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74-534: CIDR has an average effective radiated power (ERP) of 79,600 watts , with a peak power of 100,000 watts. The transmitter is off Howard Avenue in Amherstburg . The station was originally launched by Western Ontario Broadcasting in 1949 as CKLW-FM . It simulcast the CBC Dominion Network programming of sister station CKLW . CKLW-AM-FM dropped CBC affiliation in 1950 with the sign-on of CBE , owned by

148-403: A radio transmitter . It is the total power in watts that would have to be radiated by a half-wave dipole antenna to give the same radiation intensity (signal strength or power flux density in watts per square meter) as the actual source antenna at a distant receiver located in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam ( main lobe ). ERP measures the combination of the power emitted by

222-497: A waiver , and can exceed normal restrictions. For most microwave systems, a completely non-directional isotropic antenna (one which radiates equally and perfectly well in every direction – a physical impossibility) is used as a reference antenna, and then one speaks of EIRP (effective isotropic radiated power) rather than ERP. This includes satellite transponders , radar, and other systems which use microwave dishes and reflectors rather than dipole-style antennas. In

296-543: A Soft Adult Contemporary approach dubbed "The Motor City's Adult Music Station”, which lasted roughly six months. Then, the CKLW-FM call letters and the "Big 8"-inspired oldies format were once again restored around Labour Day of 1991, with the station branded as 93.9 The Legend . Once again, the station sounded faithful to the original CKLW, featuring stalwarts from the golden age of Detroit's Top 40 radio era such as Tom Shannon, Dave Prince, Dave Shafer and Lee Alan (host of

370-622: A cellular telephone tower has a fixed linear polarization, but the mobile handset must function well at any arbitrary orientation. Therefore, a handset design might provide dual polarization receive on the handset so that captured energy is maximized regardless of orientation, or the designer might use a circularly polarized antenna and account for the extra 3 dB of loss with amplification. For example, an FM radio station which advertises that it has 100,000 watts of power actually has 100,000 watts ERP, and not an actual 100,000-watt transmitter. The transmitter power output (TPO) of such

444-529: A day, two in the morning and two in afternoon drive. The CRTC insisted that the station remain MOR and jazz the rest of the time, holding that a repetitive format such as Top 40 belonged on AM and that FM was for non-hit music formats such as classical , jazz , big band and beautiful music . In 1985, Baton sold both CKLW and CFXX-FM to CUC Broadcasting , which moved the adult standards " Music of Your Life " format to CKLW and instituted an easy listening format on

518-464: A gain of 1× (equiv. 0 dBi). So ERP and EIRP are measures of radiated power that can compare different combinations of transmitters and antennas on an equal basis. In spite of the names, ERP and EIRP do not measure transmitter power, or total power radiated by the antenna, they are just a measure of signal strength along the main lobe. They give no information about power radiated in other directions, or total power. ERP and EIRP are always greater than

592-430: A smattering of 1960s and 1980s material. On November 11, 1994, CKLW-FM flipped to adult album alternative as 93.9 The River, Quality Rock, Real Variety . The call letters were changed to CIDR-FM . "The River" was never a ratings powerhouse, but with Ann Delisi (formerly of Detroit public-radio station WDET ) at the helm and Jeff "Zippy" Crowe in the mornings, The River attracted a loyal audience. The station then tweaked

666-423: A station typically may be 10,000–20,000 watts, with a gain factor of 5–10× (5–10×, or 7–10  dB ). In most antenna designs, gain is realized primarily by concentrating power toward the horizontal plane and suppressing it at upward and downward angles, through the use of phased arrays of antenna elements. The distribution of power versus elevation angle is known as the vertical pattern . When an antenna

740-511: A successful oldies station in Detroit’s WOMC . In 1988, CKLW-FM became CKMR-FM , known as More 94 . The playlist was significantly reduced in its titles and the station became more tightly formatted with the top hits of the 1960s and 70s. After "More 94" failed to raise the station's ratings, in the fall of 1990, CKMR shifted to an urban oldies /classic soul music format as I-94 . Then, after only roughly four months, CKMR switched to

814-886: A theoretical isotropic antenna. Since a half-wave dipole antenna has a gain of 1.64 (or 2.15 dB ) compared to an isotropic radiator, if ERP and EIRP are expressed in watts their relation is   E I R P ( W ) = 1.64 × E R P ( W )   {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}=1.64\times {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}\ } If they are expressed in decibels   E I R P ( d B ) = E R P ( d B ) + 2.15   d B   {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathrm {(dB)} }={\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathrm {(dB)} }+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}\ } Effective radiated power and effective isotropic radiated power both measure

