CKCU-FM is a Canadian campus-based community radio station , broadcasting at 93.1 FM in Ottawa and www.ckcufm.com, and offering live and archived on-demand audio streams from its website. The station broadcasts 24 hours per day, 365 days per year.
68-595: The station's studios are located on the campus of Carleton University , on the fifth floor of the University Centre building. The station's signal is radiated from the Ryan Tower in the Gatineau Hills , along with most of Ottawa's other private and public radio stations, meaning that it enjoys full broadcast power and a listening area with a radius of 100 km. On May 22, 1973, Carleton University Association Inc.
136-456: A public university and resulting in its current name, Carleton University. This did not result in substantive changes to the school's governance and academic organization as it had already been granted university powers through the existing legislation. The completion of initial construction at the Rideau River campus in 1959 saw the university move to its current location at the beginning of
204-462: A Catholic liberal arts college , Saint Patrick's College, became affiliated with Carleton. Saint Patrick's College was founded by the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate to meet the higher educational needs of Ottawa's growing English-speaking Catholic population. Originally housed in a separate building Old Ottawa East, now the campus of Immaculata High School , a new building for the school
272-481: A Faculty Senate, responsible for academic policy, and a Board of Governors composed of local community members, exercising exclusive control over the institution's finances and formal authority over all other matters. The President, appointed by the Board, was to provide a link between the two bodies and to perform institutional leadership. Though the acquisition of land tracts now part of the current campus began in 1947, it
340-417: A bridge was built over the canal increasing access from the larger city to the north. The area was tentatively called Rideauville at the time. After the turn of the century, the area grew rapidly. Rideauville was incorporated as a police village in 1905 and was annexed to Ottawa in 1907. The streetcar tracks were extended to the area around 1910, again encouraging rapid growth. The old streetcar ran along
408-515: A complete series of a Health Canada or World Health Organization -approved COVID-19 vaccine to receive full access to campus, including attending in-person classes. In May 2022, Carleton suspended its COVID-19 vaccine mandate, following similar decisions made at other Ontario schools. The following month, the university indefinitely paused its mask mandate, while maintaining strong recommendations to students, staff, and visitors to continue wearing masks indoors. The university's governing framework
476-512: A decision to suspend in-person classes for the remainder of the 2019–2020 academic year, effectively moving instruction online. This move also saw the temporary withdrawal of non-essential services, such as athletics facilities, in order to contain the spread of COVID-19 on campus. Unlike other institutions, Carleton did not immediately move to evict students from residence buildings, but instead allowed students to leave early at their own discretion. In July 2020, Carleton announced that classes for
544-463: A route roughly similar to today's bus route #7, turning around in what is now Brewer Park . Hopewell School was built around this time. The architectural style is mostly "Craftsman", with many houses in the American Foursquare style popular in the 1920s and 1930s. Many of these houses have been upgraded and added to over the years, contributing to the area's eclectic style. Since the 1920s,
612-532: A scroll which read "Carleton College" and another scroll reading " Mos Inter Bellum Natus". The Board of Governors did not approve the motto and changed it to " Quaeceumque Vera". In 1948, the Board of Governors changed the motto yet again as this was also the motto of the University of Alberta. James Gibson, chair of the Committee on Symbols and Ceremonials, proposed a Latin motto, " Opera nobis aeterna ", derived from
680-630: A topical or international flavour. Some shows feature live in-studio performances by local artists. CKCU actively supports, sponsors and promotes local independent musicians, venues, concerts and festivals. Volunteers from the campus and community program and host all shows. Often dubbed the mighty 93 by devotees, CKCU has a freeform format that allows the hosts to pick all the music played, and has many community programs. The listener-supported station has an annual funding drive in late October and early November, to raise money for its annual operating budget. In 2018, this raised over $ 140,000. Further money
748-517: A variety of disciplines in the humanities and social science fields, including African studies , anthropology , English, French, geography, history, music, psychology , and sociology . The Faculty also houses the College of the Humanities , one of Canada's few Great Books programs, which leads to a B.Hum (Bachelor of Humanities) degree, and Carleton's Institute of Cognitive Science , which offers
