CCGS Henry Larsen is a Canadian Coast Guard Improved Pierre Radisson -class icebreaker serving in the Newfoundland and Labrador region and based in St John's, Newfoundland and Labrador . Entering service in 1988, Henry Larsen is the fourth ship and of an improved design over the rest of the ships in her class. The ship operates in the Arctic Ocean during summer months.
131-518: Classified as a Medium Gulf/River Icebreaker by the Canadian Coast Guard, Henry Larsen was ordered to a modified design from the rest of the Pierre Radisson -class icebreakers . The vessel's hull form differs from her classmates , with a differently-shaped bow with a raised forecastle and underwater "ice knife". The vessel also has a different propulsion system. Furthermore, the ship has
262-449: A Wärtsilä air-bubbling system installed to allow the vessel to reduce hull friction and more easily break ice. Henry Larsen displaces 8,290 long tons (8,420 t) at full load. The vessel has a 6,166 gross tonnage (GT) and a 1,756 net tonnage (NT) making her the largest vessel in the class. The icebreaker is 99.8 metres (327 ft 5 in) long overall with a beam of 19.6 metres (64 ft 4 in) and
393-517: A beam of 19.5 metres (64 ft 0 in) and a draught of 7.2 metres (23 ft 7 in). The tonnage was later remeasured to 5,775 gross tonnage (GT). The vessel is propelled by two fixed-pitch propellers and one bow thruster powered by a diesel-electric system comprising six Alco M251F diesel engines that when driving the shafts create 17,580 shaft horsepower (13,110 kW) and six GEC generators creating 11.1 megawatts sustained powering two motors that when driving
524-445: A draught of 7.3 metres (23 ft 11 in). The ship is propelled by two fixed-pitch propellers driven by a diesel-electric system comprising two GE AC generators and three Wärtsilä Vasa 16V32 diesel engines . Combined, the system creates 12,174 kilowatts (16,326 hp), giving the ship a maximum speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). The ship carries 1,650 m (360,000 imp gal) of diesel fuel , giving
655-584: A non-confidence motion in the House of Commons, advised Governor General the Viscount Byng of Vimy to dissolve the new parliament, but Byng refused. Peter Hogg , a constitutional scholar, has opined that "a system of responsible government cannot work without a formal head of state who is possessed of certain reserve powers." Further, Eugene Forsey stated "the reserve power is indeed, under our Constitution, an absolutely essential safeguard of democracy. It takes
786-505: A Canadian Republic has advocated the election of the nominee to the sovereign, either by popular or parliamentary vote; a proposal echoed by Clarkson, who called for the prime minister's choice to not only be vetted by a parliamentary committee, but, also submit to a televised quiz on Canadiana . Constitutional scholars, editorial boards, and the Monarchist League of Canada have argued against any such constitutional tinkering with
917-492: A beam of 19.6 metres (64 ft 4 in) and a draught of 7.3 metres (23 ft 11 in). The ship is propelled by two fixed-pitch propellers driven by a diesel-electric system comprising two GE AC electric motors and three Wärtsilä Vasa 16V32 diesel engines . Combined, the system creates 12,174 kilowatts (16,326 hp), giving the ship a maximum speed of 16 knots (30 km/h; 18 mph). The ship carries 1,650 m (360,000 imp gal) of diesel fuel, giving
1048-590: A committee of the Privy Council known as the Cabinet and it is, in practice, only from this group of ministers of the Crown that the king and governor general will take advice on the use of executive power; an arrangement called the king-in-Council or, more specifically, the governor-in-Council . In this capacity, the governor general will issue royal proclamations and sign orders in council . The governor-in-Council
1179-442: A day-to-day basis by elected and appointed individuals, leaving the governor general to perform the various ceremonial duties the sovereign otherwise carries out when in the country; at such a moment, the governor general removes him or herself from public, though the presence of the monarch does not affect the governor general's ability to perform governmental roles. Past governor general John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne , said of
1310-453: A different propulsion system. Furthermore, the ship has a Wärtsilä air-bubbling system installed to allow the vessel to reduce hull friction and more easily break ice. Henry Larsen displaces 8,290 long tons (8,420 t) at full load. The vessel has a 6,166 gross tonnage (GT) and a 1,756 net tonnage (NT) making her the largest vessel in the class. The icebreaker is 99.8 metres (327 ft 5 in) long overall with
1441-585: A federal election, the governor general will curtail these public duties, so as not to appear as though they are involving themselves in political affairs. Although the constitution of Canada states that the "Command-in-Chief of the Land and Naval Militia, and of all Naval and Military Forces, of and in Canada, is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen," the governor general acts in his place as Commander-in-Chief of
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#17330944964291572-418: A flag or general officer, with a special flag or general officer sleeve braid embellished with the governor general's badge, and a large embroidered governor general's badge on the shoulder straps or boards , facing forward. French colonization of North America began in the 1580s and Aymar de Chaste was appointed in 1602 by King Henry IV as Viceroy of Canada. The explorer Samuel de Champlain became
1703-466: A governor general recommended by then-Prime Minister Bennett, which was a constitutionally unjustifiable position for Mackenzie King to take. King George V became concerned and instructed Bessborough to either remain in office until after the election or bring Bennett and Mackenzie King together to agree on a nominee for his replacement. The Governor General consulted with the Prime Minister and Leader of
1834-497: A governor general's husband. The viceregal household aids the governor general in the execution of the royal constitutional and ceremonial duties and is managed by the secretary to the governor general . The Chancellery of Honours depends from the King and is thus also located at Rideau Hall and administered by the governor general. As such, the viceroy's secretary ex officio holds the position of Herald Chancellor of Canada , overseeing
1965-485: A lifetime". The idea of a Canadian being appointed governor general was raised as early as 1919, when, at the Paris Peace Conference , Canadian prime minister Sir Robert Borden , consulted with South African prime minister Louis Botha , and the two agreed that the viceregal appointees should be long-term residents of their respective dominions . Calls for just such an individual to be made viceroy came again in
2096-466: A modified membership and its scope broadened to include the appointment of provincial lieutenant governors and territorial commissioners (though, the latter are not personal representatives of the monarch). However, the next ministry, headed by Justin Trudeau , disbanded the committee in 2017, before he recommended Payette as Johnston's successor that year. Following Payette's resignation, Trudeau formed
