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54-724: CHU UCLouvain Namur counts 4.996 employees, making it the largest employer in the Namur province . It is part of the Réseau Santé Louvain network of hospitals. The psychiatric hospital of Beau Vallon, established in Saint-Servais in 1914, is also part of the Saint-Luc - UCLouvain hospital group as well as the UCLouvain Namur site, as a training centre for medical assistants since 1974, and as

108-628: A sanatorium opened in Mont-sur-Meuse ( Yvoir ), and was bought in 1919 by the National Alliance of Christian Mutual Societies (ANMC). The Mont-Godinne hospital in Yvoir was then founded on 1 January 1928 by the non-profit organization Solidarité Mutualiste Chrétienne, a member of the ANMC. Its headquarters are located at 1031 Brussels (postal code reserved for Christian associations). In 1967, an agreement

162-589: A "French ethnic group", but again many view it as not so much ethnicity-based as language-based and would also include immigrants from, for example, Lebanon and Haiti . France's particular self-perception means that French identity may include a naturalized, French-speaking ethnic Portuguese, Italian, Spaniard, Pole, Romanian, Lebanese, Vietnamese, Tunisian, Algerian or Moroccan. Nonetheless, like in other European countries, some level of discrimination occurs, and there are higher unemployment rates among job-seekers with foreign-sounding names. In modern France, in general,

216-584: A declaration of renunciation, provided that the declarant ordinarily resides overseas and already possesses another nationality. Former French nationals may subsequently apply to reacquire French nationality. Persons convicted of serious crimes such as terrorism or espionage may be stripped of their nationality within 10 years of their naturalisation. According to the French Republic, the French people are those who are in possession of French nationality. According to

270-538: A founding member of the European Communities (EC) in 1951, a set of organisations that eventually developed into the European Union (EU). French citizens participated in their first European Parliament elections in 1979 and have been able to work in other EC/EU countries under the freedom of movement for workers established by the 1957 Treaty of Rome . With the creation of European Union citizenship by

324-525: A person might still be deprived of their French nationality under bilateral or multilateral treaties or agreements France concluded with other countries. In 2007, the Ministry of Justice concluded that a French male residing in the Netherlands and naturalized as a Dutch national in 2006 based on his marriage to a Dutch man lost his French nationality upon naturalization, because a 1985 agreement between France and

378-599: A research centre in psychiatric medicine . The Saint-Elisabeth nursing school (today called the ECNAS, École Namuroise de soins Sainte-Élisabeth ) was founded by royal decree in 1922, by the Sisters of Charity in the village of Salzinnes, on Charles Zoude street, which still today leads to the Sainte-Élisabeth site. The Foyer Saint-François palliative care centre was founded south of the Sainte-Élisabeth site in 1989. In 1903,

432-587: A very high rate of immigration, mainly from Southern Europe , Eastern Europe , the Maghreb , Africa and Asia . According to a 2004 report by INED researcher Michèle Tribalat, France has approximately 14 million persons (out of nearly 63 million, or approximately 22%) (see demographics of France ) of foreign ascendancy (immigrants or with at least one parent or grandparent immigrant). In 2015, 7.3 million people born in France had at least one immigrant parent (roughly 11% of

486-718: A woman who lost her French nationality under section 87 appealed to the Constitutional Council , which found the provision to be unconstitutional under the 1946 Constitution and the 1789 Declaration and ordered the reinstatement of her nationality. As a result of this decision, all women who lost their nationality between 1951 and 1973 solely under section 87 may voluntarily request for the reinstatement of their nationality by invoking this decision, and their descendants would also be able to invoke this decision if their female ancestors have done so. Since 1973, dual nationality has been legalized for all French nationals, although

540-499: Is divided into three administrative districts ( arrondissements in French ) containing a total of 38 municipalities ( communes in French ). The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 13.5 billion € in 2018, accounting for 2.9% of Belgium's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 24,000 € or 80% of the EU27 average in the same year. GDP per person employed

594-536: The French Constitution , "France shall be an indivisible, secular, democratic and social Republic. It shall ensure the equality of all citizens before the law, without distinction of origin, race or religion. It shall respect all beliefs. It shall be organised on a decentralised basis." Article 1 Archived 13 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine Since the middle of the 19th century, France has exhibited

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648-504: The Macron government would seek to rescind the right of jus soli for individuals born in the overseas department of Mayotte , following local concerns over illegal immigration from African countries. Foreigners over age 18 may naturalise as French nationals at the discretion of the government after residing in the country for at least five years. Applicants must hold no criminal record and demonstrate that they have sufficiently assimilated to