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#1733086002420816-461: Is The OSCAR , which stands for Ottawa South Community Association Review. Similarly, Old Ottawa South is not to be confused with the parliamentary constituency of Ottawa South . Old Ottawa South is currently located in the federal and provincial constituencies of Ottawa Centre , although Old Ottawa South was within the Ottawa South provincial riding until 1999. In the fall of 2007, leading up to
884-879: Is also home to 35 Canada Research Chairs , one Canada 150 Chair, 14 IEEE Fellows and 11 3M National Teaching Award winners. Carleton competes in the U Sports league as the Carleton Ravens . Over the past 20 seasons, the Ravens basketball program has won 20 national titles. On April 16, 2024, the Carleton University Board of Governors announced the appointment Dr. Wisdom Tettey as Carleton's 17th President and Vice-Chancellor. Dr. Tettey will commence his five-year appointment as President and Vice-Chancellor effective January 1, 2025. He succeeds Dr. Jerry Tomberlin who has been serving as Interim President and Vice-Chancellor of Carleton since September 2023. I learned very early
952-410: Is among the oldest within the university, with the first engineering courses offered in 1945, and four-year engineering degrees being offered by the school beginning in 1956. The Faculty of Engineering and Design has since developed a broad range of coursework in the fields of engineering , architecture , industrial design , and information technology housing 20 distinct undergraduate programs under
1020-619: Is approximately 70.4% as of the 2017–18 academic year, with a graduate employment rate of 92.7% within two years of graduation. Among Carleton graduates, 87.7% are employed in a field related to their degrees. The Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) offers 27 majors and 16 minors leading to the Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Bachelor of Arts (Combined Honours), Bachelor of Cognitive Science (B.Cog.Sci.), Bachelor of Global and International Studies (B.GINS) degrees, and Bachelor of Humanities (B.Hum.) degrees. The faculty oversees
1088-697: Is bounded to the North by the Rideau Canal and Dow's Lake and to the South by the Rideau River . Carleton has more than 180,000 alumni worldwide, producing seven Rhodes Scholars , two Pulitzer Prize awardees, an Academy Award winner, eight Killam Prize winners, and 27 recipients of the Order of Canada . Additionally, the university is affiliated with 53 Royal Society Fellows and members and 3 Nobel laureates . Carleton
1156-549: Is composed of 36 members, with 18 members derived from the students, staff, and administration of Carleton. These include four students, two faculty members, two members of the University Senate, two alumni, two staff, as well as the President and Chancellor, who are ex-officio members of the Board. The remainder of the representatives are selected from the local community at large. To support its mandate and oversight function,
1224-533: Is considered to be one of the flagship offerings of the Faculty and the university at large. The program itself divides students into four streams, enabling students to specialize in a particular field within the broader spectrum of aerospace engineering. This includes Stream A: aerodynamics, propulsion, and vehicle performance, Stream B: aerospace structures, systems and vehicle design, Stream C: aerospace electronics and systems, and Stream D: space systems design. Within
1292-520: Is established through the Carleton University Act, 1952 , enabling legislation which sets out the basic legal obligations and purposes of the institution. The Act establishes Carleton as a bicameral institution, governed by a Board of Governors and Senate. The Act establishes the objects and purpose of the university as the advancement of learning; the dissemination of knowledge; the intellectual, social, and moral development of its members and
1360-553: Is offered jointly between the School of Information Technology and the Faculty of Public and Global Affairs’ School of Journalism and Communication. Old Ottawa South Old Ottawa South is an older urban neighbourhood in Capital Ward in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada. Old Ottawa South is a relatively small and compact neighbourhood, located between the Rideau Canal (to the north) and
1428-439: Is raised from university student levies, along with revenue from advertisers and sponsors. The station self-produces much of the advertising material it carries, giving the advertising a campus flavour popular with listeners. Each March break and several times during the summer, CKCU runs a unique Radio Camp for kids ages 10–14. The camp has been growing in popularity since 2001 and features a live two-hour kids broadcast. CKCU-FM
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#17330860024201496-685: The Arthur Kroeger College of Public Affairs , the Norman Paterson School of International Affairs , the Carleton School of Journalism , the School of Public Policy and Administration , and the Sprott School of Business . As of 2023, Carleton yearly enrolls more than 25,000 undergraduate and 5,000 graduate students. Carleton has a 150-acre campus located west of Old Ottawa South , close to The Glebe and Confederation Heights . It