2227-517: A number held seats in the British House of Lords by virtue of their inclusion in the peerage. Appointments of former ministers of the Crown in the 1980s and 1990s were criticized by Peter H. Russell , who stated in 2009: "much of [the] advantage of the monarchical system is lost in Canada when prime ministers recommend partisan colleagues to be appointed governor general and represent [the King]." Clarkson
2358-475: A position in the community which are consonant with the dignity and responsibility of that office." Massey stated of this, "a Canadian [as governor general] makes it far easier to look on the Crown as our own and on the Sovereign as Queen of Canada." This practice continued until 1999, when Queen Elizabeth II commissioned as her representative Adrienne Clarkson , a Hong Kong -born refugee to Canada. Moreover,
2489-456: A re-design for use primarily as an Arctic research vessel . Upon the vessel's return to service, the ship was once again renamed Amundsen . All the vessels are named for people who sailed through Canada's northern waters. The class operates in the Arctic Ocean in the summer, patrolling, icebreaking and research missions. The Pierre Radisson class were designed for Coast Guard operations in
2620-623: A research ship. The ship reentered service that year and was renamed Amundsen . As part of the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) experiment in 1997, Louis S. St-Laurent and Des Groseilliers sailed through the Northwest Passage to meet CCGS Sir Wilfrid Laurier in Alaskan waters. Sir Wilfrid Laurier then escorted Des Groseilliers to a point where Des Groseilliers ' s engines were shut off on 2 October and
2751-493: A retired inn-keeper and his wife undergo the rigorous protocol of the royal household and sprawl on the floor before the Duke of Argyll so as to be granted the knighthood for which they had "paid in cold, hard cash". Later, prior to the arrival of Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn (the uncle of King George V ), to take up the post of governor general, there was a "feeble undercurrent of criticism" centring on worries about
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#17330944964292882-747: A rigid court at Rideau Hall; worries that turned out to be unfounded as the royal couple was actually more relaxed than their predecessors. During the First World War , into which Canada was drawn due to its association with the United Kingdom, the governor general's role turned from one of cultural patron and state ceremony to one of military inspector and morale booster. Starting in 1914, Governor General Prince Arthur donned his Field Marshal 's uniform and put his efforts into raising contingents, inspecting army camps, and seeing troops off before their voyage to Europe. These actions, however, led to conflict with
3013-617: A smooth transition between governors general. The sovereign will also hold an audience with the appointee and will at that time induct both the governor general-designate and their spouse into the Order of Canada as Companions, as well as appointing the former as a Commander of both the Order of Military Merit and the Order of Merit of the Police Forces (should either person not have already received either of those honours). The incumbent will generally serve for at least five years; though, this
3144-525: A training exercise with the Danish vessels HDMS Ejnar Mikkelsen and HDMS Hvidbjørnen . In September 2013, Henry Larsen was sent to aid sister ship CCGS Amundsen in recovering a MBB Bo 155 helicopter that had deployed from Amundsen and crashed near Banks Island killing three crew members including Amundsen ' s master . The helicopter had sunk in 420 metres (1,380 ft) of water and Henry Larsen assisted Amundsen in keeping
3275-521: Is Mary Simon , who was sworn in on 26 July 2021. An Inuk leader from Nunavik in Quebec , Simon is the first aboriginal person to hold the office. As the sovereign's representative, the governor general carries out the day-to-day constitutional and ceremonial duties of the monarch. The constitutional duties include appointing lieutenant governors , Supreme Court justices, and senators ; signing orders-in-council ; summoning, proroguing , and dissolving
3406-681: Is also specifically tasked by the Constitution Act, 1867 , to appoint in the monarch's name, the lieutenant governors of the provinces , senators , the speaker of the Senate , superior , district, and county court judges in each province, except those of the Courts of Probate in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick , and high commissioners and ambassadors. The advice given by the Cabinet is, in order to ensure
3537-484: Is also tasked with fostering national unity and pride. Queen Elizabeth II stated in 1959, to then-Governor General Vincent Massey, "maintain[ing] the right relationship between the Crown and the people of Canada [is] the most important function among the many duties of the appointment which you have held with such distinction." One way in which this is carried out is travelling the country and meeting with Canadians from all regions and ethnic groups in Canada , continuing
3668-589: Is assigned to 412 Transport Squadron of the Royal Canadian Air Force. The squadron uses Bombardier Challenger 600 VIP jets to transport the governor general to locations within and outside of Canada. As the personal representative of the monarch, the governor general follows only the sovereign in the Canadian order of precedence , preceding even other members of the Royal Family. Though the federal viceroy
3799-460: Is considered primus inter pares amongst provincial counterparts, the governor general also outranks the lieutenant governors in the federal sphere; at provincial functions, however, the relevant lieutenant governor, as the King's representative in the province, precedes the governor general. The incumbent governor general and their spouse are also the only people in Canada, other than serving Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners , entitled to
3930-544: Is equipped with a Sperry navigational radar operating on the E/F and I bands. The icebreaker has a flight deck and hangar which originally accommodated a MBB Bo 105 or Bell 206L light helicopter, but currently supports the Bell 429 GlobalRanger and Bell 412EPI which were acquired by the Canadian Coast Guard in the 2010s to replace the older helicopters. The ship can carry 25.9 m (5,700 imp gal) of aviation fuel for
4061-496: Is only a developed convention and has been criticized as too short for an office meant to represent a Crown and sovereign meant to embody continuity. The governor general serves " at His Majesty's pleasure " (or the royal pleasure ), meaning the prime minister may recommend to the King that the viceroy remain in his service for a longer period of time; some governors general have been in office for more than seven years. No additional formalities are necessary for such an "extension";