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888-983: Is   E I R P ( d B W ) = P T X   ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G ( d B i )   , {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}=P_{{\mathsf {TX}}\ {\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}}-L_{\mathsf {(dB)}}+G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}\ ,}   E R P ( d B W ) = P T X   ( d B W ) − L ( d B ) + G ( d B i ) − 2.15   d B   . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}=P_{{\mathsf {TX}}\ {\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}}-L_{\mathsf {(dB)}}+G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}-2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} Losses in

962-402: Is 8.77 dB d = 10.92 dB i . Its gain necessarily must be less than this by the factor η, which must be negative in units of dB. Neither ERP nor EIRP can be calculated without knowledge of the power accepted by the antenna, i.e., it is not correct to use units of dB d or dB i with ERP and EIRP. Let us assume a 100 watt (20 dB W ) transmitter with losses of 6 dB prior to

1036-422: Is a constant, i.e., 0 dB d = 2.15 dB i . Therefore, ERP is always 2.15 dB less than EIRP. The ideal dipole antenna could be further replaced by an isotropic radiator (a purely mathematical device which cannot exist in the real world), and the receiver cannot know the difference so long as the input power is increased by 2.15 dB. The distinction between dB d and dB i is often left unstated and

1110-451: Is a music radio format . The term was coined by New York radio DJ Frankie Crocker in the early to mid-1970s as a synonym for Black music . Urban contemporary radio stations feature a playlist made up entirely of Black genres such as R&B , pop-rap , quiet storm , urban adult contemporary , hip hop , Latin music such as Latin pop, Chicano R&B and Chicano rap , and Caribbean music such as reggae and soca . Urban contemporary

1184-538: Is also directional horizontally, gain and ERP will vary with azimuth ( compass direction). Rather than the average power over all directions, it is the apparent power in the direction of the peak of the antenna's main lobe that is quoted as a station's ERP (this statement is just another way of stating the definition of ERP). This is particularly applicable to the huge ERPs reported for shortwave broadcasting stations, which use very narrow beam widths to get their signals across continents and oceans. ERP for FM radio in

1258-406: Is larger it will be used instead. The maximum ERP for US FM broadcasting is usually 100,000 watts (FM Zone II) or 50,000 watts (in the generally more densely populated Zones I and I-A), though exact restrictions vary depending on the class of license and the antenna height above average terrain (HAAT). Some stations have been grandfathered in or, very infrequently, been given

1332-920: Is possible for a station of only a few hundred watts ERP to cover more area than a station of a few thousand watts ERP, if its signal travels above obstructions on the ground. ELF 3 Hz/100 Mm 30 Hz/10 Mm SLF 30 Hz/10 Mm 300 Hz/1 Mm ULF 300 Hz/1 Mm 3 kHz/100 km VLF 3 kHz/100 km 30 kHz/10 km LF 30 kHz/10 km 300 kHz/1 km MF 300 kHz/1 km 3 MHz/100 m HF 3 MHz/100 m 30 MHz/10 m VHF 30 MHz/10 m 300 MHz/1 m UHF 300 MHz/1 m 3 GHz/100 mm SHF 3 GHz/100 mm 30 GHz/10 mm EHF 30 GHz/10 mm 300 GHz/1 mm THF 300 GHz/1 mm 3 THz/0.1 mm Urban contemporary Urban contemporary music , also known as urban music , hip hop , urban pop , or just simply urban ,

1406-438: Is quantified by the antenna gain , which is the ratio of the signal strength radiated by an antenna in its direction of maximum radiation to that radiated by a standard antenna. For example, a 1,000 watt transmitter feeding an antenna with a gain of 4× (equiv. 6 dBi) will have the same signal strength in the direction of its main lobe, and thus the same ERP and EIRP, as a 4,000 watt transmitter feeding an antenna with

1480-475: Is the same as ERP, except that a short vertical antenna (i.e. a short monopole ) is used as the reference antenna instead of a half-wave dipole . Cymomotive force ( CMF ) is an alternative term used for expressing radiation intensity in volts , particularly at the lower frequencies. It is used in Australian legislation regulating AM broadcasting services, which describes it as: "for a transmitter, [it] means