1564-559: The Bachelor of Engineering (BEng), Bachelor of Architectural Studies (BAS), Bachelor of Industrial Design (BID), Bachelor of Information Technology (BIT), and Bachelor of Media Production and Design (BMPD), along with 37 graduate programs at the master's and PhD level. As of the fall 2019 semester, more than 5,800 undergraduate and 1,200 graduate students are enrolled in the Faculty. The Faculty also houses one of Canada's first undergraduate programs focusing on aerospace engineering , and
1632-551: The Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature , changing the school's corporate name to Carleton College and conferring upon it the power to grant university degrees. Carleton thus became the province's first private, non-sectarian college. The governance system was modelled on the provincial University of Toronto Act of 1906 which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of
1700-661: The Dominion-Chalmers United Church located in Ottawa's Centretown neighbourhood to serve as a community and cultural hub, and host to artistic performances and academic lectures. The facility represents Carleton's first building situated in Ottawa's downtown area. In 2021, Carleton completed construction on the Nicol Building, the new home of the Sprott School of Business. Located in the heart of Carleton's campus,
1768-473: The Glebe Collegiate Institute . Classes offered during the first academic year included English, French , history , algebra , trigonometry , chemistry , physics , and biology . With the end of the war in 1945 and return of veterans from the frontlines, the college experienced an upsurge in student enrolment during the 1945–46 academic year, accepting 2,200 new students. To accommodate them,
1836-525: The Mayfair Theatre , and some Lebanese stores towards the Southern end. This section of Bank Street is also well known for its antique stores. As part of a 2004 Bank Street redesign, inlaid metal maple leaves were added to the sidewalks inscribed with the names of Canadian folk musicians. Other new features included the removal of overhead powerlines, "traffic calming" measures, and the addition of more brick to
1904-519: The Rideau River (to the south). The eastern boundary is Avenue Road. Bronson Avenue forms the western border of the residential neighbourhood. Carleton University is on the other (western) side of Bronson but the campus can be considered to be geographically within Old Ottawa South as the campus is also nestled between the river and the canal. According to the Canada 2016 Census , the population of
1972-532: The Walt Whitman poem " Pioneers! O Pioneers! ", a translation of the phrase "We take up the task eternal". The Board of Governors rejected this as too pretentious for an institution focused on egalitarianism, leading to Carleton's current motto, "Ours the task eternal". In October 1951, the Board of Governors formally adopted the new crest and motto, and the artist's rendering of it was approved in April 1951. In 1952,
2040-577: The 100th anniversary of the annexation of Ottawa South to the City of Ottawa on December 16, 2007, a group of residents founded the Ottawa South History Project (OSHP) to research, document and present facts and anecdotes about the history of the community. The OSHP is an amateur-run historical society which regularly publishes in The OSCAR and maintains a website. The group is also active in supporting
2108-587: The 1959–60 academic year. Completed at a cost of $ 6.5 million, the first three buildings, the Maxwell MacOdrum Library, Norman Paterson Hall and the Henry Marshall Tory Building became the centre for academic life at Carleton, with Paterson Hall and Tory Building respectively serving the arts and sciences disciplines. The 1960s saw meteoric growth in student enrolment, with the number of full-time students ballooning from 857 to 7,139 within
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2176-715: The 1980s saw a resurgence in the number of students attending the school, representing an increase of 76%, or 5,582 students over the course of the decade, leading to overcrowding in many of the school's buildings. Responding to the demands of a larger student population during the 1980s, the university built the Life Sciences Research Centre, the Minto Centre of Advanced Studies in Engineering (CASE), and funded an extension to MacOdrum Library. Following renovations led by Toronto-based architect Michael Lundholm, 1992 saw
2244-612: The Arts Tower, in September 1972, which was the then-tallest academic building in Canada. Rising attention towards recreation and fitness, coupled with generous grants from the provincial government, spurred the construction of the Athletics Centre in 1974, housing a multiplicity of different sports facilities, including a pool, squash courts, and gymnasium. In 1979, Saint Patrick's College
2312-429: The Board has six standing committees, with each Governor holding membership in one or two of these committees over the course of a year. These standing committees include Executive, Audit & Risk, Building Program, Advancement and University Relations, Governance, and Finance. The Board is led by the board chair, who presides over meetings, evaluates executive performance, advises senior administration, and represents
