The Republican Villagers Nation Party ( Turkish : Cumhuriyetçi Köylü Millet Partisi , CKMP ), alternatively translated Republican Peasants' Nation Party , was a political party in Turkey.
41-503: CKMP may refer to: CKMP , a political party in Turkey CKMP-FM , a radio station (90.3 FM) licensed to Calgary, Alberta, Canada CICZ-FM , a radio station (104.1 FM) licensed to Midland, Ontario, Canada, which held the call sign CKMP from 1959 to 1994 [REDACTED] Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles about radio and/or television stations with
82-404: A multitude of different transgressions, rather than a single well-defined crime. Political prisoners are frequently arrested and tried with a veneer of legality where false criminal charges , manufactured evidence , and unfair trials ( kangaroo courts , show trials ) are used to disguise the fact that an individual is a political prisoner. For example, AAPP states that "the motivation behind
123-657: A political offense". He proposed the following definition: Political prisoners are defined as individuals that are convicted and incarcerated in politically biased trials (or executive decisions in the absence of any trials). Trials are deemed politically biased if they are endorsed by the government and (a) lack a domestic legal basis, (b) violate principles of procedural justice, or (c) violate universal human rights. Steinert noted that his definition does extend to prisoners "imprisoned for nonpolitical identities such as their religious beliefs or their sexual orientations", as well as individuals engaged in violent actions, arguing that
164-418: A political prisoner is generally awarded to individuals based on the declarations of non-governmental organizations like Amnesty International , on a case-by-case basis. While such statuses are often widely recognized by the international public , they are often rejected by individual governments accused of holding political prisoners, which tend to deny any bias in their judicial systems . A related term
205-429: A rule, governments deny imprisoning individuals for their political activities. A political prisoner can also be someone who has been denied bail unfairly, denied parole when it would reasonably have been given to a prisoner charged with a comparable crime, or special powers may be invoked by the judiciary. Particularly in this latter situation, whether an individual is regarded as a political prisoner may depend upon
246-524: A specific response to such movements (a response which often involved incarceration rather than dialogue, particularly under the less liberal regimes). In some places, political prisoners had their own customs, traditions, and semi-formal organizations and privileges; historically, this has been more common up to around the interwar period , as the many political prisoners came from higher social classes (in particular, nobility ), and authorities often treated them better than common criminals. This changed with
287-559: Is prisoner of conscience (POC), popularized by Amnesty International. It describes someone who was prosecuted because of their personal beliefs. Some prisons, known as political prisons, are accustomed to or are designed solely for hosting political prisoners. The concept of a political prisoner, like many concepts in social sciences, sports numerous definitions, and is undefined in international law and human right treaties. Helen Taylor Greene and Shaun L. Gabbidon in 2009 that "standard legal definitions have remained elusive", but at
328-433: Is conveyed to one only after their detention. Before that, potential political prisoners may be referred to as " dissidents , revolutionaries , social reformers , or radical thinkers". The nature of the behavior that leads to political imprisonment is hard to define and can be roughly described as any "activity deemed questionable by ruling elites ". Therefore, political prisoners may be officially detained and sentenced for
369-628: Is detained for exercising their "human rights under international law, such as peaceable assembly, freedom of religion, freedom of association, free expression, including the freedom to advocate peaceable social or political change, and to criticize government policy or government officials.” Christoph Valentin Steinert, who in 2020 reviewed 366 definitions of political prisoners used in (mainly English language) academic literature in 1956 and 2019, argued that any definition of political prisoner needs to avoid focusing on prisoners' individual motivations and that
410-401: Is not just to punish those opposing the regime, but to frighten those who consider opposing the regime by demonstrating the power of the regime by sending a clear warning that objecting is not tolerated, and that the regime is well prepared and ready to punish the objectors through the creation of total institutions dedicated to hosting political prisoners. The status of a political prisoner
451-604: Is someone imprisoned for their political activity . The political offense is not always the official reason for the prisoner's detention. There is no internationally recognized legal definition of the concept, although numerous similar definitions have been proposed by various organizations and scholars, and there is a general consensus among scholars that "individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that have fundamentally challenged existing power relations". The status of
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#1733084865187492-407: Is to be regarded as a 'political prisoner': Burmese Assistance Association for Political Prisoners defines a political prisoner as "anyone who is arrested because of [their] perceived or real involvement in or supporting role in opposition movements with peaceful or resistance means". The US Congressional-Executive Commission on China defines a political prisoner broadly as any individual who
533-463: The elections of that year . In 1965, a meeting took place with opposition leaders, including the president of CKMP, Ahmet Oğuz and of the revived Nation Party (see below), Osman Bölükbaşı, which caused the government to resign. The new government led by independent senator Suat Hayri Ürgüplü had four ministers from the CKMP. In spring 1965, Alparslan Türkeş , along with "the 14s" who were expelled from