1554-448: Is typical for medium or longwave broadcasting, skywave , or indirect paths play a part in transmission, the waves will suffer additional attenuation which depends on the terrain between the antennas, so these formulas are not valid. Because ERP is calculated as antenna gain (in a given direction) as compared with the maximum directivity of a half-wave dipole antenna , it creates a mathematically virtual effective dipole antenna oriented in

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1628-486: Is usually connected to the antenna through a transmission line and impedance matching network . Since these components may have significant losses   L   , {\displaystyle \ L\ ,} the power applied to the antenna is usually less than the output power of the transmitter   P T X   . {\displaystyle \ P_{\mathsf {TX}}~.} The relation of ERP and EIRP to transmitter output power

1702-617: The Billboard charts by R&B and hip hop artists. In 2004, all 12 songs that topped the Billboard Hot 100 were African-American recording artists and accounted for 80% of the number-one R&B hits that year. Along with Usher 's streak of singles, top 40 radio and both pop and R&B charts were topped by OutKast 's " Hey Ya! ", Snoop Dogg 's " Drop It Like It's Hot ", Terror Squad 's " Lean Back " and Ciara 's " Goodies ". Chris Molanphy of The Village Voice later remarked that by

1776-520: The All American Rejects ' " Move Along ", the song was interrupted by the sound of rushing water, and a promo for the River was broadcast. It was also announced that the station would be playing clips of over 7,000 songs commercial free, all weekend long, until Monday morning, when the songs would be "Super sized". On September 4, 2006, at 8 a.m., "The River" was officially relaunched, with " Take Me to

1850-464: The 1970s and early 1980s to satisfy the earlier end of the genre. Many urban-formatted radio stations, such as KJLH , KPRS , KMEL , KDAY , KRNB , and WVEE , play gospel music or urban contemporary gospel music on Sundays. Mainstream urban is a branch of urban contemporary, and rhythmic contemporary is also a branch. In 1971, Frankie Crocker would combine all the elements of his background, with jazz and R&B . When Frankie Crocker

1924-547: The AM, which chiefly targeted the American side). During the 1970s, CKLW-FM was known as FM 94 (pronounced "FM nine four"). In January 1982, the station changed its call sign to CKJY-FM , airing a MOR and jazz format. In 1984, with CKLW's top 40 format on a decline due to the growing popularity of rock and pop music formats on the FM dial, management tried to move the AM's top 40 format to

1998-631: The CBC. CKLW-AM-FM became the Metro Detroit network affiliate of the Mutual Broadcasting System . The stations were subsequently acquired in 1956 by a consortium including the American company RKO . RKO subsequently acquired full ownership of the stations in 1963. Also that year, CKLW-FM began airing distinct programming from its AM sister station, originally broadcasting two hours of separate programming each evening from 7 to 9 p.m.; in 1967, this

2072-541: The Creator also spoke out, stating "[i]t sucks that whenever we — and I mean guys that look like me — do anything that's genre-bending or that's anything, they always put it in a rap or urban category", adding that "I don't like that 'urban' word — it's just a politically correct way to say the n-word to me". Myron Fears, operations manager and program director of the black owned Carter Broadcast Group in Kansas City, defended

2146-679: The Detroit market. This is also the only Virgin Radio Canada station that streams within the United States (as a side effect of the former River format targeting Detroit). *Currently being sold to other owners pending approval of the CRTC. Effective radiated power Effective radiated power ( ERP ), synonymous with equivalent radiated power , is an IEEE standardized definition of directional radio frequency (RF) power, such as that emitted by

2220-1191: The EIRP or ERP. Since an isotropic antenna radiates equal power flux density over a sphere centered on the antenna, and the area of a sphere with radius   r   {\displaystyle \ r\ } is   A = 4 π   r 2   {\displaystyle \ A=4\pi \ r^{2}\ } then   S ( r ) =   E I R P     4 π   r 2     . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ {\mathsf {EIRP}}\ }{\ 4\pi \ r^{2}\ }}~.} Since   E I R P = E R P × 1.64   , {\displaystyle \ \mathrm {EIRP} =\mathrm {ERP} \times 1.64\ ,}   S ( r ) =   0.410 × E R P     π   r 2     . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ 0.410\times {\mathsf {ERP}}\ }{\ \pi \ r^{2}\ }}~.} After dividing out