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4192-596: Is passed to the registrar general for protection), as well as the chains of both the chancellor of the Order of Canada and of the Order of Military Merit . The governor general then gives a speech, outlining causes they will champion during their time as viceroy. If, and because your Governor-General is in the service of the Crown, he is, therefore ... in the service of Canada ... [A]loof though he be from actual executive responsibility, his attitude must be that of ceaseless and watchful readiness to take part ... in
4323-458: Is permitted to exercise most of this power, including the royal prerogative , in the sovereign's name; some as outlined in the Constitution Act, 1867 , and some through various letters patent issued over the decades, particularly those from 1947 that constitute the Office of Governor General of Canada. The 1947 letters patent state, "and We do hereby authorize and empower Our Governor General, with
4454-622: Is the official residence of the Canadian monarch and of the governor general and is thus the location of the viceregal household and the Chancellery of Honours. For a part of each year since 1872, governors general have also resided at the Citadel ( La Citadelle ) in Quebec City, Quebec . A governor general's wife is known as the chatelaine of Rideau Hall, though there is no equivalent term for
4585-405: The Bell 429 GlobalRanger and Bell 412EPI were acquired by the Canadian Coast Guard to replace the older helicopters. The ship can carry 22.0 m (4,800 imp gal) of aviation fuel for the helicopters. The vessel is certified as Arctic Class 4 and has a complement of 31 with 11 officers and 20 crew and 40 additional berths. The vessel is also equipped with a hospital ward. The ship
4716-559: The Canadian Coast Guard . The Canadian Coast Guard designates the four ships in the class as medium icebreakers. Built in two phases, the first three ships, Pierre Radisson , Franklin and Des Groseilliers , were built to a common design. The fourth, Henry Larsen was built to a modified design and is considered a subclass, the Improved R-class icebreaker . Franklin was later renamed Sir John Franklin before undergoing
4847-627: The Canadian Heraldic Authority —the mechanism of the Canadian honours system by which armorial bearings are granted to Canadians by the governor general in the name of the sovereign. These organized offices and support systems include aides-de-camp , press officers , financial managers, speech writers, trip organizers, event planners, protocol officers, chefs and other kitchen employees, waiters, and various cleaning staff, as well as visitors' centre staff and tour guides at both official residences. In this official and bureaucratic capacity,
4978-575: The Canadian Privy Council . However, the governor still remained not a viceroy, in the true sense of the word, being still a representative of and liaison to the British government —the Queen in her British council of ministers—who answered to the secretary of state for the colonies in London and who, as a British observer of Canadian politics, held well into the First World War a suite of offices in
5109-627: The Duke of Devonshire , or by prior elevation by the sovereign in their own right, as was the case with Earl Alexander of Tunis . None were life peers , the Life Peerages Act 1958 postdating the beginning of the tradition of appointing Canadian citizens as governor general. John Buchan was, in preparation for his appointment as governor general, made the Baron Tweedsmuir of Elsfield in the County of Oxford by King George V , six months before Buchan
5240-457: The East Block of Parliament Hill . But, the new position of Canadian high commissioner to the United Kingdom , created in 1880, began to take over the governor general's role as a link between the Canadian and British governments, leaving the viceroy increasingly as a personal representative of the monarch. As such, the governor general had to retain a sense of political neutrality; a skill that
5371-705: The Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem . As acting commander-in-chief, the governor general is further routinely granted the Canadian Forces' Decoration by the chief of the Defence Staff on behalf of the monarch. All of these honours are retained following an incumbent's departure from office, with the individual remaining in the highest categories of the orders, and they may also be further distinguished with induction into other orders or
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5502-638: The Rebellion Losses Bill , despite his personal misgivings towards the legislation. This arrangement continued after the reunification in 1840 of Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada , and the establishment of the Dominion of Canada in 1867. The governor general carried out in Canada all the parliamentary and ceremonial functions of a constitutional monarch—amongst other things, granting Royal Assent, issuing Orders-in-Council, and taking advice from
5633-592: The Royal Canadian Mounted Police patrol vessel St. Roch which was the first vessel to traverse the Northwest Passage in a single season. The ship entered service with the Canadian Coast Guard on 29 June 1988. Henry Larsen , besides icebreaking duties along Atlantic Canada , provides search and rescue support, ship escort in iced-up areas in southern Canada during the winter and in Arctic waters in
5764-634: The Royal Canadian Navy ) awaits to give a general salute . From there, the party is led by the King's parliamentary messenger—the usher of the Black Rod —to the Senate chamber , wherein all justices of the Supreme Court , senators, members of Parliament , and other guests are assembled. The King's commission for the governor general-designate is then read aloud by the secretary to the governor general and
5895-526: The United Kingdom . The monarch, on the advice of his or her Canadian prime minister , appoints a governor general to administer the government of Canada in the monarch's name. The commission is for an indefinite period—known as serving at His Majesty's pleasure —though, five years is the usual length of term. Since 1959, it has also been traditional to alternate between francophone and anglophone officeholders. The 30th and current governor general
6026-626: The United States of America and the transfer of East Florida and West Florida to Spain, the remaining British colonies of North America, including Bermuda , were partly integrated as British North America . During the War of 1812 , Lieutenant-General Sir George Prevost was appointed as "Captain-General and Governor-in-Chief in and Over the Provinces of Upper-Canada, Lower-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, Vice-Admiral of
6157-474: The federal parliament ; granting royal assent to bills; calling elections; and signing commissions for officers of the Canadian Armed Forces . The ceremonial duties include delivering the speech from the throne at the state opening of parliament ; accepting letters of credence from incoming ambassadors; and distributing honours, decorations, and medals . Per the tenets of responsible government ,
6288-497: The governor general's flag is employed. The present form was adopted on 23 February 1981 and, in the federal jurisdiction, takes precedence over all other flags except for the King's personal Canadian standard . When the governor general undertakes a state visit, however, the national flag is generally employed to mark governor general's presence. This flag is also, along with all flags on Canadian Forces property, flown at half-mast upon