574-401: The independent members signed a declaration on October 11, 1962, stating that they are "determined and decisive to confront any transgressions of the foundation built by the national revolution of May 27." Subsequently, the parliament decided a partial pardon for political prisoners . On June 15, 1962, the CKMP became part of the coalition led by İsmet İnönü . In 1962, the party faced with
615-529: The 1954 and 1957 elections. Another party was Osman Bölükbaşı 's Republican Nation Party , which was founded on 27 January 1954. But unlike Turkey Villagers Party, the Republican Nation Party was actually the continuation of Bölükbaşı's former party named Nation Party which was banned in 1953. Both in 1954 and in 1957 elections they were able to gain seats in the Parliament. On October 17, 1958,
656-552: The National Unity Committee, joined the CKMP. In August 1965 Türkeş became the new president at the expense of Ahmet Oğuz and many other senior politicians of the party. This enabled Alparslan Türkeş to a major influence over the party and during the party congress in 1967, the party's program was redesigned in line with the Nine Lights Doctrine . The CKMP gained a more nationalistic and Pan-Turkist ideology, and
697-514: The Vietnam War . Political prisoners sometimes write memoirs of their experiences and resulting insights. Some of these memoirs have become important political texts. For example, King's " Letter From a Birmingham City Jail " has been described as "one of the most important historical documents penned by a modern political prisoner". A number of nongovernmental organizations focus on advocacy for political prisoners. The most prominent of those
738-579: The Villagers Party merged with the Republican Nation Party to form the Republican Villagers' Nation Party. The chairman of the party was Osman Bölükbaşı. On June 12, 1960, following the May 27 coup d’état , the junta , dubbed the " National Unity Committee ", dissolved the parliament and on June 13, closed the district organizations of all political parties. In 1961, when the civil parliamentary system
779-524: The arrest of every individual in AAPP's database is political, regardless of the laws they have been sentenced under". This is common in situations which may otherwise be decried nationally and internationally as a human rights violation or suppression of a political dissident . Steinert notes that "objective evidence about politically biased imprisonments is chronically sparse considering that governments face substantial incentives to hide repressive practices". As
820-417: The category of prisoners of conscience , the only prisoners who AI demands should be immediately and unconditionally released, as well as people who resort to criminal violence for a political motive. In AI's use of the term, here are some examples of political prisoners: Governments often say they have no political prisoners, only prisoners held under the normal criminal law. AI however describes cases like
861-409: The differences as follows: AI uses the term "political prisoner" broadly. It does not use it, as some others do, to imply that all such prisoners have a special status or should be released. It uses the term only to define a category of prisoners for whom AI demands a fair and prompt trial. In AI's usage, the term includes any prisoner whose case contains a significant political element, in regard to
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#1733084865187902-404: The earliest known political prisoner; imprisoned for allegedly “poisoning” the minds of Grecian youth through his critique of Athenian society and its rulers. Early Christians, including Jesus Christ , and St. Peter , have also been described as such. Another famous historical figure described as a political prisoner is the 15th century French heroine, Joan of Arc , whose final charge of heresy
943-630: The emergence of the totalitarian regimes that were intent on annihilating the opposition. In Poland, the concept and even traditions of political prisoners emerged around the second half of the 19th century in the Russian partition . While the Universal Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 is not legally binding, it is generally recognized as "a common standard of achievement for all peoples and all nations". Of particular relevance to political prisoners are its Articles 5, 6, 9 and 18. The UDHR and
984-514: The examples given above as "political" and uses the terms "political trial" and "political imprisonment" when referring to them. But by doing so, AI does not oppose the imprisonment, except where it further maintains that the prisoner is a prisoner of conscience, or condemn the trial, except where it concludes that it was unfair. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has the following definition: A person deprived of their personal liberty
1025-508: The former Nobel Peace Prize Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi , detained for many years without a trial. Likewise, supporters of Tibetan spiritual leader Gedhun Choekyi Nyima in the 11th Panchen Lama controversy have called him a "political prisoner", despite the fact that he is not accused of a political offense. He is held under secluded house arrest . Political prisoners may become the subjects of international advocacy and receive aid from various non-governmental organizations. Criticism from
1066-537: The international public opinion has been shown to facilitate the release of political detainees, or reduce their sentences, but is less effective in securing the release of already-sentenced individuals. When the status of political prisoner is well known, it can be seen as a form of status symbol . Some political prisoners purposefully frame themselves as "the imprisoned martyrs and leaders of their movement." Which can safeguard their well-being in prison. Ancient Greek philosopher Socrates has been described as perhaps
1107-592: The later Helsinki Accords of 1975 have been used by a number of nongovernmental organizations as the basis for arguing that some governments are in fact holding political prisoners. In the United States , the term political prisoner has been used during the mid-20th century civil rights struggle and has been occasionally applied to individuals like Rosa Parks or Martin Luther King Jr. , and later used for individuals imprisoned for objecting to US involvement in
