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27-750: The journal was established in July 1878 as the Bulletins of the Public Health under the National Quarantine Act of April 29, 1878, issued by the Supervising Surgeon-General at the time, John Maynard Woodworth . This act requested weekly reports of epidemic disease infections to be forwarded to Washington by the American consulates abroad. Publication was suspended after 46 issues on May 24, 1879 as

54-689: A byproduct of the creation of the National Board of Health and its takeover of the Quarantine Act responsibilities. During this period, the Board of Health instead published the reports in its National Board of Health Bulletin . The responsibility for the Quarantine Act returned to the Surgeon General in 1883, and in 1887 the journal resumed publication as the Weekly Abstract of Sanitary Reports . Thus,

81-725: A hiatus between 1899 and 1902. During this hiatus, a similar index, the Bibliographia medica , was published in French by the Institut de Bibliographie in Paris . The edition was edited by Charles Richet , Henri de Rothschild and G.M. Debove, while Marcel Baudoin ruled as editor in chief and also as director of the Parish institute of bibliography. The first volume of Index Medicus appeared in January 1879 and

108-410: A large increase of submissions and publications on this topic. PHR ’s other impactful historic content included Josef Goldberger ’s research on the etiology of pellagra. In 2023, PHR published an article titled “ Editors in chief of Public Health Reports , 1878- 2022: men and women who shaped the discussion of public health practice from 1918 influenza to COVID-19 ”. The article reconstructed, for

135-491: A national quarantine system. Index Medicus Index Medicus ( IM ) is a curated subset of MEDLINE , which is a bibliographic database of life science and biomedical science information, principally scientific journal articles. From 1879 to 2004, Index Medicus was a comprehensive bibliographic index of such articles in the form of a print index or (in later years) its onscreen equivalent. Medical history experts have said of Index Medicus that it

162-505: A subset of the journals it covers. In the 1960s, the NLM began computerizing the indexing work by creating MEDLARS , a bibliographic database , which became MEDLINE (MEDLARS online) in 1971 when the NLM offered MEDLARS searches "online" to other medical libraries, and remote computers able to log into the NLM MEDLARS system. Index Medicus thus (after 1965) became the print presentation of

189-626: A vast superset), caused the use of MEDLINE's print output, Index Medicus , to drop precipitously. In 2004, print publication ceased. Today, Index Medicus and Abridged Index Medicus still exist conceptually as content curation services that curate MEDLINE content into search subsets or database views (in other words, subsets of MEDLINE records from some journals but not others). Biomedical journals indexed in MEDLINE, as well as those listed in Index Medicus , are almost always quality journals because

216-492: Is “America's greatest contribution to medical knowledge.” The function of Index Medicus is to give people around the world access to quality medical journal literature. To this end, the publishers of Index Medicus must perform at least two vital activities: determine which literature is good (has quality) and provide access. Early in the history of Index Medicus, quality was determined by manually sifting through publications and choosing what subjectively seemed good, but later

243-617: The CDC Bulletin , the Journal of Venereal Disease Information , and Tuberculosis Control . In January 1918, a case of influenza in Haskell County, Kansas was diagnosed by local doctor Loring Miner. Miner published about the case in the April 1918 Public Health Reports . This is believed to be the first documented case of the global influenza pandemic of 1918 . Following this first publication about

270-632: The Medical Subject Headings (MeSH). MeSH is a comprehensive controlled vocabulary, and indexers paid by the publisher go through all articles to be included in the Index and identify each article with several, key concepts (each represented by a term) from MeSH. The paper publication of Index Medicus would then show a listing of the MeSH terms with pointers to each citation that was indexed with that term, and users could find relevant literature by going from

297-800: The Quarterly Cumulative Index Medicus (QCIM) in 1927 and the AMA continued to publish this until 1956. From 1960 to 2004 the printed edition was published by the National Library of Medicine under the name Index Medicus/Cumulated Index Medicus (IM/CIM). An abridged version was published from 1970 to 1997 as the Abridged Index Medicus . Harold Jones was editor from 1936 to 1945; Frank Rogers , from 1949 to 1963; Clifford Bachrach from 1969 to 1985; Roy Rada from 1985 to 1988; and from 1988 until it ceased paper publication in 2004 it

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324-696: The Social Sciences Citation Index . According to the Journal Citation Reports , the journal has a 2022 impact factor of 3.3. National Quarantine Act of 1878 National Quarantine Act of 1878 established quarantine regulations for foreign nautical vessels pursuing entrance into United States maritime ports. The United States statute declared it to be an unlawful pursuit for international vessels departing harbors termed as infected maritime ports to enter United States seaports and territorial waters . The Act of Congress authorized

351-490: The 1990s, the dissemination of home internet connections, the launch of the Web and web browsers , and the launch of PubMed greatly accelerated the shift of online access to MEDLINE from something one did at the library to something one did anywhere. This dissemination, along with the superior usability of search compared with use of a print index in serving the user's purpose (which is to distill relevant subsets of information from

378-465: The Editor of Index Medicus convened a committee of world experts to identify the world's best medical journals and then have citations for articles from those journals made accessible. Inclusion into the Index Medicus is not automatic and depends on a journal's scientific policy and scientific quality. The journal selection criteria are evaluated by the "Literature Selection Technical Review Committee" and