702-540: The UCLouvain Brussels Woluwe campus. However, the hospital also maintains relations with the nearby Faculty of Medicine of the University of Namur (UNamur). It de facto serves as a teaching hospital for both universities. Namur Province Namur ( French: [namyʁ] ; Walloon : Nameur ; Dutch : Namen [ˈnaːmə(n)] ) is a province of Wallonia , one of

756-471: The "Black hussars of the Republic," conveyed the national language to the people of the regions. In a series of expansions in the late 1800s, French nationality law was liberalized for great conferment of French citizenship, partly with an eye to increasing French military ranks. These included re-introduction of simple jus soli (at first with a right of the person to repudiate French citizenship, but that right

810-464: The "ethnic French people " but can be associated with either a nationality and citizenship, or a culture and language-based group. The latter forms the basis for La Francophonie , a group of French-speaking countries, or countries with historical and cultural association to France. The concept of "French ethnicity" exists outside France's borders, in particular in Quebec where some people claim membership to

864-611: The "healthcare basin" policy desired by the regional and federal governments. In 2015, the CHU-UCL-MGD and the Clinique et Maternité Saint-Élisabeth in Namur merged into the Centre hospitalier universitaire Dinant Godinne Saint-Elisabeth - UCL-Namur , a new structure with 5 different hospital facilities. The institution's headquarters is maintained in Mont-Godinne, Yvoir . From that moment,

918-416: The "legal cessation of hostilities", the permission for the loss of nationality must be sought from the French government if the person was male and under the age of 50. The transitional period was deemed to have ended on 1 June 1951. Also, the new code specified that a woman would lose her French nationality only when she declared that she did not want to remain French after marriage. The 1954 amendment to

972-554: The 1992 Maastrict Treaty , free movement rights were extended to all nationals of EU member states regardless of their employment status. The scope of these rights was further expanded with the establishment of the European Economic Area in 1994 to include any national of an EFTA member state except for Switzerland, which concluded a separate free movement agreement with the EU that came into force in 2002. All persons born within

1026-745: The Christian Mutual Societies. The Dinant Hospital Centre ( Centre hospitalier de Dinant , CHD) was founded on 15 May 1987 as a public hospital of the City of Dinant . Its functioning is initially governed by the municipality's Public Social Action Centre (CPAS). In 2012, the CHU Mont-Godinne in Yvoir merged with the Centre hospitalier de Dinant , forming the CHU UCL Mont-Godinne Dinant (CHU-UCL-MGD). Mergers are necessary to comply with

1080-559: The French community (typically by becoming proficient in the French language and confirming knowledge in national republican values). Candidates who are married or have children must provide evidence of their domicile in France in addition to their own. The five-year residence requirement may be exceptionally waived for foreign nationals enlisted in the French Armed Forces injured in active combat and any person considered to have made an extraordinary cultural or economic contribution to

1134-460: The French government's assimilationist stance towards immigration as well as towards regional identities and cultures, together with the political heritage of the French Revolution, has led to the development of a French identity which is based more on the notion of citizenship than on cultural, historical or ethnic ties. For that reason, French identity must not necessarily be associated with

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1188-473: The French state. Alternatively, members of the French Foreign Legion may apply for naturalisation after three years of service. Noncitizens married to French nationals are eligible to acquire nationality by declaration after four years of marriage and cohabitation. Couples married overseas must re-register their marriage in the French civil register. French nationality can be relinquished by making

1242-592: The Mont-Godinne hospital changed its name to Cliniques universitaires UCL de Mont-Godinne , in reference to UCLouvain's Saint-Luc University Hospital ( Cliniques universitaires Saint-Luc ) on the Brussels campus of UCLouvain Bruxelles Woluwe . The hospital changed its name once again to become the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) Mont-Godinne in 2011, still jointly managed by UCLouvain and

1296-551: The Nationality Code (loi n° 54-395) removed the five-year period and, retroactively from 1 June 1951, no male national of France under the age of 50 would be subject to the automatic loss provision (section 87) of the 1945 Nationality Code without the specific permission from the French government. This limited the automatic loss of nationality to men over 50 and women, as the permissions to lose French nationality were automatically given to them upon their naturalizations. In 2013,

1350-405: The Netherlands stipulated that any national of either country who acquired the other country's nationality would cease to be a national of their country of origin. A provision in the agreement provided exemptions for married couples, but as France did not recognize same-sex marriage in 2006 , it was deemed to be not applicable to him as he was not considered to be married under French law. Due to

1404-459: The U.S. (the legal limit of terms under the U.S. Constitution), a theory was published by CNN that he could claim citizenship of France and run for leadership there. The open-letter by historian Patrick Weil held that a little known "law, passed in 1961 [article 21-19(5º)], enables people from former French territories to apply for immediate naturalisation, bypassing the normal five-year residency requirement for would-be French citizens." As Clinton