2380-576: The Board of Governors, and up to four special appointments. For the 2023-24 academic year, Carleton reported a proposed budget of $ 525 million. The largest annual sources of revenue for Carleton are tuition fees, which generate 50% of the university's income, representing $ 336 million in earnings, and provincial government funding, representing 26% of the university's income, or $ 174 million. In 2023–24, Carleton received $ 116 million in research funding. Carleton has an endowment fund of $ 353 million as of April 2021, with an increase of $ 54.4 million over
2448-501: The Fall 2020 semester would be held entirely online, citing the potential risk posed by a second wave of COVID-19 and inequities to accessing physical classes for international students, who may encounter difficulties coming to Canada due to travel restrictions. Additional waves of COVID-19 in Ontario in early 2021 prompted the university to continue with online course delivery for the remainder of
2516-576: The Health Sciences Building (2018), as well as a new residence building, Lennox and Addington House in 2011. At the behest of Runte's successor, Benoit-Antoine Bacon, Carleton has continued to pursue several major construction projects, notably the Advanced Research and Innovation and Smart Environments (ARISE) Building, replacing the existing Life Sciences Building, to house applied research in smart technology. In 2018, Carleton purchased
2584-491: The Nicol Building was designed by Hariri Pontarini Architects and provides 115,000 square feet of new, collaborative learning space. The cost of the building was estimated at $ 65 million, but was offset through a sizeable donation of $ 10 million from the late Ottawa real estate developer Wes Nicol, for whom the building is namesake. In response to the COVID-19 pandemic , Carleton joined other Canadian post-secondary institutions in
2652-518: The academic year. With the implementation of a mass COVID-19 vaccination program , and widespread uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine in Canada, Carleton prepared for a gradual return of in-person learning for the 2021–22 academic year, offering a number of course delivery methods to students, including fully in-person classes, hybrid classes, and virtual classes. In August 2021, the university announced that all students, staff, and faculty would need to receive
2720-401: The area. Old Ottawa South, used to be known simply as "Ottawa South". The "old" designation came into use in the 1990s to distinguish the community from newer suburban developments in the south of Ottawa. "Old Ottawa South" is quite central and close to downtown by modern (post World War II) standards. The term "Ottawa South" is still in use in some contexts. For example, the community newspaper
2788-410: The college operated on a shoestring budget, using funds raised mainly through community initiatives and student fees. Fees during the school's first academic year from 1942 to 43 were about $ 10.00 per course for first-year students, equivalent to $ 186 in 2023 dollars. Fundraising efforts by the college's president, Henry Marshall Tory, raised $ 1 million from donors throughout the Ottawa area, with half of
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2856-666: The committee's activities, a new committee was organized by Henry Marshall Tory as the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning at a meeting held in December 1941, with formal incorporation in June 1942. Established in 1942 as Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, the school began offering evening courses in rented classrooms at the High School of Commerce, now part of
2924-449: The community at large; and the establishment of a non-sectarian institution within the City of Ottawa. The Board of Governors oversees the corporate affairs of the institution, including finances, real property, risk management, and strategic direction. The Board is also responsible for appointing the President and Chancellor, and determines the compensation of staff, faculty, and members of the senior administration. The Board of Governors
2992-479: The construction of several new buildings during the 2000s. These include, inter alia , the $ 30-million construction of new athletics facilities, the $ 22-million, 9,011 m (97,000 ft ) Human Computer Interaction (HCI) Institute Facility and Centre for Advanced Studies in Visualization and Simulation (V-SIM), and the $ 17-million upgrade and expansion to Nideyinàn. In 2008, a sustainably-designed residence hall
3060-622: The corner of Lyon Street and First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. The four-story building was the former location of the Ottawa Ladies' College , which was purchased during the Second World War for use as barracks for the Canadian Women's Army Corps. Carleton's first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its Journalism and Public Administration programs. For nearly a decade,
3128-598: The decade, which coincided with a sharp uptick in financial support from the provincial and federal governments towards post-secondary institutions. An increasing share of these students came to the school from outside the National Capital Region , prompting the university to open its first purpose-built residence halls, Lanark and Renfrew Houses in the fall of 1962. The residences were initially segregated by sex, with Lanark House reserved for male students and Renfrew for female students. However, Carleton did away with