405-561: The MEDLINE database's content, which users accessed usually by visiting a library which subscribed to Index Medicus (for example, a university scientist at the university library ). It continued in this role through the 1980s and 1990s, while various electronic presentations of MEDLINE's content also evolved, first with proprietary online services (accessed mostly at libraries) and later with CD-ROMs , then with Entrez and PubMed (1996). As users gradually migrated from print to online use, Index Medicus print subscriptions dwindled. During

432-422: The final decision is made by the NLM director. The review process may include outside reviewers and journals may be dropped from inclusion. From 1879 till the computer age, access was provided solely by paper publication of the Index. The challenge was how to structure this index so as to make it most useful. To that end, the publishers of Index Medicus created an indexing language. Later this language became

459-407: The first time, the timeline of past PHR editors in chief (EIC) and identified women among them. PHR had 25 EIC transitions over 109 years, counting from 1913 through-2022, the period, during which a single individual in charge of the journal could be identified. Five identifiable EICs were women, who acted as EIC for about one-quarter of the journal’s traceable history. PHR ’s longest serving EIC

486-444: The first volume of the journal was published in 1878 as the Bulletins of the Public Health , and volumes 2–10 were published from 1887 to 1895 as the Weekly Abstract of Sanitary Reports . From 1896 to 1970 (volumes 11–85) it was published as Public Health Reports , and then it went through two brief periods of other names (volume 86 and the first two issues of volume 87 were published as HSMHA Health Reports from 1971 to 1972, while

513-496: The global influenza pandemic of 1918, the journal published extensively about emerging viral epidemics, including about COVID-19. From 1878-2021, PHR published 349 articles on emerging viral epidemics covering such diseases as influenza, dengue, Zika, Ebola, and COVID-19 . Influenza was the most discussed virus in the journal until the emergence of COVID-19. The journal issued a call for papers about COVID-19 in March 2020 which resulted in

540-704: The prevention of communicable and transmissible diseases from entering or being introduced by any vehicle beyond the borders of the United States . The Marine Hospital Service was commissioned for governing the defined regulations of the public law cooperatively formulating a national quarantine service. United States consular officers were certified to report vessels departing harmful foreign ports with an inclusion of providing Public Health Reports encompassing public health surveillance of potentially tainted foreign harbors, maritime ports, and their surrounding administrative divisions . The United States public law

567-728: The remainder of volume 87 to the third issue of volume 89 were published as Health Services Reports , from 1972–1974) before returning to the Public Health Reports name with the fourth issue of volume 89 in 1974. It continues to be published under the same name. PHR was the primary source of US epidemiological data during the first part of the 20th century and was the precursor to the CDC ’s Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report ( MMWR ). The journal stopped publishing morbidity and mortality statistics in 1950 when these stats were transferred to MMWR . In 1952, PHR absorbed three other journals,

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594-587: The term to the citation. Index Medicus was begun by John Shaw Billings , head of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office , United States Army . This library later evolved into the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM). For such a major publication over many years the history naturally involved many changes as people died and sources of funding changed. Index Medicus publication began in 1879 and continued monthly through 1926, with

621-551: Was Editor from 1918 to 1932 when Index Medicus was suspended from 1933 to 1936 due to the Great Depression . For the 125 years that Index Medicus was published in paper form, getting funding was a challenge, and in 1927 the American Medical Association began publishing it. The Index Medicus was amalgamated with the American Medical Association 's Quarterly Cumulative Index to Current Literature (QCICL) as

648-715: Was Marian P. Tebben who served as EIC for 20 years (1974-1994). Many former PHR EIC were influential public health figures. For example, Frederic E. Shaw was a former EIC of MMWR and Hazel D. Dean was the principal deputy director of a center at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Past PHR EICs included: The journal is abstracted and indexed in CAB Abstracts , CINAHL , Current Contents /Social & Behavioral Sciences, Current Contents/Clinical Medicine, EBSCOhost , Embase/Excerpta Medica , Index Medicus / MEDLINE / PubMed , LexisNexis , Science Citation Index , Scopus , and

675-453: Was listed as compiled under the supervision of John Shaw Billings and Robert Fletcher, while later volumes were listed as co-edited by Billings and Fletcher. Billings retired from the National Library of Medicine in 1895. For most of the period from 1876 to 1912 Robert Fletcher was the Editor or Co-editor of Index Medicus. In 1903 Fielding Garrison became Co-editor and continued as Editor or Co-editor until 1917. Albert Allemann

702-532: Was passed by the 45th congressional session and enacted into law by the 19th President of the United States Rutherford Hayes on April 29, 1878. The 1878 National Quarantine Act was drafted as six sections establishing regulations for contagious or infections diseases, transmissible maritime vessels, transitioning quarantine authority from the States to the federal government, and the development of

729-507: Was produced by the NLM's Bibliographic Services Division. The abridged edition is a subset of the journals covered by PubMed ("core clinical journals"). The last issue of Index Medicus was published in December 2004 (Volume 45). The stated reason for discontinuing the printed publication was that online resources had supplanted it, most especially PubMed , which continues to include the Index as

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