1458-519: The UCLouvain Namur University Hospital became the largest employer in the province of Namur . The entire CHU UCLouvain Namur is recognized as university hospital and attached to UCLouvain , but only the 300 beds of Mont-Godinne are counted as "university beds". Since 2017, thanks to a biomass gasification process , the Mont-Godinne site is powered by clean energy from ecological production. From November 2018 onwards, to face

1512-757: The case which sparked national outrage, the Sarkozy administration announced that it would be taking steps to denounce some portions in the agreements with the Netherlands and other countries in 2009. France later denounced Chapter I of the Council of Europe 's Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality of May 6, 1963. The denunciation took effect on March 5, 2009. French involvement in European integration began in

1566-410: The country for at least five years since age 11. Those under age 16 who were born in the country and resident in France at age eight are eligible for French nationality by declaration, executed on their behalf by their parents; an eligible child's explicit consent to acquire nationality is required after age 13. During the 2024 Mayotte crisis , French interior minister Gérald Darmanin announced that

1620-480: The country to at least one French national or foreign parent who themself was born in France automatically receive French nationality at birth. All persons born abroad to at least one French parent are automatically French from birth. French nationality can be continually transmitted through each generation born abroad provided that each subsequent generational birth is registered. Abandoned children found in France with unclear parentage and any other children born in

1674-728: The country who would otherwise be stateless are granted French nationality. Individuals born in France on or before 31 December 1993 automatically acquired French nationality at birth if at least one parent was born in former French colonies prior to independence. Since that date, only children of Algerians born in French Algeria who were resident in metropolitan France for at least five years on or before 2 July 1962 have been able to automatically acquire French nationality at birth. Children born in France to foreign parents born overseas are automatically granted French nationality at age 18 if they are domiciled in France and have been resident in

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1728-539: The creation of a common national culture. Military conscription (universal from 1872, in theory if not in practice) brought inhabitants of the state's regions together for the first time, creating bonds of friendship and encouraging the use of French rather than regional languages. Universal education (the aim of the Jules Ferry Laws , 1879–1886) brought the whole of the population into contact with state-sanctioned version of French history and identity. State teachers,

1782-617: The immediate post-war period of the late 1940s. Initial cooperation was focused on the economy through the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation as a condition for receiving aid from the United States provided by the Marshall Plan . The post-war political situation created the circumstances that facilitated the establishment of further organisations to integrate Western Europe along common social and security policies. France became

1836-460: The joint ambit of citizenship and the right of the franchise. There are three key dates in the legal history of naturalization: Soon after the approval of the French constitutions, statesman Jean-Jacques-Régis de Cambacérès drafted and presented a new civil code that would unify private law, including nationality law—and with application for all French citizens outside of France. Military service and state education were two processes central to

1890-727: The latter creating the status of "citoyen de la Communauté", vaguely akin to the British status of " Citizen of the United Kingdom and Colonies " established by the British Nationality Act 1948 . The 1993 law that attempted to restrict conferral of French citizenship also transferred the contents of the Code de la Nationalité Française back into the Code Civil, where they had existed from 1803 until 1927. According to Giorgio Agamben , France

1944-470: The latter half of the 18th century. French nationality and citizenship were concepts that existed even before the French Revolution , loosely based on the premise that people spoke the same language within specific institutional frameworks. Afterward, in the late 1700s and early 1800s, France was fairly unique among countries in tying its nationality laws to its election laws, and working to increase

1998-642: The nationality law from the French civil code and made it an independent text, as it had grown too large and unwieldy. Legislation in 1934, motivated by xenophobia , imposed burdens on naturalized citizens and provided the government powers to forfeit citizenship, which the Nazi-collaborator Vichy regime used widely. A 1945 post-war measure promulgated a comprehensive nationality code that established very lengthy and detailed rules to shield citizens from government whimsy. Amendments were by legislation in 1962 and by constitutions in 1946 and 1958, with

2052-410: The obligation of military service and did not seek the release of their French nationality by decree. Until 1927, women who married a non-French national were also subject to the automatic loss of nationality if they acquired their husbands' nationalities upon marriage. The 1945 French Nationality Code (ordonnance n° 45–2441) added a provision to indicate that for a maximum period of 5 years following

2106-613: The population). The origin of the descendants of immigrants reflects the immigration flows that France has experienced for over a century. The absence of official statistics on French citizens of foreign origin is deliberate. Under French law passed after the Vichy regime , it is forbidden to categorize people according to their ethnic origins. In France, like in many other European countries, censuses do not collect information on supposed ancestry. Moreover, all French statistics are forbidden to have any references concerning ethnic membership. Thus,

2160-464: The possibilities of access to French nationality. The distinction between the meaning of the terms citizenship and nationality is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers to a person's legal belonging to a sovereign state and is the common term used in international treaties when addressing members of a country, while citizenship usually means