3196-405: The development of academic buildings, student residences, and athletic facilities on the new site. In October 1956, the beginning of construction at the Rideau River campus was celebrated with a ceremonial sod-turning by Dana Porter , then Treasurer of Ontario . In 1957, the Carleton University Act was enacted as an amendment to the Carleton College Act , granting Carleton nominal status as
3264-549: The faculty the Azrieli School of Architecture and Urbanism houses undergraduate and graduate programs in the field of Architecture. Students in the Bachelor of Architectural Studies can specialize one of three areas: Design, Urbanism, and Conversation and Sustainability. Carleton's Bachelor of Information Technology programs are offered jointly with Algonquin College , while the university's Bachelor of Media Production and Design
3332-444: The internet. 45°23′00″N 75°41′52″W / 45.3833°N 75.6979°W / 45.3833; -75.6979 Carleton University Carleton University is an English-language public research university in Ottawa , Ontario , Canada. Founded in 1942 as Carleton College, the institution originally operated as a private, non-denominational evening college to serve returning World War II veterans. Carleton
3400-416: The life lesson that it is people, not buildings, that make up an institution. And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile. Discussions on establishing a second post-secondary institution in Ottawa began in the fall of 1938 among a committee of members from the local YMCA chapter, to create a school accommodating the needs of Ottawa's non-Catholic population. While the Second World War ended
3468-520: The neighbourhood was 6,348 Today, Old Ottawa South is an upper-middle-class area. Proximity to the university has meant that the neighbourhood has been a haven for professors and students, although rising housing prices are driving out the latter. It is also one of Ottawa's more politically progressive neighbourhoods and has been a stronghold for the New Democratic Party . Many neighbourhood businesses line Bank Street , including several pubs,
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#17330860024203536-550: The only fully structured PhD program in Cognitive Science in the country, as well as undergraduate and masters programs. There is also a collaborative M.A. in Digital humanities , one of the first in Canada. The Public History Program is known nationally for its innovative teaching and research, having recently won national prizes. FASS offers, in total, 14 master's and nine doctoral programs. The Faculty of Engineering and Design
3604-682: The opening of the Carleton University Art Gallery in the St. Patrick's Building, supported by a fundraising drive within the local community and the bequest of several pieces of Canadian art from the estate of Frances and Jack Barwick. In fall 1994, a new computing system was introduced at Carleton, extending Internet and e-mail access to all students and faculty, where this had previously been only accessible to graduate and undergraduate students in specific courses. The new millennium brightened prospects for Carleton's finances, allowing it to fund
3672-576: The practice of mandatory sex segregation in 1969 in favour of co-educational housing, becoming the first university in North America to adopt this practice. By the end of the decade, the increased need for space to accommodate the growing faculty and student body saw the completion of several major academic buildings, including the Loeb Building in 1967 and the Mackenzie Building in 1968. In 1967,
3740-632: The previous year. Carleton is a mid-sized comprehensive and research-intensive public university, and is part of several pan-institutional bodies, including Universities Canada and the Association of Commonwealth Universities . As of the 2020–21 academic year, Carleton received 23,544 applications, producing a first-year cohort of 6,227 In 2023, the school reported an enrolment of 30,760 students, comprising 25722 undergraduate and 5,038 graduate students, supported by 1062 faculty members and 861 contract instructors. Carleton's graduation rate within seven years
3808-409: The proceeds going towards the purchase of the new building, and the other to endow the college. Carleton's faculty was composed largely of part-time professors who worked in the public service , some of whom eventually left the government for full-time tenure positions. In 1946, Carleton chose a crest and motto. The first motto proposed by Tory was a crest with a maple leaf and open book surrounded by
3876-469: The school rented facilities in various buildings throughout the city, including classrooms at the Lisgar Collegiate Institute , Ottawa Technical High School , and the basements of several local churches. The academic offerings expanded with the establishment of the Faculty of Arts and Science, and new coursework in journalism and engineering. In 1946, the college opened its first campus at