6419-458: The governor general-designate . Besides the administration of the oaths of office, there is no set formula for the swearing-in of a governor general-designate. Though there may therefore be variations to the following, the appointee will usually travel to Ottawa , there receiving an official welcome and taking up residence at 7 Rideau Gate , and will begin preparations for their upcoming role, meeting with various high-level officials to ensure
6550-537: The letters patent issued in 1947 by King George VI . As such, on the recommendation of the Canadian prime minister , the Canadian monarch appoints the governor general by commission, prepared in Canada, and issued under the Great Seal of Canada and with the royal sign-manual . (Until the appointment of Vincent Massey in 1952, the royal commission was authorized by the monarch's signature and signet . ) That individual is, from then until being sworn in, referred to as
6681-523: The royal prerogative . Any constitutional amendment that affects the Crown , including the office of governor general, requires the unanimous consent of each provincial legislative assembly as well as the Senate and House of Commons of Canada . The position of governor general is mandated by both the Constitution Act, 1867 (formerly known as the British North America Act, 1867 ), and
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#17330944964296812-452: The 1919 Nickle Resolution . Under the orders' constitutions, the governor general serves as Chancellor and Principal Companion of the Order of Canada , Chancellor of the Order of Military Merit , and Chancellor of the Order of Merit of the Police Forces . The governor general also upon installation automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Prior and Chief Officer in Canada of
6943-663: The Advisory Group on the Selection of the Next Governor General, which selected Mary Simon for appointment as vicereine. The swearing-in ceremony begins with the arrival at 7 Rideau Gate of one of the ministers of the Crown , who then accompanies the governor general-designate to Parliament Hill , where a Canadian Forces guard of honour (consisting of the Army Guard, Royal Canadian Air Force Guard, and Flag Party of
7074-411: The Arctic Ocean. Pierre Radisson , being the first ship constructed in the class, has a standard displacement of 6,400 long tons (6,500 t) and 8,180 long tons (8,310 t) fully loaded. As built the vessel has a gross register tonnage (GRT) of 5,910, a 1,678 net tonnage (NT) and 2,865 tons deadweight (DWT). The ship is 98.3 metres (322 ft 6 in) long overall with
7205-490: The Bell 429 GlobalRanger and Bell 412EPI which were acquired by the Canadian Coast Guard in the 2010s to replace the older helicopters. The ship can carry 22.0 m (4,800 imp gal) of aviation fuel for the helicopters. The vessel is certified as Arctic Class 4 and has a complement of 31 with 11 officers and 20 crew and 40 additional berths. The vessel is also equipped with a hospital ward. In 2003, Sir John Franklin
7336-512: The British government to grant responsible government to the Canadian provinces. As a result, the viceroys became largely nominal heads, while the democratically elected legislatures and the premiers they supported exercised the authority belonging to the Crown; a concept first put to the test when, in 1849, Governor-General of the Province of Canada and Lieutenant-Governor of Canada East James Bruce, 8th Earl of Elgin granted Royal Assent to
7467-528: The Canadian Forces and is permitted through the 1947 Letters Patent to use the title Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada . The position technically involves issuing commands for Canadian troops, airmen, and sailors, but is predominantly a ceremonial role in which the viceroy will visit Canadian Forces bases across Canada and abroad to take part in military ceremonies, see troops off to and return from active duty, and encourage excellence and morale amongst
7598-546: The Crown, the oldest continuous institution in Canada. The present version of the office emerged with Canadian Confederation and the passing of the British North America Act, 1867 . Although the post initially still represented the government of the United Kingdom (that is, the monarch in his British council ), the office was gradually Canadianized until, with the passage of the Statute of Westminster, 1931 , and
7729-544: The Crown. At the Imperial Conference in 1930 , it was decided that the Commonwealth ministers would "tender their formal advice after informal consultation with His Majesty," thereby settling the current procedure wherein the monarch appoints the governor general on the advice of the Canadian prime minister only. This was codified in the Statute of Westminster, 1931 . How many names the prime minister puts forward to
7860-671: The Dominion's first cabinet crisis, wherein Macdonald died, leaving Lord Stanley of Preston to select a new prime minister. As early as 1880, the viceregal family and court attracted minor ridicule from the Queen's subjects: in July of that year, someone under the pseudonym Captain Mac included in a pamphlet called Canada: from the Lakes to the Gulf , a coarse satire of an investiture ceremony at Rideau Hall, in which
7991-470: The King and country abroad on state visits to other nations , though the monarch's permission is necessary, via the prime minister, for the viceroy to leave Canada. Also as part of international relations, the governor general issues letters of credence and of recall for Canadian ambassadors and high commissioners and receives the same from foreign ambassadors and other Commonwealth countries' high commissioners appointed to Canada. The governor general
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#17330944964298122-409: The King's name; legally, the governor general has three options: grant royal assent (making the bill a law), withhold royal assent (vetoing the bill), or reserve the bill for the signification of the king's pleasure (allowing the sovereign to personally grant or withhold assent). If the governor general withholds the King's assent, the sovereign may within two years disallow the bill, thereby annulling
8253-410: The King, which was accepted. Louis St. Laurent , however, gave only one name—Massey's—to George VI. There is typically informal consultation between the prime minister and sovereign, either directly or via the incumbent governor general, on the appointment of the next viceroy before the prime minister gives his official advice to the monarch. The only time the leader of the opposition was consulted on
8384-484: The Opposition and settled on Tweedsmuir. Until 1952, all governors general were members of the British aristocracy or former British military officers, diplomats, or politicians raised to the peerage . These viceroys had spent no or little time in Canada prior to their appointment; though it was claimed as their travel schedules were so extensive that they could "learn more about Canada in five years than many Canadians in