2294-619: The FCC database shows the station's transmitter power output, not ERP. According to the Institution of Electrical Engineers (UK), ERP is often used as a general reference term for radiated power, but strictly speaking should only be used when the antenna is a half-wave dipole, and is used when referring to FM transmission. Effective monopole radiated power ( EMRP ) may be used in Europe, particularly in relation to medium wave broadcasting antennas. This

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2368-488: The FM as CKEZ-FM . The call letters changed back to CKLW-FM in May 1986. The station instituted an oldies format meant to recapture the sound of the original CKLW (AM), with former "Big 8" DJ Dave Shafer as program director and morning show host. The new CKLW-FM brought back the well-known Johnny Mann Singers performing jingles for the "Big 8", along with many of the legendary personalities and "20/20 News". The music rotation

2442-419: The FM dial with the new call sign CFXX-FM and the name 94 Fox FM . The station's staff spent months preparing for the change, commissioning new jingles, advertising extensively via billboards and television, and practicing the format until they were sure it was ready. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC), however, refused to approve more than four hours of Top 40 programming

2516-527: The Greater Detroit area, though the licensee contended that the transmitter would be directional, not heard over the Canadian side of the border. However, Martz later applied to move the translator to 93.5 FM, where it would not interfere with CIDR. In November 2011, the 104.7 FM signal went silent after having broadcast a smooth jazz format (simulcasting WGPR -HD2) for several months, having been ordered off

2590-560: The River " by Talking Heads being the first song played. This returned the adult alternative format back to the Detroit radio dial after public radio station WDET-FM dropped it in 2005 in favour of mainly NPR news and talk . CIDR was one of only a few commercial adult album alternative stations in Canada and was the only one in Ontario , with the others located in British Columbia . CIDR

2664-483: The United States is always relative to a theoretical reference half-wave dipole antenna. (That is, when calculating ERP, the most direct approach is to work with antenna gain in dB d ). To deal with antenna polarization, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) lists ERP in both the horizontal and vertical measurements for FM and TV. Horizontal is the standard for both, but if the vertical ERP

2738-580: The Urban music division. Hip Hop and R&B is leading the way for the surge in music sales and usage of streaming. Are the other positions, titles and departments within a record company going to change or dissolve? ... Do they realize the cultural power of Urban Music? In the wake of the murder of George Floyd and the subsequent protests , a number of institutions dropped the term urban in favor of other terms. In June 2020, Republic Records and artist management company Milk & Honey stated that they would drop

2812-428: The actual total power radiated by the antenna. The difference between ERP and EIRP is that antenna gain has traditionally been measured in two different units, comparing the antenna to two different standard antennas; an isotropic antenna and a half-wave dipole antenna: In contrast to an isotropic antenna, the dipole has a "donut-shaped" radiation pattern, its radiated power is maximum in directions perpendicular to

2886-570: The air by the FCC due to interference with WIOT in Toledo, Ohio . Furthermore, on January 31, 2012, Martz ceased operations of its HD feeds on WGPR, and the translators, due to financial and signal difficulties. On November 18, 2020, Bell Media announced that CIDR would adopt a new format the following day at noon; this move would be concurrent with the similar dropping of the active rock format of sister station CIMX-FM at exactly that same time. At that time, following " Somewhere Only We Know " by Keane ,

2960-426: The antenna itself are included in the gain. If the signal path is in free space ( line-of-sight propagation with no multipath ) the signal strength ( power flux density in watts per square meter)   S   {\displaystyle \ S\ } of the radio signal on the main lobe axis at any particular distance r {\displaystyle r} from the antenna can be calculated from

3034-1002: The antenna, declining to zero on the antenna axis. Since the radiation of the dipole is concentrated in horizontal directions, the gain of a half-wave dipole is greater than that of an isotropic antenna. The isotropic gain of a half-wave dipole is 1.64, or in decibels   10   log 10 ⁡ ( 1.64 ) = 2.15   d B   , {\displaystyle \ 10\ \log _{10}(1.64)=2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}\ ,} so   G i = 1.64   G d   . {\displaystyle \ G_{\mathsf {i}}=1.64\ G_{\mathsf {d}}~.} In decibels   G ( d B i ) = G ( d B d ) + 2.15   d B   . {\displaystyle \ G_{\mathsf {(dB_{i})}}=G_{\mathsf {(dB_{d})}}+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} The two measures EIRP and ERP are based on