2214-505: The rights are fundamentally the same as those in other EU countries. Despite the official discourse of universality, French nationality has not meant automatic citizenship. Some categories of French people have been excluded, throughout the years, from full citizenship: Modern Citizenship is linked to civic participation (also called positive freedom ), which includes voting, demonstrations , petitions , activism , etc. In 2001, as Bill Clinton finished his second term as President of

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2268-507: The set of rights and duties a person has in that nation. Historically, French nationals held differing sets of civil and political rights depending on their religion, ethnicity, economic standing, and sex. The right to vote in French elections did not extend to women, foreigners who naturalised as French nationals, colonial subjects, persons who were not required to pay property taxes, and members of non-Christian faiths. In this way, not all French nationals were necessarily full citizens. In

2322-575: The shortage of doctors in rural areas of northern France , specialists from the Godinne and Dinant sites are also at work in the French municipality of Givet , in the small Givet Medical Center. 15% of the patients at the Dinant site are French . At the scientific level, the UCLouvain Namur University Hospital is linked with the Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry (MEDE) of the University of Louvain , established on

2376-553: The society of the Ancien Régime , the rights of an individual depended on which social class they belonged to. The primary factor determining the privileges and obligations a person had was whether they were part of the nobility, clergy, or a higher socioeconomic level of the Third Estate . Foreigners who were not French subjects traditionally could not pass property to their descendants; the droit d'aubaine (right of windfall) allowed

2430-418: The sovereign to confiscate the property of a resident alien in the event of their death. This confiscation became gradually less frequent through the early modern period, with an increasing amount of exceptions granted to foreign merchants to encourage their immigration into the country. France later negotiated treaties with many European states that exempted their subjects from this tax on a reciprocal basis in

2484-560: The three regions of Belgium . It borders (clockwise from the West) on the Walloon provinces of Hainaut , Walloon Brabant , Liège and Luxembourg in Belgium , and the French department of Ardennes . Its capital and largest city is the city of Namur . As of January 2024, the province of Namur has a population of about 0.5 million. It has an area of 3,675 square kilometres (1,419 sq mi) and

2538-511: Was 104% of the EU27 average. The Province of Namur is twinned with: French nationality law French nationality law is historically based on the principles of jus soli (Latin for "right of soil") and jus sanguinis , according to Ernest Renan 's definition, in opposition to the German definition of nationality, jus sanguinis (Latin for "right of blood"), formalised by Johann Gottlieb Fichte . The 1993 Méhaignerie Law, which

2592-508: Was born in Arkansas which had been part of French Louisiana before it was sold to the US , it was held that he would qualify under this law. And as a naturalised French citizen, he could run in the French presidential election. Clinton himself later repeated this claim in 2012 as an amusing thought when speaking to an interviewer. Clinton had always dismissed the idea, and at the time of his retelling of

2646-455: Was instrumental in their subsequent internment and murder. Multiple citizenship was officially recognized for both men and women on 9 January 1973; since then, possession of more than one nationality does not affect French nationality. Before 19 October 1945, multiple nationality was prohibited and any French national who acquired another nationality before that day automatically lost French nationality unless they were male nationals under

2700-405: Was later removed), elimination of the loss of citizenship when emigrating from France, and repeal of the loss of citizenship by a French woman on marriage to a foreigner when she did not automatically obtain her husband's citizenship. In 1927, French nationality law was further loosened to increase naturalization so as to attract a larger work force for French industry. The measure also extracted

2754-467: Was one of the first European countries to pass denaturalization laws, in 1915, with regard to naturalized citizens of "enemy" origins. Its example was followed by most European countries. As early as July 1940, Vichy France set up a special Commission charged with reviewing the naturalizations granted since the 1927 reform of the nationality law. Between June 1940 and August 1944, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalized. This bureaucratic designation

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2808-458: Was part of a broader immigration control agenda to restrict access to French nationality and increase the focus on jus sanguinis as the nationality determinant for children born in France, required children born in France of foreign parents to request French nationality between age 16 and age 21, rather than being automatically accorded citizenship at majority. This "manifestation of will" requirement

2862-638: Was signed between Solidarité Mutualiste Chrétienne and the Catholic University of Louvain , still established in Louvain (Leuven). Since then, the hospital has maintained privileged links with the Université catholique de Louvain and its Dutch-speaking equivalent, the Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven . Its 300 beds became university beds in the counting by the Ministry of Public Health . In 2004,

2916-559: Was subsequently abrogated by the Guigou Law of 1998, but children born in France of foreign parents remain foreign until obtaining legal majority . Children born in France to tourists or other short-term visitors do not acquire French nationality by virtue of birth in France: residency must be proven. Since immigration became increasingly a political theme in the 1980s, both left-wing and right-wing governments have issued several laws restricting

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