8515-471: The Province of Quebec, to accommodate the influx of United Empire Loyalists fleeing the American revolutionary war , that the king's representative, with a change in title to Governor General , directly governed Lower Canada , while the other three colonies were each administered by a lieutenant governor in his stead. Following the 1783 recognition of the independence of the 13 continental colonies that became
8646-619: The Same, Lieutenant-General and Commander of all His Majesty's Forces in the Said Provinces of Lower Canada and Upper-Canada, Nova-Scotia, and New-Brunswick, and Their Several Dependencies, and in the Islands of Newfoundland, Prince Edward, Cape Breton, and the Bermudas, &c. &c. &c." The Rebellions of 1837 brought about great changes to the role of the governor general, prompting, as they did,
8777-574: The Supreme Court) serves as the administrator of the government of Canada and exercises all powers of the governor general. In a speech on the subject of Confederation , made in 1866 to the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada , John A. Macdonald said of the planned governor, "we place no restriction on Her Majesty's prerogative in the selection of her representative ... The sovereign has unrestricted freedom of choice ... We leave that to Her Majesty in all confidence." However, between 1867 and 1931, governors general were appointed by
8908-453: The administrator of the government upon the death or removal, as well as the incapacitation, or absence of the governor general for more than one month. The governor general is required by the Constitution Act, 1867 , to appoint for life persons to the King's Privy Council for Canada , who are all technically tasked with tendering to the monarch and viceroy guidance on the exercise of the royal prerogative. Convention dictates, though, that
9039-423: The advice of Our Privy Council for Canada or of any members thereof or individually, as the case requires, to exercise all powers and authorities lawfully belonging to Us in respect of Canada." The office itself does not, however, independently possess any powers of the royal prerogative, only exercising the Crown's powers with its permission; a fact the Constitution Act, 1867 , left unchanged. Among other duties,
9170-413: The atmosphere of faction; without adherents to reward or opponents to oust from office; docile to the suggestions of his Ministers and, yet, securing to the people the certainty of being able to get rid of an administration or parliament the moment either had forfeited their confidence." All executive , legislative , and judicial power in and over Canada is vested in the monarch. The governor general
9301-457: The autonomy and equal status of Commonwealth governments, governors general ceased to be advised in any way by British ministers. It was decided at the same Imperial Conference that the governor general "should be kept as fully informed as His Majesty the King in Great Britain of Cabinet business and public affairs." How frequently governors general and their prime ministers conversed has varied; some prime ministers have valued their meetings with
9432-408: The cabinet of William Pitt adopted in the 1780s the idea that they, along with Quebec and Prince Edward Island , should have as their respective governors a single individual styled as governor-in-chief . The post was created in 1786, with Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester as its first occupant. However, the governor-in-chief directly governed only Quebec. It was not until the splitting in 1791 of
9563-445: The choice of name to put forward to the monarch for appointment as viceroy was when Lord Tweedsmuir 's predecessor, Bessborough, wished to resign as governor general coincidentally just ahead of Parliament reaching the end of its maximum five year life in July 1935, after which an election was required. Mackenzie King, at the time leader of the opposition , expected to win a majority in the upcoming election and stated he would not accept
9694-614: The class, made her first voyage to the Arctic. In April 1984, after the opening of the navigation season on the Saint Lawrence Seaway and the Great Lakes , the area froze up, driving six cargo ships ashore and a further eighteen became stuck in the ice. Five icebreakers were assigned to aid the merchant vessels, however, they proved unable to meet the task. Des Groseilliers and CCGS Griffon were sent to their aid, with Des Groseilliers arriving on 11 April and worked to free
9825-480: The country's sacrifices on the battlefields of the First World War and, by war's end, the interference of the British government in Canadian affairs was causing ever-increasing discontent amongst Canadian officials; In 1918, The Toronto Star was even advocating the end of the office. The governor general's role was also changing to focus less on the larger Empire and more on uniquely Canadian affairs, including
9956-472: The death of an incumbent or former governor general. The crest of the Royal Arms of Canada is employed as the badge of the governor general, appearing on the viceroy's flag and on other objects associated with the person or the office. This is the fourth such incarnation of the governor general's mark since confederation. The governor general may also wear the uniform and corresponding cap or hat badge of
10087-668: The entire household is often referred to as Government House and its departments are funded through the normal federal budgetary process , as is the governor general's salary of CAD$ 288,900, which has been taxed since 2013. Additional costs are incurred from separate ministries and organizations such as the National Capital Commission , the Department of National Defence , and the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The governor general's air transportation
10218-412: The establishment of a separate and uniquely Canadian monarchy, the governor general became the direct personal representative of the independently Canadian sovereign (the monarch in his Canadian council). Throughout this process of gradually increasing Canadian independence, the role of governor general took on additional responsibilities, such as acting as Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian militia in
10349-447: The ferry MV Apollo which had become stuck in ice in the Strait of Belle Isle near Blanc-Sablon, Quebec for over 24 hours. The icebreaker escorted the ferry to port once it was free of the ice. Pierre Radisson-class icebreaker The Pierre Radisson -class icebreakers , also known as R-class icebreakers , are a class of four icebreakers constructed for and operated by
10480-429: The first ship of the class, underwent sea trials while transiting the Northwest Passage en route to Quebec City . During the transit, Pierre Radisson assisted CCGS Camsell which had been severely damaged by ice in the western Arctic. After completion, Franklin , the second ship of the class, performed sea trials in the western Arctic and Northwest Passage. While transiting the Northwest Passage, heading to
10611-430: The first unofficial Governor of New France in the early 17th century, serving until Charles Huault de Montmagny was in 1636 formally appointed to the post by King Louis XIII . The French Company of One Hundred Associates then administered New France until King Louis XIV took control of the colony and appointed Augustin de Saffray de Mésy as the first governor general in 1663, after whom 12 more people served in