3944-456: The sidewalks. The area was originally settled around 1814 by American and British settlers. In those years, even after the construction of the canal the area was fairly sparsely populated. The larger community south of the Rideau River around the Billings estate exerted more influence over the fledgling community than the city of Ottawa did in those days. Shortly after Confederation in 1867,
4012-438: The streetcars have been replaced by buses, stores have changed, and Carleton University has been constructed on the site of an old garbage dump. Many of the streetscapes and much of the housing has been preserved however. In the 1920s, the area opened Brighton Beach, a public swimming venue on the shore of the Rideau River. It was opened for residents of the area to conduct water sports and to take swimming lessons. Brighton Beach
4080-742: The university's interests to government. The current board chair is Beth Creary , former Senior Vice-President, Legal & Compliance at Ligado Networks. The Senate is the Carleton's highest academic body and is responsible for university's academic governance. The Senate's duties include conferring degrees, approving recipients of honorary degrees, developing scholarships and selecting recipients thereof, approving new programs and curricular changes, in addition to overseeing academic regulations. The Senate comprises 86 members, including 40 faculty members, two contract instructors, 10 undergraduate students, three graduate students, 23 ex-officio members, four members of
4148-583: Was added named Frontenac House, primarily serving returning second-year students. During this decade, Carleton inaugurated its first female President and Vice Chancellor, Roseann Runte in 2008, who served in this position until 2017, resigning to fulfill a new position as president and CEO of the Canada Foundation for Innovation. Runte's leadership also pushed forward the planning and construction of three new academic buildings, Canal Building (2010), and River Building (2011; renamed Richcraft Hall in 2016), and
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#17330860024204216-454: Was chartered as a university by the provincial government in 1952 through The Carleton University Act, which was then amended in 1957, giving the institution its current name. The university is named after the now-dissolved Carleton County , which included the city of Ottawa at the time the university was founded. Carleton is organized into five faculties and with more than 65 degree programs. It has several specialized institutions, including
4284-451: Was dissolved and merged into Carleton with Gerald Clarke, a professor at the school since 1954, serving as its final Dean. While Carleton is a secular institution, the name of the St. Patrick's Building was kept as a nod to Carleton's historical relationship to the Catholic institution. Although Carleton experienced a temporary decline in student enrollment toward the latter half of the 1970s,
4352-419: Was erected on the north end of the Carleton campus in 1973. The arrival of a new decade ushered in the inauguration of the long-awaited Nideyinàn (formerly University Centre), designed to be the linchpin for student life on campus, housing a student-operated pub and other administrative services. With growing restrictions in physical space, the university hailed the completion of Dunton Tower, then referred to as
4420-597: Was granted a licence from the CRTC to operate a carrier current AM station, operating on 670 kHz with power of only 16 watts. Its first broadcast on 93.1 FM was on November 14, 1975, when it played Joni Mitchell 's You Turn Me On, I'm a Radio . CKCU broadcasts live 24 hours a day to a 100 km radius on FM 93.1. CKCU airs over 100 different shows each week, including programs in 14 languages. The schedule includes both general and specialty music programs, public affairs and spoken word programming, and features many shows with
4488-477: Was included amongst other architecturally interesting and historically significant buildings in Doors Open Ottawa . On July 3, 2020, a construction mishap knocked down the tower at CKCU-FM's building. The mishap severed the link between the studio and the transmitter site rendering the station silent. The station was back on the air a month later. In the interim CKCU-FM audio was available to listen online over
4556-719: Was officially closed in 1970 due to adherence to new City of Ottawa pollution standards. Notable buildings include Hopewell Avenue Public School , Southminster Church, St. Margaret Mary Church, Trinity Church, the Mayfair Theatre , the former Precious Blood Convent (now the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada ), and the Old Firehall (currently a community centre). Around 300 residences and institutional buildings are included on Ottawa's heritage reference list (an inventory of sites & structures potentially considered for legal protection as cultural heritage resources) from
4624-415: Was only in 1952 that the college gained possession of the entire 150-acre property, a significant portion of which was donated by Harry Stevenson Southam , a prominent Ottawa business magnate. In March 1956, the college released a 75-year master plan for the development of the campus in stages, with the first stage costing an estimated $ 4.2 million, equivalent to $ 47.1 million in 2023 dollars, foreseeing
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