1148-483: The motivation of the prisoner's acts, the acts themselves, or the motivation of the authorities. "Political" is used by AI to refer to aspects of human relations related to "politics": the mechanisms of society and civil order, the principles, organization, or conduct of government or public affairs, and the relation of all these to questions of language, ethnic origin, sex or religion, status, or influence (among other factors). The category of political prisoners embraces
1189-601: The name of the Republican Villager's Nation Party was changed to Nationalist Movement Party (Milliyetçi Hareket Partisi – MHP) and it opened itself for the Muslim electorate. Several of the nationalist party members who opposed the new party program which included an Islamic notion, where subsequently expelled. The MHP to this day is one of Turkey's major political parties and its most prominent far-right nationalist party. Political prisoner A political prisoner
1230-457: The neutral "classification as a political prisoner neither entails an a priori judgment about the moral legitimacy of prisoners' actions nor does it imply that individuals committed politically motivated crimes". The purpose of political prisons and of imprisoning dissidents is to demonstrate the strength of the regime to the dissidents. The regime's opponents are isolated, and stigmatised, frequently abused, and tortured. The goal of such treatment
1271-477: The party. The new chairman of the party was Ahmet Oğuz . The party participated in the coalition government and one member, Hasan Dincer, became the deputy prime minister. But without the rhetoric of Osman Bölükbaşı the party began to lose support. Between the general elections in 1961 and 1965 the support dropped from 14% to 2.2%. Meanwhile, in 1965 Bölükbaşı refounded the Nation Party , which received 6.3% in
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1312-436: The problem of coalition partnership. Up to 1962, CKMP had always been an opposition party. Also in 1962, the CKMP was offered to take part in İsmet İnönü 's coalition government for the first time. ( see the 27th government of Turkey .) Although this offer was attractive for most of the party members, Osman Bölükbaşı was against serving under İsmet İnönü. Thus, a group of MPs under the leadership of Osman Bölükbaşı issued from
1353-413: The release of prisoners of conscience, which include both political prisoners as well as those imprisoned for their religious or philosophical beliefs. To reduce controversy, and as a matter of principle, the organization's policy applies only to prisoners who have not committed or advocated violence. Thus, there are political prisoners who do not fit the narrower criteria for POCs. The organisation defines
1394-503: The same time, observing that there is a general consensus that "individuals have been sanctioned by legal systems and imprisoned by political regimes not for their violation of codified laws but for their thoughts and ideas that have fundamentally challenged existing power relations". A number of organizations involved in human rights issues, as well as scholars studying them, have developed their own definitions, some of which are presented below. Amnesty International (AI) campaigns for
1435-512: The same/similar call signs or branding. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CKMP&oldid=842644169 " Category : Broadcast call sign disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Republican Villagers Nation Party The party
1476-666: The subjective political perspective or interpretation of the evidence. Political prisoners can also be imprisoned with no legal veneer by extrajudicial processes or even through executive decisions in the absence of any trials or charges . Some political prisoners need not be imprisoned at all, as they can be subject to prolonged pre-trial detainment instead. Steinert noted that technically, political detainees should be distinguished from political prisoners, but they are often grouped together, and in practical terms, he recommends treating them as special types of political prisoners. Examples of such detainees can include individuals such as
1517-529: The term "should be exclusively reserved for victims of politically biased trials" (in other words, "victims of state repression "), to avoid delegitimizing the term by diluting it with applications to prisoners of any possibly politically motivated action (which on the extreme end of the spectrum would include, for example, Ku Klux Klanners , neo-Nazis , and jihadist terrorists ). He specifically criticizes definitions of political prisoners as "individuals imprisoned for politically motivated actions" or "committing
1558-460: Was founded after the fusion of two smaller nationalist parties. One of these parties was the Villagers Party , founded by Remzi Oğuz Arık [ tr ] on16 May 1952. Most of the members of this party were former Democrat Party members and they were known as Nationalists. After the death of the founder in a plane crash in 1954, the party could not gain any seats in the parliament in
1599-431: Was hierarchically restructured after the old leadership was eliminated from the administration. Türkeş reportedly stated that: "Whoever joins the cause and becomes a traitor, kill him." General elections were held on October 10, 1965, at which CKMP won 11 seats at the parliament and four at the senate. However, the 2.2% of votes meant that it was losing ground. On February 6–9, 1969, at the extraordinary party congress ,
1640-479: Was once again in effect, on October 15, the general elections were held , at which the Republican Villagers’ Nation Party received 14% of the votes to emerge as the third party and win 54 seats in the parliament and 16 senators . However, Osman Bölükbaşı refused to take place in the coalition government . The CKMP members of parliament along with the members from the four remaining parties and
1681-411: Was seen as a legal justification for her real crime of "inconveniencing the elites". Padraic Kenney noted that "the emergence of modern political prisoners coincides with a fifty-year period (1860s–1910s) during which [modern] political movements matured around the world", also defining such movements as having "clearly articulated political and social programs" which forced the governments to develop