10742-620: The forces. The governor general also serves as honorary Colonel of three household regiments : the Governor General's Horse Guards , Governor General's Foot Guards and Canadian Grenadier Guards . This ceremonial position is directly under that of Colonel-in-Chief , which is held by the King. Since 1910, the governor general was also always made the chief scout for Canada, which was renamed Chief Scout of Canada after 1946 and again in 2011 as Patron Scout . Rideau Hall , located in Ottawa,
10873-436: The fostering of every influence that will sweeten and elevate public life; to ... join in making known the resources and developments of the country; to vindicate, if required, the rights of the people and the ordinariness and Constitution, and lastly, to promote by all means in his power, without reference to class or creed, every movement and every institution calculated to forward the social, moral, and religious welfare of
11004-513: The governor general acts almost always (except on the matter of honours) on the advice of the prime minister. The office began in the 17th century, when the French Crown appointed governors of the colony of Canada and, following the British conquest of the colony in 1763, the British monarch appointed governors of the Province of Quebec (later the Canadas ). Consequently, the office is, along with
11135-481: The governor general carries on until death, resignation, or the appointment of his or her successor. Only once, with the Earl Alexander of Tunis , has a royal proclamation been issued to end a governor general's incumbency. Should a governor general die, resign, or leave the country for longer than one month, the chief justice of Canada (or, if that position is vacant or unavailable, the senior puisne justice of
11266-504: The governor general must draw from the Privy Council an individual to appoint as prime minister . In almost all cases, this is the member of Parliament who commands the confidence of the House of Commons , whom the governor general must appoint to the Privy Council, if that person is not already a member, so the individual can be appointed prime minister. The prime minister then advises the governor general to appoint other members of parliament to
11397-687: The governor general, and at that moment the flag of the governor general of Canada is raised on the Peace Tower , the " Vice Regal Salute " is played by the Central Band of the Canadian Armed Forces , and a 21-gun salute is conducted by the Royal Regiment of Canadian Artillery . The governor general is seated on the throne while a prayer is read, and then receives the Great Seal of Canada (which
11528-560: The head of state and the Order of Canada, itself. In 2021, Grand Chief Vernon Watchmaker and Chief Germaine Anderson of the Six Nations of the Grand River wrote to Queen Elizabeth II, suggesting that the federal Cabinet consult treaty nations before the appointment of a new governor general, stating, "we are partners with the Crown ." A new approach was used in 2010 for the selection of David Johnston as governor general-designate. For
11659-433: The helicopters. The vessel is certified as Arctic Class 3 and has a complement of 31 with 11 officers and 20 crew. Classified as a Medium Gulf/River Icebreaker by the Canadian Coast Guard, Henry Larsen was ordered to a modified design from the rest of the class. The vessel's hull form differs from her classmates , with a differently-shaped bow with a raised forecastle and underwater "ice knife". The vessel also has
11790-534: The ice clear while Amundsen brought the helicopter wreckage back to the surface. In August 2014, Henry Larsen participated in Operation Nanook. Governor General of Canada The governor general of Canada ( French : gouverneure générale du Canada ) is the federal representative of the Canadian monarch , currently King Charles III . The king or queen of Canada is also monarch and head of state of 14 other Commonwealth realms and lives in
11921-502: The ice clear while Amundsen brought the helicopter wreckage back to the surface. In August 2014, Henry Larsen took part in Operation Nanook, a joint military exercise that took place in the Davis Strait . On 7 July 2015, it was announced that Henry Larsen would undergo a $ 16 million refit at Davie Yards Incorporated in Lauzon, Quebec . In April 2017, Henry Larsen was dispatched to aid
12052-530: The icebreaker carried Governor General Adrienne Clarkson on ceremonial duties visiting several towns in Newfoundland. A 2004 voyage by Henry Larsen was the subject of the documentary film Ice Breaker . In 2008 Discovery Channel filmed an episode of Mighty Ships aboard Henry Larsen as the ship did an ice patrol around Notre Dame Bay in Newfoundland . In September 2009 Henry Larsen participated in
12183-579: The icebreaker's assigned base in Newfoundland , Franklin lost a propeller in Viscount Melville Sound and was rescued by CCGS Louis S. St-Laurent and returned to the west coast. The two ships then transited to the East Coast of Canada via the Panama Canal . In 1980, the vessel was renamed to Sir John Franklin at the request of the crew. In 1983, Des Groseilliers , the third vessel in
12314-489: The inhabitants of the Dominion. Canada shares the person of the sovereign equally with 14 other countries in the Commonwealth of Nations and that individual, in the monarch's capacity as the Canadian sovereign, has 10 other legal personas within the Canadian federation . As the sovereign works and resides in the United Kingdom, the governor general's primary task is to perform federal constitutional duties on behalf of
12445-474: The job, "it is no easy thing to be a governor general of Canada. You must have the patience of a saint, the smile of a cherub , the generosity of an Indian prince, and the back of a camel", and the Earl of Dufferin stated that the governor general is "a representative of all that is august, stable, and sedate in the government, the history and the traditions of the country; incapable of partizanship and lifted far above
12576-399: The late 1930s, but, it was not until Massey's appointment by King George VI in 1952 that the position was filled by a Canadian-born individual. The prime minister at the time, Louis St. Laurent, wrote in a letter to the media, "[i]t seems to me no one of the King's subjects, wherever he resides, should be considered unworthy to represent the King, provided he has the personal qualifications and
12707-571: The law in question. No governor general has denied royal assent to a bill. Provincial viceroys, however, are able to reserve royal assent to provincial bills for the governor general, which was last invoked in 1961 by the Lieutenant Governor of Saskatchewan . With most constitutional functions lent to Cabinet, the governor general acts in a primarily ceremonial fashion. The governor general will host members of Canada's royal family , as well as foreign royalty and heads of state, and will represent
12838-539: The monarch on the advice of the British Cabinet ; until 1890, by the secretary of state for the colonies for approval by the prime minister. After that, a policy of consulting the Canadian Cabinet was established; though, this process was not always followed. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 recognized the governor general as no longer a stand-in for the British government, but, rather a direct representative of
