hunter-gatherers left tools of obsidian glass, dated to 8000 BC. This archeological site, called EI Inga, was brought to Robert Bell's attention by Allen Graffham. As a geologist in Ecuador, Graffham pursued his amateur interest in archeology. He made surface collections at the site during 1956. The discovery of projectile points, particularly specimens with basal fluting, stimulated his interest, and he made several visits to

7176-575: The start of its next phase of urban development . In 1563 Quito became the seat of a Real Audiencia (administrative district) of Spain. It was classified as part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1717, after which the Audiencia was part of the new Viceroyalty of New Granada . Under both Viceroyalties, the district was administered from Quito, (see Real Audiencia de Quito ). The Spanish established Roman Catholicism in Quito. The first church ( El Belén )

7268-405: The status of ancestral lands in the lowlands remained an unresolved issue. In April 1992, two thousand Kichwa, Shuar, and Achuar people marched 240 miles (385 kilometers) from the Amazon to Quito to demand legalization of land holdings. Protestors refused to leave the capital until President Rodrigo Borja agreed to demarcate and title their lands. In June 1994, Indigenous organizations protested

7360-572: The streets Venezuela, Chile, García Moreno, and Guayaquil being the most important. The Mariscal Sucre International Airport serves as the city's principal airport for passenger travel and freight. The airport is located 18 km (11 mi) east of the city's center in the Tababela parish. It began operations on 20 February 2013, replacing the Old Mariscal Sucre International Airport located 10 km (6.2 mi) north of

7452-409: The strengthening of a positive Indigenous identity , recuperation of land rights , environmental sustainability, opposition to neoliberalism and rejection of U.S. military involvement in South America (for example Plan Colombia ). The Indigenous movement in Ecuador was consolidated during the 1990 uprising when CONAIE leaders issued 16 demands, the first of which was the declaration of Ecuador as

7544-441: The support of mestizo peasants, blocked local highways and took over urban plazas. Their demands were focused mostly on land, but also included such issues as state services, cultural rights, and the farm prices of agricultural products. This movement caused so much disruption that the government relented and met with the leaders of CONAIE; the government made some concessions to people in rural areas and settled some land disputes, but

7636-520: The times of the Metropolitan District of Quito, parishes of this type are also grouped into larger divisions known as municipal zones ( zonas municipales ). These parishes are as follows: The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Quito divides the city into 167 parishes, which are grouped into 17 zones. The MetrobusQ network, also known as "Red Integrada de Transporte Público", is the bus rapid transit system running in Quito, and it goes through

7728-508: The uprising and about 200 other settlers. A chain of conflicts climaxed on 24 May 1822, when Antonio José de Sucre , under the command of Simón Bolívar , led troops into the Battle of Pichincha , on the slopes of the volcano. Their victory established the independence of Quito and the surrounding areas. In 1833, members of the Society of Free Inhabitants of Quito were assassinated by the government after they conspired against it. On 6 March 1845,

7820-608: The volcano Reventador erupted and showered the city in fine ash particles, to a depth of several centimeters. The volcanoes on the Central Cordillera (Royal Cordillera), east of Quito, surrounding the Guayllabamba valley, include Cotopaxi , Sincholagua , Antisana and Cayambe . Some of the volcanoes of the Western Cordillera, to the west of the Guayllabamba valley, include Illiniza , Atacazo , and Pululahua (which

7912-572: The world city network, Quito is ranked as a Beta city: an important metropolis instrumental in linking its region or state into the world economy. [1] Quito is governed by a mayor and a 15-member city council. The mayor is elected to a five-year term and can be re-elected. The position also doubles as Mayor of the Metropolitan District of Quito (the canton). The current mayor is Pabel Muñoz Lopez. In Ecuador, cantons are subdivided into parishes , so called because they were originally used by

8004-430: Was 998.2 hPa (29.48 inHg), and the highest was 1,015.2 hPa (29.98 inHg). Despite the absence of high pressure, Quito can still experience settled weather. Generally, the highest pressure is around midnight and the lowest in the mid-afternoon. Quito is divided into three areas, separated by hills: Quito is the largest city in contribution to national GDP, and the highest in per capita income. Quito has

8096-553: Was built before the city was officially founded. In January 1535 the San Francisco Convent was constructed, the first of about 20 churches and convents built during the colonial period. The Spanish converted the indigenous population to Christianity and used them as labor for construction. In 1743, after nearly 210 years of Spanish colonization, Quito was a city of about 10,000 inhabitants. Quito briefly proclaimed its de facto independence from Spain between 1765 and 1766 during

8188-560: Was dragged through the streets of Quito to a city park, where it was burned. In 1932, the Four Days' War broke out. This was a civil war that followed the election of Neptalí Bonifaz and the subsequent realization that he carried a Peruvian passport. On 12 February 1949, a realistic broadcast of H. G. Wells ' novel The War of the Worlds led to citywide panic, and the deaths of more than twenty people who died in fires set by mobs. In 2011,

8280-455: Was later refounded at its present location on 6 December 1534 by 204 settlers led by Sebastián de Benalcázar , who captured leader Rumiñahui , effectively ending all organized resistance. Rumiñahui was executed on 10 January 1535. On 28 March 1541, Quito was declared a city. Further, on 23 February 1556, it was given the title Muy Noble y Muy Leal Ciudad de San Francisco de Quito ("Very Noble and Loyal City of San Francisco of Quito"), marking

8372-409: Was seen as the only alternative to rival candidate Álvaro Noboa , the richest man in Ecuador who embodied popular fears of crony capitalism . Lucio Gutiérrez won the presidential race with 55% of the final vote, owing much of his victory to support from Pachakutik . Six months after the election of Gutiérrez, CONAIE proclaimed its official break with the government in response to what CONAIE termed

8464-417: Was the largest uprising in Ecuador's history and established a new form of contention that would serve as a blueprint for a string of later uprisings. CONAIE-led uprisings had a role in the fall of president Abdalá Bucaram and subsequent drafting of a new constitution in 1998. CONAIE leaders also participated in the 2000 coup d'état that deposed president Jamil Mahuad . CONAIE's political agenda includes

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