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3108-426: The antenna. ERP < 22.77 dB W and EIRP < 24.92 dB W , both less than ideal by η in dB. Assuming that the receiver is in the first side-lobe of the transmitting antenna, and each value is further reduced by 7.2 dB, which is the decrease in directivity from the main to side-lobe of a Yagi–Uda. Therefore, anywhere along the side-lobe direction from this transmitter, a blind receiver could not tell

3182-568: The case of medium wave (AM) stations in the United States , power limits are set to the actual transmitter power output, and ERP is not used in normal calculations. Omnidirectional antennas used by a number of stations radiate the signal equally in all horizontal directions. Directional arrays are used to protect co- or adjacent channel stations, usually at night, but some run directionally continuously. While antenna efficiency and ground conductivity are taken into account when designing such an array,

3256-577: The day. Another competitor in the Ann Arbor market is Cumulus Media 's WQKL , which also airs a triple-A format. In March 2011, Martz Communications Group (through licensee Radio Power, Inc.) filed an application with the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to relocate the frequency of its Detroit FM translator station, W284BQ, from 104.7 to 93.9 MHz If approved, the repeater would have interfered with CIDR-FM in much of

3330-413: The debate, Lance Venta of radio industry publication RadioInsight claimed that the term urban was outdated in that hip hop and R&B music had gained massive popularity outside the inner cities and the descriptor should not serve as a euphemism for "black music". He recommended substituting the terms hip hop for the urban contemporary format and adult R&B for urban adult contemporary . Tyler,

3404-406: The decade, WVAZ Chicago and WALR Atlanta became some of the first adult R&B stations, playing artists that appealed to adults rather than rap or other styles that young people enjoyed. Another subformat of urban contemporary is rhythmic contemporary hits . Stations playing rhythmic contemporary hits plays a great deal of dance music; however, hip-hop has become increasingly popular in

3478-403: The difference if a Yagi–Uda was replaced with either an ideal dipole (oriented towards the receiver) or an isotropic radiator with antenna input power increased by 1.57 dB. Polarization has not been taken into account so far, but it must be properly clarified. When considering the dipole radiator previously we assumed that it was perfectly aligned with the receiver. Now assume, however, that

3552-473: The direction of the receiver. In other words, a notional receiver in a given direction from the transmitter would receive the same power if the source were replaced with an ideal dipole oriented with maximum directivity and matched polarization towards the receiver and with an antenna input power equal to the ERP. The receiver would not be able to determine a difference. Maximum directivity of an ideal half-wave dipole

3626-444: The early 1980s as newly formed WRKS-FM (98.7 Kiss FM) became the first rap station in the United States, WBLS quickly began adding more rap songs to its playlists. The urban format by this time was redefined by an eclectic mix of R&B , rap, reggae , dance , house , and freestyle . WBLS continued as the flagship station of the urban format; however, Kiss FM surpassed them in the ratings. Another successful early urban outlet

3700-709: The early 2000s, urban music was pop music. In late-mid of the decade, KRNB Dallas signed on as an R&B and classic soul station. By the late 2000s, urban music had taken a backseat on top 40 radio to mainstream EDM sounds, and several successful urban artists, including Rihanna , Chris Brown , Ciara , Usher , Nicole Scherzinger , Akon , Trey Songz , Pitbull , Flo Rida , and Ne-Yo , were making EDM records for top 40 airplay while continuing to make hip hop or pure R&B records for urban airplay. Pure urban formats continue to be successful in markets with large African-American populations, while medium or smaller markets are more likely to feature urban music through

3774-434: The factor of   π   , {\displaystyle \ \pi \ ,} we get:   S ( r ) =   0.131 × E R P     r 2     . {\displaystyle \ S(r)={\frac {\ 0.131\times {\mathsf {ERP}}\ }{\ r^{2}\ }}~.} However, if the radio waves travel by ground wave as

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3848-497: The format in recent years. WQHT-FM (Hot 97) and KPWR (Power 106) were the first stations to utilize this format. Since the 1990s, as urban contemporary hits have dominated the US pop charts, many top 40 stations have turned to playing tracks popular on urban contemporary radio stations. Following periods of fluctuating success, urban music attained commercial dominance during the early 2000s, which featured massive crossover success on