12969-416: The monarch retains the sole right to appoint the governor general. It is also stipulated that the governor general may appoint deputies —usually Supreme Court justices and the secretary to the governor general—who can perform some of the viceroy's constitutional duties in the governor general's absence, and the chief justice of the Supreme Court (or a puisne justice in the chief justice's absence) will act as
13100-413: The monarch's stead, and, in 1927, the first official international visit by a governor general was made. In 1947, King George VI issued letters patent allowing the viceroy to exercise almost all powers on behalf of the monarch. As a matter of law, however, the governor general is not in the same constitutional position as the sovereign; the office itself does not independently possess any powers of
13231-419: The monarch. As such, the governor general carries on "the government of Canada on behalf and in the name of the sovereign". The governor general acts within the principles of parliamentary democracy and responsible government as a guarantor of continuous and stable governance and as a nonpartisan safeguard against the abuse of power. For the most part, however, the powers of the Crown are exercised on
13362-450: The official opposition, on the matter. Once the government implemented conscription, Devonshire, after consulting on the pulse of the nation with Sir Wilfrid Laurier , Vincent Massey, Henri Bourassa , Archbishop of Montreal Paul Bruchési , Duncan Campbell Scott , Vilhjalmur Stefansson , and Stephen Leacock , made efforts to conciliate Quebec , though he had little real success. Canada's national sentiment had gained fortitude through
13493-647: The place of the legal and judicial safeguards provided in the United States by written Constitutions, enforceable in the courts." Within the Dominions , until the 1920s, most reserve powers were exercised by a governor-general on the advice of either the local or the British Cabinet, with the latter taking precedence. After the Imperial Conference of 1926 produced the Balfour Declaration , formally establishing
13624-565: The post. With the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763, France relinquished most of its North American territories, including Canada, to Great Britain . King George III then issued in that same year a royal proclamation establishing, amongst other regulations, the Office of the Governor of Quebec to preside over the new Province of Quebec . Nova Scotia and New Brunswick remained completely separate colonies, each with their own governor, until
13755-598: The practice of alternating between francophone and anglophone Canadians was instituted with the appointment of Vanier, a francophone who succeeded the anglophone Massey. All persons whose names are put forward to the King for approval must first undergo background checks by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police and the Canadian Security Intelligence Service . Although required by the tenets of constitutional monarchy to be nonpartisan while in office, governors general were often former politicians;
13886-577: The prime minister at the time, Robert Borden ; though the latter placed blame on Military Secretary Edward Stanton, he also opined that the Duke "laboured under the handicap of his position as a member of the Royal Family and never realized his limitations as Governor General". Prince Arthur's successor, Victor Cavendish, 9th Duke of Devonshire , faced the Conscription Crisis of 1917 and held discussions with his Canadian prime minister, as well as members of
14017-505: The prime minister to resign on two occasions: In 1896, Prime Minister Charles Tupper refused to step down after his party failed to win a majority in the House of Commons during that year's election , leading Governor General the Earl of Aberdeen to no longer recognize Tupper as prime minister and disapprove of several appointments Tupper had recommended. In 1925, the King–Byng affair took place, in which Prime Minister Mackenzie King, facing
14148-459: The receipt of other awards. The Viceregal Salute — composed of the first six bars of the Royal Anthem (" God Save the King ") followed by the first and last four bars of the national anthem (" O Canada ") — is the salute used to greet the governor general upon arrival and departure from most official events. To mark the viceroy's presence at any building, ship, airplane, or car in Canada,
14279-548: The required oaths are administered to the appointee by either the chief justice or one of the puisne justices of the Supreme Court ; the three oaths are: the Oath of Allegiance , the Oath of Office as Governor General and Commander-in-Chief, and the Oath as Keeper of the Great Seal of Canada . With the affixing of their signature to these three solemn promises, the individual is officially
14410-425: The shafts create 13,600 shp (10,100 kW). The vessel is also equipped with one Caterpillar 398 emergency generator. This gives the vessel a maximum speed of 16 knots (30 km/h). The vessel can carry 2,450 m (540,000 imp gal) of diesel fuel and has a range of 15,000 nautical miles (28,000 km) at 15 knots (28 km/h) and can stay at sea for up to 120 days. Pierre Radisson
14541-451: The ship a range of 20,000 nautical miles (37,000 km; 23,000 mi) at 13.5 knots (25.0 km/h; 15.5 mph) and can stay at sea for up to 90 days. The icebreaker is equipped with a Sperry Marine Bridgemaster navigational radar. Henry Larsen has a flight deck and hangar which originally accommodated light helicopters of the MBB Bo 105 or Bell 206L types, but in the 2010s,
14672-422: The ship a range of 20,000 nautical miles (37,000 km; 23,000 mi) at 13.5 knots (25.0 km/h; 15.5 mph) and can stay at sea for up to 90 days. The icebreaker is equipped with a Sperry Marine Bridgemaster navigational radar. Henry Larsen has a flight deck and hangar located at the stern of the ship which originally accommodated a MBB Bo 105 or Bell 206L light helicopter, but currently supports
14803-516: The ship was left with a minimum crew and a group of international scientists. The vessel was then left to drift in the pack ice for a year and dubbed "Ice Station SHEBA". Pierre Radisson participated in Operation Nanook in 2008 and 2009, annual joint training exercises with elements of the Canadian Forces to conduct sovereignty and disaster patrols in the Canadian Arctic. In 2011, it
14934-465: The sovereign has varied. Richard Bennett suggested a number of names in an informal letter to King George V in 1930, all of which the King approved, leading Bennett to pick Vere Ponsonby, 9th Earl of Bessborough . Mackenzie King in 1945 gave three names to King George VI, who chose Harold Alexander (later the Viscount Alexander of Tunis). Mackenzie King then made the formal recommendation to
15065-499: The stability of government, by political convention typically binding. The governor general has mainly only the right to advise, encourage, and warn; to offer valued counsel to the prime minister. Both the King and his viceroy, however, may in exceptional circumstances invoke the reserve powers , which remain the Crown's final check against a ministry's abuse of power. The reserve power of dismissal has never been used in Canada, although other reserve powers have been employed to force