3922-490: The format to "smooth rock" in 1999, adding many classic rock titles to the playlist. On August 25, 2000 , the station flipped to a soft adult contemporary format as Lite Rock 93-9 FM in an attempt to take on AC market leader WNIC . Ratings remained low, and eventually CIDR shifted its format in a hot adult contemporary direction by 2001 , when WMGC-FM entered the Detroit Adult Contemporary competition. By

3996-456: The mid-2000s, the station dropped the "Lite Rock" identity from its on-air imaging and became known as simply 93.9 FM, Today's Best Music . The station competed chiefly with WDVD , along with Leamington, Ontario 's CHYR for the Hot AC audience. As a Hot AC, CIDR was still unsuccessful. At 3 p.m. on September 1, 2006, CIDR once again became 93.9 The River . About three quarters of the way through

4070-710: The more contemporary elements of R&B and may incorporate production elements found in urban Euro-pop, urban rock, and urban alternative. The term urban contemporary music is heavily associated with African-American music , particularly with R&B in African-American contexts. For Latin Americans , reggaeton and Latin hip hop are considered " Latin urban " due to influence of above mentioned genres. Urban contemporary playlists are dominated by singles by top-selling hip hop and R&B performers. On occasion, an urban contemporary station will play classic soul songs from

4144-428: The power density a radio transmitter and antenna (or other source of electromagnetic waves) radiate in a specific direction: in the direction of maximum signal strength (the " main lobe ") of its radiation pattern. This apparent power is dependent on two factors: The total power output and the radiation pattern of the antenna – how much of that power is radiated in the direction of maximal intensity. The latter factor

4218-441: The product, expressed in volts, of: It relates to AM broadcasting only, and expresses the field strength in " microvolts per metre at a distance of 1 kilometre from the transmitting antenna". The height above average terrain for VHF and higher frequencies is extremely important when considering ERP, as the signal coverage ( broadcast range ) produced by a given ERP dramatically increases with antenna height. Because of this, it

4292-449: The reader is sometimes forced to infer which was used. For example, a Yagi–Uda antenna is constructed from several dipoles arranged at precise intervals to create greater energy focusing (directivity) than a simple dipole. Since it is constructed from dipoles, often its antenna gain is expressed in dB d , but listed only as dB. This ambiguity is undesirable with respect to engineering specifications. A Yagi–Uda antenna's maximum directivity

4366-464: The receiving antenna is circularly polarized, and there will be a minimum 3 dB polarization loss regardless of antenna orientation. If the receiver is also a dipole, it is possible to align it orthogonally to the transmitter such that theoretically zero energy is received. However, this polarization loss is not accounted for in the calculation of ERP or EIRP. Rather, the receiving system designer must account for this loss as appropriate. For example,

4440-442: The same thing is effective isotropic radiated power ( EIRP ). Effective isotropic radiated power is the hypothetical power that would have to be radiated by an isotropic antenna to give the same ("equivalent") signal strength as the actual source antenna in the direction of the antenna's strongest beam. The difference between EIRP and ERP is that ERP compares the actual antenna to a half-wave dipole antenna, while EIRP compares it to

4514-492: The station flipped to Top 40/CHR as 93.9 Virgin Radio , becoming Bell Media's 12th station under the "Virgin" branding. The first song on Virgin was " Don't Start Now " by Dua Lipa . CIDR is the second CHR station in the overall Detroit–Windsor market behind iHeartMedia 's WKQI , and the first to specifically target the Canadian portion of the market, although it does provide limited competition with semi-sister station WKQI in

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4588-452: The subset of rhythmic contemporary stations with danceable mainstream hits mixed in. The Grammy Award for Best Rap/Sung Collaboration has been awarded since 2002. In 2020, members of the music industry voiced disagreement over the use of the term urban in describing music genres and formats, especially among African-American artists who see the term as a "catchall for music created by black artists, regardless of genre". Contributing to

4662-407: The transmitter and the ability of the antenna to direct that power in a given direction. It is equal to the input power to the antenna multiplied by the gain of the antenna. It is used in electronics and telecommunications , particularly in broadcasting to quantify the apparent power of a broadcasting station experienced by listeners in its reception area. An alternate parameter that measures