15196-458: The stuck vessels and provide safe passage until 29 April. In 1987, Sir John Franklin escorted the Arctic cargo ship/ oil tanker MV Arctic to Nanisivik . In July 1989, the icebreaker again attempted to transit the Northwest Passage but was forced to break off the attempt after ice conditions were found to be too severe. In June 1994, at the height of the Turbot War , Sir John Franklin
15327-494: The summer and supports scientific research. On the ship's maiden voyage from Victoria, British Columbia to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia , the vessel transited the Northwest Passage , performing sea trials on the trip. The ship was initially assigned to the Coast Guard base at Dartmouth, but later transferred to St. John's , Newfoundland and Labrador . In 1998, an engine room fire took the ship out of service for some time. In 2002,
15458-580: The task, Prime Minister Stephen Harper convened a special search group—the Governor General Consultation Committee —which was instructed to find a non-partisan candidate who would respect the monarchical aspects of the viceregal office and conducted extensive consultations with more than 200 people across the country. In 2012, the committee was made permanent and renamed as the Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments , with
15589-466: The tradition begun in 1869 by Governor General the Lord Lisgar . The governor general will also induct individuals into the various national orders and present national medals and decorations. Similarly, the viceroy administers and distributes the Governor General's Awards , and will also give out awards associated with private organizations , some of which are named for past governors general. During
15720-560: The undertaking of official international visits on behalf of Canada, the first being that of the Marquess of Willingdon to the United States , where he was accorded by President Calvin Coolidge the full honours of representative of a head of state. It would be another decade, however, before the King-Byng Affair : another catalyst for change in the relationship between Canada—indeed, all
15851-471: The use of the style His or Her Excellency and the governor general is granted the additional honorific of the Right Honourable for their time in office and for life afterwards. Until 1952, all governors general of Canada were members of the peerage or heir apparent to a peerage. Typically, individuals appointed as federal viceroy were already a peer, either by inheriting the title, such as
15982-434: The vessel transited the Northwest Passage, performing sea trials on the trip. Following the 1995 transfer of the Canadian Coast Guard from the Department of Transport to the Department of Fisheries and Oceans , Sir John Franklin was deemed surplus to the fleet in 1996. In August 2003 after funding was received for the new dedicated research vessel, and Sir John Franklin was taken to Les Mechins, Quebec to be refitted as
16113-520: The viceregal appointment process, stating that the position being "not elected is an asset, not a handicap", and that an election would politicize the office, thereby undermining the impartiality necessary to the proper functioning of the governor general. Retired University of Ottawa professor John E. Trent proposed the governor general be head of state and selected by the Officers of the Order of Canada , something Chris Selley argued would politicize both
16244-494: The viceroy at the time. However, the practice is usually informal and the prime minister will typically schedule a telephone call to request the governor general perform a significant task. The governor general regularly receives the minutes from Cabinet meetings and any documents referred to in those minutes. The governor general also summons Parliament, reads the speech from the throne , and prorogues and dissolves Parliament. The governor general grants royal assent in
16375-565: Was among the Coast Guard vessels sent to monitor the European fishing fleets on the Grand Banks . The ship was kept just out of sight but within radar range of foreign fishing trawlers. These actions led to the detainment and seizure of the Spanish fishing trawler Estai . In 1988, Henry Larsen joined the fleet. On the ship's maiden voyage from Victoria, British Columbia to Dartmouth, Nova Scotia ,
16506-556: Was announced that an image of Amundsen would be placed on the backside of the new Canadian 50 Dollar polymer banknote . This was intended to mark Canada's northern frontier and arctic research In September 2013, Henry Larsen was sent to aid sister ship Amundsen in recovering a MBB Bo 155 helicopter that had deployed from Amundsen and crashed near Banks Island killing three crew members including Amundsen ' s master . The helicopter had sunk in 420 metres (1,380 ft) of water and Henry Larsen assisted Amundsen in keeping
16637-455: Was ordered on 25 May 1984 as a replacement for CCGS Labrador . Ordered as the second batch of the class, the ship was of a modified design. The vessel's keel was laid down on 23 August 1985 by Versatile Pacific Shipyards Limited at their yard in Vancouver , British Columbia with the yard number 110. The ship was launched on 3 January 1987, named after Henry Larsen , the commander of
16768-473: Was put to the test when John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne , disagreed with his Canadian prime minister, John A. Macdonald , over the dismissal of Lieutenant Governor of Quebec Luc Letellier de St-Just . On the advice of the colonial secretary, and to avoid conflict with the Canadian Cabinet, Campbell did eventually concede and released St-Just from duty. The governor general was then in May 1891 called upon to resolve
16899-510: Was reactivated and transformed into a hybrid science ship. Part of the vessel's storage holds were transformed into laboratory space. The refit included the addition of a moon pool , which enables scientists to lower scientific instruments from inside the hull without cutting a hole in the ice, multi-beam sonar , the replacement of heating and electrical systems, and installation of state-of-the-art scientific equipment. The first three ships entered service between 1977 and 1982. Pierre Radisson ,
17030-439: Was sworn in as viceroy. The leader of His Majesty's Loyal Opposition at the time, Mackenzie King, felt Buchan should serve as governor general as a commoner. However, George V insisted he be represented by a peer. With the appointment of Massey as governor general in 1952, governors general ceased to be members of the peerage; successive prime ministers since that date have held to the non-binding and defeated (in 1934) principles of
17161-422: Was the first governor general in Canadian history without either a political or military background, as well as the first Asian-Canadian and the second woman, following on Jeanne Sauvé . The third woman to hold this position was also the first Caribbean-Canadian governor general, Michaëlle Jean . There have been, from time to time, proposals put forward for modifications to the selection process. Citizens for
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