4736-789: The two different standard antennas above: Since the two definitions of gain only differ by a constant factor, so do ERP and EIRP   E I R P ( W ) = 1.64 × E R P ( W )   . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}=1.64\times {\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(W)}}~.} In decibels   E I R P ( d B W ) = E R P ( d B W ) + 2.15   d B   . {\displaystyle \ {\mathsf {EIRP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}={\mathsf {ERP}}_{\mathsf {(dB_{W})}}+2.15\ {\mathsf {dB}}~.} The transmitter

4810-412: The use of the urban tag. Responding to Republic's elimination of the term, he expressed concern that the action diminishes the status of black music executives within record companies and the industry as a whole: I do not think it's a great idea because it nullifies all the hard work that past African American music executives built. This potentially leads to the dissolving of people and positions within

4884-561: The use of the word in relation to music of a black origin. That same month, the National Academy for Recording Arts and Sciences renamed and redefined the Grammy Award for Best Urban Contemporary Album with Best Progressive R&B Album , "to appropriately categorize and describe this subgenre. This change includes a more accurate definition to describe the merit or characteristics of music compositions or performances themselves within

4958-411: The weekly feature Back in the '60s Again ). Unfortunately, the change once again did nothing to raise the station's poor ratings. CHUM Limited acquired the station in early 1993, and initially kept the station as an oldies outlet. In February 1994, the format was switched to an " Arrow "-style classic hits format dubbed " Rock & Roll Oldies ." It mainly featured 1970s classic rock songs with

5032-527: Was Arbitron rated No. 2 12+, just behind the No. 1 rated WMMS with the original " Morning Zoo ". In 1983, WBLS in New York City was the first station to air a rap radio show, "Rap Attack" with Mr. Magic and Marley Marl . Freddie Jackson and Luther Vandross were popular in urban contemporary music scene. Late 1980s, Luther Vandross, Freddy Jackson, and Whitney Houston were popular in this genre. During

5106-504: Was WDRQ in Detroit, which switched from a top 40 format in the spring of 1982 and made a #2 showing 12+ in its first Arbitron ratings book. In addition to rap, R&B and dance music, WDRQ featured mainstream pop music with a danceable beat from artists. Many radio stations imitated the urban sound since it was proven to be more profitable than other formats and had proven itself more adept than straightforward black-targeted R&B formats at attracting white and Latino listeners. Late in

5180-570: Was Canada's first AAA -formatted station at launch. In 2007, CIDR along with all other CHUM Radio stations across Canada, were sold to CTVglobemedia. That company became Bell Media in April 2011, following BCE 's purchase of CTVglobemedia. CIDR competed with the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 's CBC Music station CBE-FM . In 2007 and 2008, CBE-FM shifted from mostly classical music to an adult alternative format for most of

5254-501: Was appointed as program director of the newly created WBLS in 1974, he created an eclectic music mix of R&B and disco redefining the R&;B format as urban contemporary . In 1975, WDMT in Cleveland began programming a mix of rhythm, blues, R&B, disco, and rap. The station featured live street jocks mixing vinyl records each night. The station's popularity grew and in 1980, it

5328-403: Was based on the "Big 8" playlists from the 1960s to the 1980s plus some older 1950s and early 1960s hits that the AM had played as "golden" titles. "Ladies and gentlemen, the good times are back!" proclaimed former "Big 8" jock "Big" Jim Edwards during the station IDs. Although the overall sound was faithful to the "Big 8"'s glory days, the station's ratings remained low, as the market already had

5402-689: Was developed through the characteristics of genres such as R&B and soul . Because urban music is a largely U.S. phenomenon, virtually all urban contemporary formatted radio stations in the United States are located in cities that have sizeable African-American populations, such as New York City; Washington, D.C.; Detroit; Atlanta; Miami; Chicago; Cleveland; Philadelphia; Montgomery; Memphis; St. Louis; Newark; Charleston; New Orleans; Milwaukee; Cincinnati; Dallas; Houston; Oakland; Sacramento; Los Angeles; Trenton; Columbia; Jacksonville; Flint; Baltimore; Boston; Birmingham; Indianapolis; Charlotte; Savannah; Hartford; and Jackson. Urban contemporary music includes

5476-523: Was expanded to six hours per night, from 6 p.m. to midnight. In 1970, due to the CRTC 's new rules on foreign ownership of Canadian media, RKO was forced to sell the stations to Baton Broadcasting. Under Baton's ownership, CKLW-FM had, by 1973, completely separated programming from its successful CHR AM sister. The FM station had a country format with news and talk oriented toward the Windsor audience (as opposed to

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